农村生活污水处理技术的探讨

农村的生活污水,是造成农村水环境污染的原因之一,也是造成湖泊富营养化的重要因素。针对中国农村生活污水排放分散、污染物浓度低的特点,介绍了生活污水净化沼气池技术、稳定塘生活污水处理技术、人工湿地处理技术、土地处理技术和生活污水地下自动连续处理技术等,以及几种工艺先进、具有推广价值的生活污水处理技术的原理、技术特点、适用条件以及工程应用实例,为农村地区污水治理提供参考。     

关于农村生活垃圾处置工作的实践与探讨

生活垃圾是地球上唯一在增长的资源，所以称为是放错了地方的资源。因此，从调查研究入手，介绍了启东农村生活垃圾处理现状，处置中存在的问题，并提出了农村处置生活垃圾的具体措施和加强常效管理的对策。     

浙江省慈溪农村环境综合整治示范工程评述

在农业和农村现代化进程中 ,按可持续发展的要求 ,促进农村环境生态化 ,深化环境综合整治 ,推动农村环保工作 ,提高人民的生活质量是各级政府有关部门的一项义不容辞的责任。遏制农村生活、生态环境恶化的趋势 ,加大环境综合整治的力度 ,努力创造洁美家园 ,是全社会共同的要求。然而一些农村环境脏、乱、差 ,垃圾乱倒乱堆乱烧 ,河道水质污染等问题十分突出。这些环境问题造成群众生活质量下降 ,阻碍可持续发展 ,与农村现代化建设极不相称。慈溪市从形象工程入手 ,依靠社会力量 ,开展环境综合整治 ,在短期内取得了一定成绩 ,为浙江省如何搞好…     

杭州市乡镇工业污染防治对策研究

近年来，杭州乡镇工业异军突起，发展迅速，为杭州市国民经济的发展作出了巨大的贡献，不仅成为农村经济的重要支柱和财政收入的重要来源，而且为农村剩余劳动力的就业找到了出路，但是，乡镇工业的迅猛发展也给农业资源环境造成巨大的破坏，给一些地方带来严重的环境污染，严重影响了农业的可持续发展，因此，防治乡镇工业污染是保护农村生态环境，实现农村经济可持续发展之根本。１杭州市乡镇工业污染现状杭州市乡镇工业的快速发展，有力地促进了农村经济的发展，但同时也给农村生态环境带来一系列的污染问题。据统计，１９９５年杭州市共…     

浙江省农村生活污水处理技术应用现状及处理效果分析

农村生活污水面广量大,是污水治理中的重点和难点。通过对浙江省农村生活污水处理技术应用现状的调研,系统分析了该省目前应用的农村生活污水处理技术的特点和处理效果,并对已采用的各处理技术的去污效果、抗冲击性能、运维性能等进行了对比。最后结合浙江省农村生活污水处理现状,从建立农村生活污水处理技术评价体系、做好运行效果评估、加强经验推广和技术深入研究、加强设施的运维管理等方面提出了进一步提高农村生活污水处理效果的措施。     

农村小型生活污水处理技术研究进展

针对农村的实际情况,寻找高效低耗的农村生活污水处理技术是很有实际意义的。本文主要从活性污泥法、生物膜法、人工湿地和组合工艺这几方面介绍了农村小型生活污水的处理现状,介绍了近几年来国内外的一些农村小型生活污水处理的研究发展情况。采用生物生态组合工艺,操作管理简单,投资和运行费用较低,适宜在农村小型生活污水处理中应用。     

农村生活污水处理设施省级管理体系探索——以浙江省为例

农村生活污水治理是我国提升农村人居环境行动的重要一环.在国家有关政策的推动下,近年来我国农村生活污水处理设施大量建成,但由于法规标准、管理保障机制等的相对滞后,影响了现有设施的长效运行,亟待探索并建立因地制宜的农村生活污水处理设施省级管理体系.浙江省作为全国首个全面开展农村生活污水治理并对其专门立法的省级行政区,经过十...     

漂浮植物塘处理农村分散生活污水的应用

通过现场实验评价了漂浮植物塘配合化粪池处理农村分散生活污水的效果。实验结果表明,漂浮植物有效地抑制了污染水体中藻类的生长;在平均水力停留时间为36 d,COD、TN、TP平均污染负荷分别为3.1、0.86和0.056 g/(m2.d)的条件下,大薸塘对COD、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为68.5%、89.9%和85.2%,出水COD、TN和TP平均浓度分别为47、4.15和0.40 mg/L,达到GB18918-2002中的一级A标准。在水乡地区利用漂浮植物与农村宅河构造漂浮植物处理系统,是一种深度处理化粪池出水、控制农村生活污水对河道造成污染的有效措施。     

日本琵琶湖流域的生活污水治理对策

介绍了日本滋贺县为了保护琵琶湖水环境而实施的生活污水综合治理对策。其基本思路是：将市区和人口稠密地区划为下水道整备规划区，积极实施下水道建设工程，推行污水处理；在下水道整备区外推广使用合并净化槽和地域粪便处理设施；在有条件的农村村落建设农村下水道；鼓励和资助各种处理设施实行除氮除磷的高级处理方式，以防止琵琶湖富营养化；积极实施多种多样的生活杂排水对策。     

分层填料地下渗滤系统处理农村分散生活污水

为了解决农村生活污水直接排放造成的地表水以及地下水污染问题,本研究采用2种混合填料（5％粉煤灰＋95％土壤和5％腐熟干牛粪＋95％土壤）分层装填的3种不同结构的地下渗滤系统进行农村分散生活污水处理。结果表明,系统对污水中各主要污染因子都有较好的去除作用,且能承受一定的污染负荷波动;除总氮外,系统出水各项指标最低满足《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅲ类标准,出水外排不会造成地表水污染;添加腐熟牛粪大大提高了系统总氮、硝氮的去除效率,出水稳定后满足地下水环境质量Ⅲ类标准。在应用过程中,建议选择2种填料填充高度各半的填充模式,以便各项指标均能达到最优处理效果。     

农村生活污水分散处理技术研究进展

对农村生活污水的特点进行了分析,总结了国内外农村生活污水分散处理技术的研究及应用状况,介绍了三种典型的分散处理技术,并指出这三种技术的有机组合,将成为未来农村生活污水分散处理技术发展的趋势。     

Effects of Nighttime Chemistry upon the Transport of Ozone and Ozone Precursors

It has been recognized for several years that ozone in rural areas can exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for photochemical oxidant whirh was 0.08 ppm for one hour, not to be exceeded more than once per year. During the summer of 1973, the NAAQS was exceeded from 15 to 37% of the time at four rural monitoring sites in Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia.¹ This is a greater violation rate than is found in many urban areas. Dimitriades and Altshuller² have enumerated four possible sources for this rural ozone: (a) transport from urban areas, (b) local photochemical generation from urban ozone precursors, (c) local photochemical generation from precursors of rural origin which may be man-made or natural, and (d) injection of stratospheric ozone into the rural area. This paper considers the chemistry pertinent to the first two of these possible sources of rural ozone, namely the long distance (overnight) transport of ozone and ozone precursors.     

漂浮植物塘协同处理农村分散生活污水研究

通过实验考察了漂浮植物塘对经模拟化粪池简易处理的农村分散生活污水的深度净化效果,结果表明：水葫芦、大薸、聚草塘对上述污水均具有良好的净化效果,水葫芦塘对TP的去除效果最好,大薸塘对TN和NH⁺₄-N的去除效果最好。当水力停留时间为20 d时,3种漂浮植物塘的出水污染物含量可低于GB/T 18921-2002观赏性景观环境用水河道类标准。在南方农村宅沟园河内种植漂浮植物是构建农村实用生活污水收集处理系统、控制农村生活污水对河道污染的一种有效措施。     

Effects of oxidants on soybean growth and yield in the Pakistan Punjab.

Plants of soybean (Glycine max L.) were grown with and without the ozone protectant EDU (N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl)ethyl]-n2 phenylurea) at a suburban site, a remote rural site and a rural roadside site around the city of Lahore, Pakistan. The development and yield of the plants was determined in two experiments--one immediately post-monsoon and one in the following spring (pre-monsoon). Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and photochemical oxidants were measured at each site. The effect on yield of EDU at the suburban site (47 and 113% increase in seed weight per plant relative to the untreated plants in the post- and pre-monsoon experiments, respectively) was similar to the effects of filtration on yield on soybean in a parallel open-top chamber study at the same site (77% increase relative to plants subjected to unfiltered air for the pre-monsoon experiment). Effects of EDU on yield were greater at both rural sites than at the suburban site in both experiments, and greater in the spring experiment (182% at the remote rural site and 285% at the rural roadside site) than in the post-monsoon experiment (94% at the remote rural site and 170% at the rural roadside site); oxidant concentrations were also greater at the rural sites than at the suburban site, and greater in the spring experiment than the post-monsoon experiment. The results imply that ozone may be causing significant crop losses in rural areas around Lahore; however, the geographical extent of the problem, and the implications for peri-urban agriculture around other cities of south Asia are uncertain.     

Indoor air quality differences between urban and rural preschools in Korea

Background, aims, and scope

Preschool indoor air quality (IAQ) is believed to be different from elementary school or higher school IAQ and preschool is the first place for social activity. Younger children are more susceptible than higher-grade children and spend more time indoors. The purpose of this study was to compare the indoor air quality by investigating the concentrations of airborne particulates and gaseous materials at preschools in urban and rural locations in Korea.

Methods

We investigated the concentrations of airborne particulates and gaseous materials in 71 classrooms at 17 Korean preschools. For comparison, outdoor air was sampled simultaneously with indoor air samples. Airborne concentrations of total suspended particulates, respirable particulates, lead, asbestos, total volatile organic compounds and components, formaldehyde, and CO₂ were measured with National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and/or Environmental Protection Agency analytical methods.

Results

The concentration profiles of the investigated pollutants in indoor and urban settings were higher than those in outdoor and rural areas, respectively. The ratios of indoor/outdoor concentrations (I/O) of particulates and gaseous pollutants were characterized in urban and rural preschools. Total dust concentration was highest in urban indoor settings followed by urban outdoor, rural indoor, and rural outdoor locations with an I/O ratio of 1.37 in urban and 1.35 in rural areas. Although I/O ratios of lead were close to 1, lead concentrations were much higher in urban than in rural areas. The I/O ratio of total VOCs was 2.29 in urban and 2.52 in rural areas, with the highest level in urban indoor settings. The I/O ratio of formaldehyde concentrations was higher in rural than in urban areas because the outdoor rural level was much lower than the urban concentration. Since an I/O ratio higher than 1 implies the presence of indoor sources, we concluded that there are many indoor sources in preschools.

Conclusions

We confirmed that pollutants in indoor and urban settings were higher than those in outdoor and rural areas, respectively. Preschool children are expected to spend more time inside preschool facilities and therefore to be more exposed to pollutants. As far as we know, preschool IAQ is different from elementary school or higher school IAQ. Also, they are more vulnerable than higher-grade children. We found that the indoor and urban concentration profiles of the studied pollutants in preschools were higher than those in outdoor and rural areas. We believe that our findings may be useful for understanding the potential health effects of exposure and intervention studies in preschools.     

浙江农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准修订需求分析与建议

以浙江《农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准》(DB33/973—2015)的修订为研究切入点,对比了现行标准与国家和浙江农村生活污水治理的管理要求,分析了浙江农村生活污水处理现状并梳理其他省(自治区、直辖市)标准情况.研究发现DB33/973—2015已不符合浙江实际情况且不能满足浙江对农村生活污水的管理需求,必须开...     

Time trends in the concentrations of lead in wet precipitation from rural and urban sites in Austria

Trend and time series analysis of concentrations of lead in wet precipitation at different rural and urban sampling sites in Austria, collected during intervals of 6-12 years (between 1984 and 1995) is performed. A substantial decrease of the lead concentrations for all sites in consideration is observed similar to observations in Germany, Sweden and North sea and western Atlantic regions. Reductions in rural sites between 60 and 80% in 10 years and around 90% in 10 years in urban areas are found. This trend correlates with the reduction of lead emissions from combustion of gasoline. The seasonal deconvolution model of the data set reveals a typical seasonality with lead concentration peaks in summer and spring for the rural sites and winter peaks for urban sites. The average annual lead concentration in the rural region for 1995 was 1.25 micrograms/l, in the urban region 2.25 micrograms/l.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature across an urban–rural transect

The heat island effect and the high use of fossil fuels in large city centers are well documented, but by how much fossil fuel consumption is elevating atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and whether elevations in both atmospheric CO₂ and air temperature from rural to urban areas are consistently different from year to year are less well known. Our aim was to record atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, air temperature and other environmental variables in an urban area and compare it to suburban and rural sites to see if urban sites are experiencing climates expected globally in the future with climate change. A transect was established from Baltimore city center (Urban site), to the outer suburbs of Baltimore (suburban site) and out to an organic farm (rural site). At each site a weather station was set-up to monitor environmental variables for 5 years. Atmospheric CO₂ was consistently and significantly increased on average by 66 ppm from the rural to the urban site over the 5 years of the study. Air temperature was also consistently and significantly higher at the urban site (14.8 °C) compared to the suburban (13.6 °C) and rural (12.7 °C) sites. Relative humidity was not different between sites whereas the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was significantly higher at the urban site compared to the suburban and rural sites. An increase in nitrogen deposition at the rural site of 0.6% and 1.0% compared to the suburban and urban sites was small enough not to affect soil nitrogen content. Dense urban areas with large populations and high vehicular traffic have significantly different microclimates compared to outlying suburban and rural areas. The increases in atmospheric CO₂ and air temperature are similar to changes predicted in the short term with global climate change, therefore providing an environment suitable for studying future effects of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems.     

Microbial indicators of heavy metal contamination in urban and rural soils

Urban soils and especially their microbiology have been a neglected area of study. In this paper, we report on microbial properties of urban soils compared to rural soils of similar lithogenic origin in the vicinity of Aberdeen city. Significant differences in basal respiration rates, microbial biomass and ecophysiological parameters were found in urban soils compared to rural soils. Analysis of community level physiological profiles (CLPP) of micro-organisms showed they consumed C sources faster in urban soils to maintain the same level activity as those in rural soils. Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni were the principal elements that had accumulated in urban soils compared with their rural counterparts with Pb being the most significant metal to distinguish urban soils from rural soils. Sequential extraction showed the final residue after extraction was normally the highest proportion except for Pb, for which the hydroxylamine-hydrochloride extractable Pb was the largest part. Acetic acid extractable fraction of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were higher in urban soils and aqua regia extractable fraction were lower suggesting an elevated availability of heavy metals in urban soils. Correlation analyses between different microbial indicators (basal respiration, biomass-C, and sole C source tests) and heavy metal fractions indicated that basal respiration was negatively correlated with soil Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn inputs while soil microbial biomass was only significantly correlated with Pb. However, both exchangeable and iron- and manganese-bound Ni fractions were mostly responsible for shift of the soil microbial community level physiological profiles (sole C source tests). These data suggest soil microbial indicators can be useful indicators of pollutant heavy metal stress on the health of urban soils.     

Secondhand smoke exposure is associated with smoke-free laws but not urban/rural status

The objective was to determine secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure with and without smoke-free laws in urban and rural communities. The research hypothesis was that SHS exposure in public places could be improved by smoke-free law regardless of urban and rural status. Indoor air quality in hospitality venues was assessed in 53 communities (16 urban and 37 rural) before smoke-free laws; 12 communities passed smoke-free laws during the study period. Real-time measurements of particulate matter with 2.5 µm aerodynamic diameter or smaller (PM_2.5) were taken 657 times from 586 distinct venues; about 71 venues had both pre- and post-law measurements. Predictors of log-transformed PM_2.5 level were determined using multilevel modeling. With covariates of county-level percent minority population, percent with at least high school education, adult smoking rate, and venue-level smoker density, indoor air quality was associated with smoke-free policy status and venue type and their interaction. The geometric means for restaurants, bars, and other public places in communities without smoke-free policies were 22, 63, and 25 times higher than in those with smoke-free laws, respectively. Indoor air quality was not associated with urban status of venue, and none of the interactions involving urban status were significant. SHS exposure in public places did not differ by urban/rural status. Indoor air quality was associated with smoke-free law status and venue type.

Implications:?This study analyzed 657 measurements of indoor PM_2.5 level in 53 communities in Kentucky, USA. Although indoor air quality in public places was associated with smoke-free policy status and venue type, it did not differ by urban and rural status. The finding supports the idea that population in rural communities can be protected with smoke-free policy. Therefore, it is critical to implement smoke-free policy in rural communities as well as urban areas.