巢湖流域丰水期可溶态重金属空间分布及污染评价

探究了巢湖流域丰水期湖区及10条环湖河流水体中重金属元素V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe和Sb空间分布特征.结果表明,丰水期巢湖西部和西北部4条环湖河流中的重金属元素平均质量浓度高于中部和东部地区;金属元素浓度相关性分析结果显示,Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb和Cd元素质量浓度之间呈显著正相关,这说明5种元素间存在相似的空间规律.单因子污染指数评价结果表明,10条环湖河流中Cr各点位均符合地表水Ⅰ类水标准;Pb符合Ⅰ~Ⅱ类水标准;Cu和Zn符合Ⅰ~Ⅴ类水标准;Fe、V和Sb均远低于水标准限值;Ni在南淝河的部分点位轻微超标;Mn在十五里河和派河的部分点位轻微超标;Cd在南淝河的部分点位严重超标;塘西河一个点位中Mn除外,V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb和Fe均小于1,为清洁和无污染水平;综合污染指数评价结果发现,西北部环湖河流的综合污染指数相比西南部、中部与东部是最高的.     

电镀厂周边地表水中重金属分布特征及健康风险评价

选取东莞市麻涌镇、沙田镇、虎门镇、长安镇和大岭山镇为研究区域,对区域电镀厂周边30个地表水样中8种重金属(包括Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和类重金属As、Hg)进行测定,运用多元统计分析法和人体健康风险评价模型研究地表水中重金属分布特征和健康风险.结果表明,地表水中Cr、Pb最大浓度和Hg平均浓度超过《地表水环境质量》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类水质标准,Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn和Pb含量均呈现出雨季高于旱季.多元统计分析表明,Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn主要来源于周边电镀企业污染,Pb和Hg受交通污染源影响较大,As与自然源有密切关系.地表水体健康风险评价结果表明,重金属污染对儿童威胁大,经饮水途径暴露的健康风险比皮肤接触途径大2~3个数量级.此外,Cr和As致癌风险高于最大可接受风险水平(5.0×10-5a-1);非致癌性重金属健康风险大小呈现出PbNiCuHgZn,风险水平在10-10~10-7a-1,低于最大可接受风险水平2~5个数量级.     

贵阳市比例坝垃圾填埋场渗滤液中重金属污染现状调查

为了解贵阳市比例坝生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液中重金属污染现状,对该填埋场产生的渗滤原液及周边水样中的重金属Fe、Mn、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni、Cu、As、Hg等的含量进行了调查分析。结果表明,渗滤原液中除Fe、Mn含量较高外,其余重金属含量较低或未检出,经过现场渗滤液处理站的处理,重金属含量均远低于相关排放标准或未检出;渗滤液对周边地下水的重金属污染主要表现为Fe和Mn,对周边地表水的重金属影响不大。     

东莞石马河流域重金属污染及生态毒性的时空差异

采用发光菌毒性测试方法和水样、土壤理化指标分析河水和地下水对发光菌的抑制率时空差异和土壤重金属浓度空间差异及其耦合.结果表明,旱季(2月)的河水重金属污染较严重,超过了地表水Ⅰ类水质量标准,河水R1的抑制率高达38.34%,为中毒,河水重金属浓度和抑制率从上游至下游呈下降趋势,旱季和雨季(6月)的大部分河水对发光菌的抑制率存在显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.001);雨季的河水抑制率(R11除外)无显著性差异(P>0.05),R11的抑制率为15.56%,显著高于(P<0.05)同期其他水样.不同时期的地下水GW4、GW5和GW6抑制率产生了显著性差异(P<0.01或P<0.001),GW6的抑制率最高(15.88%),为低毒.Zn、Fe、Mn和Ni与抑制率呈正相关关系(P<0.05或P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.452、0.567、0.726和0.475.河水-地下水交互作用导致了土壤重金属(Cu、Ni和Zn)污染;土壤中Cd的污染程度最高,河水中Fe和Mn浓度最高,地下水中Ni污染最严重.     

抚河南昌段重金属空间分布特征及来源分析

为分析抚河南昌段流域水体中重金属空间分布特征及可能来源,2019年08月在抚河南昌段共采集了23个地表水样及8个地下水样,对水体中的重金属V、Mn、Ba、Fe、Sr、Zn及类金属元素As进行了测定.结果表明,水体中不同重金属空间分布特征总体趋势一致,即中下游地区高于上游地区,污染特征空间差异性为中等及以上.地表水中V、Fe、Mn的平均浓度超过《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）集中式生活饮用水特定项目标准限值;地下水中类金属元素As平均浓度超过《地下水质量标准》（GBT14848-2017）Ⅲ类水质标准.多元统计分析表明Sr、Ba、Mn可能主要来源于人类生产、生活污染物的排放,Fe、V、Zn可能主要来源于农业渔业及交通污染,类金属元素As主要来源于沿岸及河流底部淤泥及岩石碎屑.     

抚河南昌段重金属空间分布特征及来源分析

为分析抚河南昌段流域水体中重金属空间分布特征及可能来源,2019年08月在抚河南昌段共采集了23个地表水样及8个地下水样,对水体中的重金属V、Mn、Ba、Fe、Sr、Zn及类金属元素As进行了测定.结果表明,水体中不同重金属空间分布特征总体趋势一致,即中下游地区高于上游地区,污染特征空间差异性为中等及以上.地表水中V、Fe、Mn的平均浓度超过《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）集中式生活饮用水特定项目标准限值;地下水中类金属元素As平均浓度超过《地下水质量标准》（GBT14848-2017）Ⅲ类水质标准.多元统计分析表明Sr、Ba、Mn可能主要来源于人类生产、生活污染物的排放,Fe、V、Zn可能主要来源于农业渔业及交通污染,类金属元素As主要来源于沿岸及河流底部淤泥及岩石碎屑.     

温榆河水体中重金属含量分布及赋存状态解析

利用错流超滤技术对采集的温榆河水样中Fe、Mn、Al、Zn、Cu、Cr和Pb等金属元素进行了分离,研究温榆河重金属分布及赋存状态变化.研究发现,温榆河沿程重金属含量多数超出了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)的Ⅰ类水标准,Pb超过了Ⅱ类水标准;其中Fe、Al、Cu、Pb等元素主要以颗粒态存在,Mn、Zn则主要以溶解态存在,而Cr在颗粒态和溶解态中含量相当.温榆河沿程各点金属元素在胶体态和真溶解态中均有分布,Mn、Al、Zn、Pb等元素以真溶解态存在量较多,而Fe、Cr、Cu等元素则以胶体态存在量较多,其中,河流中的Cu元素分布状态受外界影响严重,Cr和Mn的分布状态不易受外界因素影响,Fe的分布状态易受总含量的影响,Al和Zn的分布状态易受pH值的影响,Pb的分布状态易受河流富氧状态的影响.通过胶体态重金属与胶体态有机碳的相关性分析发现,温榆河中胶体态Fe、Mn、Zn及Al主要以无机胶体态存在;而胶体态Cu、Cr和Pb则主要以有机胶体态存在.     

柳江流域河流溶解态重金属时空分布及污染评价

在不同季节对露塘及洛维断面水体中可溶态重金属Zn、Al、Co、As、Ni、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、Hg和Cd进行高密度监测,进而研究可溶态重金属的时空分布及其污染来源,并利用内梅罗综合污染指数法对柳江水体环境质量进行评价.结果表明：①露塘和洛维断面可溶态Al、Co、As、Ni、Cr、Mn、Pb和Cd均符合国家地表水质量Ⅲ类标准,Zn和Cu重金属质量浓度远低于标准限值,Hg含量略有超标.柳江流域水体各重金属质量浓度大体呈现出平水期最高,丰水期最低的时间变化规律.在空间分布上洛维断面重金属质量浓度较高;②柳江流域重金属元素Hg、Cd和As单因子污染指数较高,内梅罗综合污染指数评估显示水体中重金属综合污染风险具有一定的季节变化特征表现（3月>11月>6月）,指示不同季节变化对研究区饮水安全可能会存在一定隐患.露塘和洛维两个断面水体重金属总体属于中度污染水平,其中洛维断面污染程度相对较严重,应当优先列为柳江流域水环境管理部门的控制断面;③在探讨年际尺度与月降雨期重金属污染评价的区别中得出,当利用河流中的Cu元素质量浓度进行河流重金属评价时,降雨季与常规季节的选取对年际尺度河流重金属污染评价影响不显著,然而当河流中存在As、Mn、Pb、Al、Cr和Ni元素时将会造成年际尺度的河流重金属污染评价差异性显著;④多元统计分析结果显示,Cd、Cr、Ni、Co和Pb主要来源于工业生产活动;As和Zn主要来源于雨水淋溶生活污染废弃物;Mn、Al和Cu主要来源于农药和化肥的施用.     

青海湖流域河流生态系统重金属污染特征与风险评价

为进一步摸清青海湖流域河流生态系统重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Hg、Ni、As、Cd和Cr)的污染状况,通过沿青海湖流域主要河流上、中、下游采集河流水体、河岸土壤及河岸植物样品,对样品中的重金属含量进行测定,并分析重金属的来源、污染状况和潜在生态风险.结果表明:①青海湖流域各介质中重金属从上游到下游均呈明显的累积效应,重金属含量均表现为河岸土壤>河岸植物>河流水体.河流下游水体中ρ(Pb)、ρ(Zn)和ρ(Cd)的平均值分别为11.17、61.22和1.13 μg/L,符合GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅱ类水质要求;ρ(Hg)为0.06～0.49 μg/L,符合GB 3838—2002中Ⅱ类或Ⅲ类水质要求.河流下游河岸土壤中w(As)、w(Cd)和w(Hg)的平均值分别为65.61、0.33和0.20 mg/kg,均大幅超过青海湖流域相应环境背景值,但是w(Pb)在下游仅略微超过相应环境背景值.河岸下游植物中w(Ni)、w(Cu)、w(As)和w(Hg)的平均值分别为2.81、17.35、2.20和0.10 mg/kg,均高于《饲料工业标准汇编(下册)(第四版)》中风干草-牧草中重金属标准限值,但在中、上游均符合该标准要求.②Pearson相关分析、主成分分析和富集系数结果表明,河流水体、河岸土壤及河岸植物中Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr含量之间具有较强的相关性,主要受城镇生活、交通运输及岩石母质风化的影响;Hg、Cd、As含量之间具有较强的相关性,主要受流域旅游交通、农业生产活动和成土母质的影响.③潜在生态风险评价结果显示,河流水体、河岸土壤及河岸植物中Cu、Ni、Cr、Pb和Zn等单一重金属元素的潜在生态风险系数(E_ri)均较低,Hg、Cd和As对综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)的平均贡献率分别为62.9%、18.4%和11.0%,其余5种重金属的平均贡献率仅为7.7%.因此,青海湖流域河流生态系统各介质中Hg、Cd和As的潜在生态风险较高,应给予高度重视.      

运用主成分分析法研究云南湖库水体中重金属分布

以云南省38个高原湖库为研究对象,测定了表层水体中Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Cd,As,Fe,Mn和Ni 9种重金属质量浓度. 运用主成分分析法对水体中的重金属分布情况和来源进行了分析. 结果表明:所调查的云南38个湖库水体中主要重金属的分布可由4个主成分来反映,其贡献率分别为F1(Zn,Mn,Cd)35.23%,F2(Pb,Ni)17.05%,F3(Fe,Cu)15.70%和F4(Cr,Fe)13.10%. 38个湖库表层水中均有多种不同质量浓度的重金属存在,在该调查时段,有8个湖库表层水体中部分重金属质量浓度超过《国家地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)Ⅲ类水标准限值,水质不符合饮用水标准;而其他30个湖库表层水体中重金属质量浓度符合Ⅱ类水标准. 在部分湖库中ρ(Fe),ρ(Mn),ρ(Zn),ρ(Cd)和ρ(Ni)超过Ⅲ类水标准限值,在表层水体中ρ(As),ρ(Cu),ρ(Cr)和ρ(Pb)较低,符合饮用水的标准要求. 主成分分析法能够较好地分析云南38个湖库水体中重金属的分布情况.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.