Narrow reasoning about the use of broad personality measures for personnel selection

Ones and Viswesvaran (1996) have argued for the use of broad bandwidth, rather than narrow bandwidth, personality predictors in personnel selection research when overall job performance is the criterion of interest. We take the opposite position in this article—that homogeneous measures of unidimensional personality traits are always to be preferred as predictors of work (and other) criteria. We maintain that the use of multiple unidimensional predictors provides important advantages over the use of multidimensional aggregates of those predictors. These advantages pertain to both (a) empirical accuracy in predicting job performance, and (b) psychological meaningfulness in explaining work behavior. Our conclusions are supported by Ones and Viswesvaran's own data. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sociometric and ability-based assignment to work groups: Some implications for personnel selection

We conducted a longitudinal field experiment to examine whether sociometric and ability-based assignment methods have different effects on multiple outcomes. We assigned subjects (N = 258) to sociometric or ability-based conditions, and assembled them into three-person workgroups. Subjects in the sociometric condition chose their own workgroup members; we assigned subjects in the ability-based condition to groups on the basis of ability. The results show that sociometric workgroups report higher levels of communication, coordination, peer ratings, group cohesion, and job satisfaction than workgroups in the ability-based condition. In addition, the results indicate that organizational forces tended to equalize the influence of ability on performance.     

基于蚁群算法的烟气中人员疏散路径选择优化

针对火灾烟气环境下的人员疏散问题,分析人员密度以及烟气能见度对疏散速度以及最佳疏散路径的影响。首先,得到烟气及人员密度对疏散速度的修正函数,并将该函数同蚁群算法的启发式信息函数进行耦合;其次,改进蚁群算法求解最佳路径的局限性,建立1种基于蚁群算法的人员疏散路径算法模型;最后,将算法模型应用于实例研究。研究结果表明:所提出的模型可较好地优化人员疏散路径,并进一步提高人员疏散效率。     

污水流量测量中流量计的选型与探讨

环保产业对污水流量的测量和控制的精确度、可靠性要求已越来越高 ,介绍了电磁式、涡街式、节流式等几种流量计的选型设计 ,结合水处理工艺 ,从理论和实践两方面阐述各自的特点     

Understanding “communication gaps” among personnel in high-risk workplaces from a dialogical perspective

Our primary aim in this paper is to argue for a discourse analytical take on questions of how risk and safety are managed by personnel in high-risk workplaces, with a special focus on constructions of “us” and “them”. Thus, we approach the same issue investigated in many other studies, i.e., diverging safety-related understandings between people representing various occupational groups. We choose to examine so-called communication gaps as they are “talked into being” in discourse, meaning that we treat them as primarily socially constructed. A case analysis based on interviews will be used to illustrate how we can understand this phenomenon from a communicative perspective inspired by Linell’s (1998a) dialogue theory. While previous discourse and safety culture research emphasizes broad patterns and differences between entire professions and departments, we argue that researchers should hesitate to reinforce the notion of homogeneous groups. Instead, there is great value in demonstrating collective social construction processes and commonalities so as to facilitate inter-group solidarity and possibly productive change.     

煤矿安全从业人员心理测试指标体系研究

为了寻求有效解决煤矿安全人为事故屡禁不止问题的有效办法,探讨了煤矿作业对人提出的安全心理素质要求,对煤矿从业人员的心理因素与安全生产关系进行了工作分析与职务分析,建立了以能力与非能力因素为基本内容的心理测试指标体系,并对这一体系的科学性进行了验证.应用实践表明,该体系为从根本上解决煤矿安全问题提供了新的途径.     

放射性测井工作中员工受照剂量的控制

石油测井工作中广泛使用放射性源,合理的防护和安全措施可以使人体免受伤害。本文论述放射性防护的必要性及防护三要素,阐述测井工作中放射源操作工的正确操作方法。从仪器设计角度分析不同的源窗设计对员工受照剂量的影响,提出合理的仪器设计建议。科学估算日常测井工作中的受照剂量。     

Characteristic overpressure–impulse–distance curves for the detonation of explosives, pyrotechnics or unstable substances

A number of models have been proposed to calculate overpressure and impulse from accidental industrial explosions. When the blast is produced by explosives, pyrotechnics or unstable substances, the TNT equivalent model is widely used. From the curves given by this model, data are fitted to obtain equations showing the relationship between overpressure, impulse and distance. These equations, referred to here as characteristic curves, can be fitted by means of power equations, which depend on the TNT equivalent mass. Characteristic curves allow determination of overpressure and impulse at each distance.     

Hazard evaluation of hydrogen–air deflagration with flame propagation velocity measurement by image velocimetry using brightness subtraction

Deflagration phenomena in hydrogen–air mixtures initially filled in 1.4 m³ spherical latex balloons were measured using a high-speed digital video camera and pressure transducers. The image velocimetry using brightness subtraction was introduced to eliminate the background effects for obtaining accurate time evolution records of flame propagation velocity. The maximum flame propagation velocity of about 100 m/s was observed with maximum overpressure 15 kPa at 1 m from ignition point. According to the detailed flame propagation velocity records, there were long deceleration durations. The observed maximum overpressure was smaller than the overpressure estimated by the basis of the observed maximum flame propagation velocity and the pressure wave theories of spherical flames. A new blast curve plot of scaled overpressure vs. distance was tentatively proposed.     

Person–organization and person–supervisor fits: Employee commitments in a Chinese context

The present study simultaneously examined people's perceptions of person–organization (PO) and person–supervisor (PS) fit and related these perceptions to employees' commitments. Three‐hundred‐and‐sixty employee–supervisor dyads from Taiwanese organizations reported about their PO fit and PS fit perceptions. In addition, supervisors reported about their perceptions of fit and guanxi with each of their employees. Results indicated that PO and PS fit perceptions both had an independent and additive relationship with organizational commitment. The link between employee PS fit perceptions and organizational commitment was mediated by commitment to the supervisor. Both employee and supervisor fit perceptions contributed to commitment to the supervisor through their influence on the quality of the leader‐member exchange (LMX). Guanxi could not explain additional variance in LMX and supervisor commitment. Implications for theory and practices regarding person–environment fit, commitment, and LMX are discussed. The study findings offered suggestions for a new Theory of Multiple Fits. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The moderating effects of job control and selection,optimization, and compensation strategies on the age–work ability relationship

Work ability describes employees' capability to carry out their work with respect to physical and psychological job demands. This study investigated direct and interactive effects of age, job control, and the use of successful aging strategies called selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) in predicting work ability. We assessed SOC strategies and job control by using employee self‐reports, and we measured employees' work ability using supervisor ratings. Data collected from 173 health‐care employees showed that job control was positively associated with work ability. Additionally, we found a three‐way interaction effect of age, job control, and use of SOC strategies on work ability. Specifically, the negative relationship between age and work ability was weakest for employees with high job control and high use of SOC strategies. These results suggest that the use of successful aging strategies and enhanced control at work are conducive to maintaining the work ability of aging employees. We discuss theoretical and practical implications regarding the beneficial role of the use of SOC strategies utilized by older employees and enhanced contextual resources at work for aging employees. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of self-inhibition at a flame propagation in rich gaseous mixtures of combustible–air–diluent

An analysis of published experimental data characterizing the influence of diluents of various chemical nature (both halogenated and chemically inert) on upper flammability limits of flammable gases in air (methane and hydrogen have been considered as examples) has been done. Dependences of critical oxygen concentration and critical fuel equivalence ratio _cr for mixtures combustible–air–diluent at upper flammability limits on diluent concentration were determined. The obtained data were interpreted on the basis of the concept of self-inhibition at combustion of rich mixtures of organic combustibles in air. A method for evaluation of relative effectiveness of various inhibitors and for determination of availability of self-inhibitive properties of a combustible gas has been proposed.     

关于特种作业人员安全技术培训考核工作的意见

各省、自治区、直辖市及新疆生产建设兵团安全生产监督管理部门 ,各煤矿安全监察局及北京、新疆生产建设兵团煤矿安全监察办事处 :　　为规范特种作业人员的安全技术培训、考核与发证工作 ,防止人员伤亡事故 ,促进安全生产 ,依据《安全生产法》、《矿山安全法》和国家经贸委《特种作业人员安全技术培训考核管理办法》 ,以及新时期安全生产形势的要求 ,现就特种作业人员安全技术培训、考核与发证工作提出如下意见 :　　一、国家安全生产监督管理局 (国家煤矿安全监察局 ) (以下简称国家局 )依法组织、指导并监督全国特种作业人员安全技术培训…     

Numerical simulation of hydrogen–air detonation for damage assessment in realistic accident scenarios

An accidental hydrogen release within an equipment enclosure may result in the presence of detonable mixture in a confined environment. From a safety standpoint, it is then useful to assess the potential for damage. In that context, numerical simulation of the sequence of events subsequent to detonative ignition provides a useful tool, although with obvious limitations. This article describes the procedure, summarizes two case studies, and reviews the limitations. First, a hydrogen dispersion pattern is obtained from numerical simulation of dispersion, using a commercial package designed primarily for incompressible flow. This dispersion cloud is then used as the initial condition in an inviscid, compressible, reactive flow simulation. To force detonative ignition, a sufficiently large amount of energy is deposited in a small region that corresponds to the ignition location. Chemistry is modeled using a single step Arrhenius model. Because the wave thickness is small compared with the computational domain, a fine mesh is needed, limiting the practicality of the process to two-dimensional geometries. This is the most significant limitation; it is conservative. The two cases described in the paper include an electrolyzer, in which a small release occurs, leading potentially to some damage to the enclosure, and a reformer, in which the consequences are potentially more serious.     

复杂建筑空间人员应急疏散的无人机引导模型研究*

为提升紧急情况下复杂建筑空间中应急疏散引导的疏散效率,采用仿真模拟方法,提出1套可适用于复杂建筑空间人员应急疏散的无人机引导模型,该模型通过改进传统算法和构建新方法,实现无人机空间遍历移动规则寻优、无人机引导路径寻优以及基于“障碍物空间场域”建筑空间区域划分。研究结果表明:相较于没有无人机引导,采用单无人机和多无人机协同引导疏散,可大幅缩短整体疏散时间,有效减少疏散路径当量长度,提高疏散效率并保证路径安全,为无人机在应急救援和疏散的应用提供新思路。     

Issues and non-issues in the fidelity–bandwidth trade-off

This paper makes seven points in response to certain claims made by Ones and Viswesvaran (1996, this issue). First, we see no evidence that the fidelity–bandwidth trade-off has become a crisis in the empirical literature. Moreover, we seen no evidence that anyone prefers narrow band personality measures over broad bandwidth scales. In addition, because job performance is complex and multidimensional, broad bandwidth predictors are normally required in personnel selection. Finally, our conclusion is simple—the nature of the criterion dictates the choice of predictors and matching predictors with criteria always enhances validity.     

Snowblower injuries in Vermont, 1981–1984

The Vermont Department of Health carried out two studies of snowblower injuries in Vermont during the winters of 1982–1983 and 1983–1984. The first was a case-control study in which we assessed risk factors that predisposed operators to injury during snowblower use. We found 20 persons who had been injured by snowblowers and matched 28 controls to these by neighborhood. In this study, owning a snowblower for 1 year or less and having operated a snowblower for 10 days or less in one's lifetime were significantly associated with injury. The second study was population-based. We estimated that approximately 1.5% of Vermont residents owned snowblowers during the winter of 1982–1983 and that, among snowblower owners, injuries occurred at a rate of 1.3/1,000 person-years of ownership (0.1% chance of injury).     

北京市乘务管理员安全胜任特征模型构建研究

为探究北京市乘务管理员安全胜任特征,基于已有胜任特征模型,通过查阅文献、分析乘务管理员职责、结构式访谈等方式获得乘务管理员安全胜任特征。在此基础上设计调查问卷并大规模发放,建立北京市乘务管理员安全胜任特征模型,利用结构方程模型验证乘务管理员安全胜任特征模型的有效性。研究结果表明:模型分为总体胜任力层次、公共因子层次、具体胜任特征层次。模型信度较高且数据与模型拟合较好,证明乘务管理员安全胜任特征在专业能力、安全素质、应变能力、发展潜力4个方面的相关程度最高。     

The role of hindrance stressors in the job demand–control–support model of occupational stress: A proposed theory revision

Previous research on the job demand–control–support (JDCS) model of occupational stress has generally been inconsistent at best regarding a key issue: the interaction of demands, control, and support in predicting employee health and well‐being. However, the model continues to be tested in a variety of studies and academic journals owing to its intuitive appeal. By incorporating conservation of resources theory with knowledge from the challenge–hindrance stressor framework, we proposed that hindrance stressors, not the challenge stressors commonly assessed when testing JDCS theory, will provide validation for the model. A two‐wave panel study of 228 employees in a variety of occupations provided support for three‐way interactions between hindrance demands, control, and support predicting job‐related anxiety and physical symptoms. Three‐way interactions using a challenge demand (forms of workload) were not significant, consistent with our propositions. In summary, this study supports the buffering effect of control and support on the relationship between job demands and strain only when job demands reflect hindrance stressors, thereby proposing to alter the JDCS model by specifying that it applies primarily to hindrance stressors in a job hindrance–control–support model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gender in the boss–subordinate relationship: a Nigerian study

The present study examines the interaction effect of gender of both subordinates and supervisors on subordinates' perception of differentiation of boss–subordinate relationship in an African setting. Data was collected from a total of 60 boss–subordinate dyads in four‐sex combinations obtained through a survey of a large five‐star hotel in Abuja, Nigeria. Results revealed that subordinates in opposite‐sex dyads perceived better quality of exchange than those in same‐sex dyads. The strongest quality of exchange was perceived in male boss–female subordinate dyad, while the weakest was perceived in female boss–female subordinate dyad. This emphasizes the importance of gender in the differentiation of boss–subordinate relationships in an African setting. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.