鄱阳湖区粮食供给功能的空间格局分析

在种植制度复杂、地块破碎及多阴雨天气的南方地区,应用卫星遥感植被指数时间序列数据提取复种指数受到中低空间分辨率的限制。使用较高空间分辨率影像是提取该区域复种信息有效的数据源。论文以鄱阳湖区为研究区,通过遥感解译提取水田空间信息;在界定单/双季稻生长期物候历的前提下,根据水稻不同生长期内归一化植被指数(NDVI)的明显差异,选择合理时间窗口的TM影像获取水田NDVI数据,采用非监督分类法提取单/双季稻的空间分布信息;结合湖区乡镇不同熟制水稻单产数据估算出基于栅格的水稻产量。研究表明,4月下旬到6月下旬是判别双季早稻与单季稻空间分布的合理时间窗口;7月上旬到8月上旬及9月中旬到10上旬是判别单季稻与双季晚稻空间分布的合理时间窗口。2005年,单季稻播种面积为3 081.58 km²,晚稻/早稻播种面积为3 602.97 km²,水稻复种指数为153.9%。单季稻普遍分布在市县建成区周边,双季稻主要分布在河口三角洲等地。全年水稻总产量约1 650×10⁴ t,单季稻占30.5%,双季稻占69.5%。赣江下游地区两种熟制水稻产量均较高,而湖汊及湖区外围丘陵地区产量较低。     

Point of decision: when do pigeons decide to head home?

Pigeons released away from their loft usually fly around at the release site for a while before they finally leave. Visual observations had suggested that the moment when the birds decide to head home is associated with a certain change in flying style. To see whether this change is also reflected by GPS-recorded tracks, a group of pigeons equipped with flight recorders was released at two sites about 10 km from their home loft. The initial part of their flight paths was analyzed in order to find objective criteria indicating the point of decision. We selected the highest increase in steadiness as the best estimate for the moment of decision. This criterion allows us to divide the pigeons’ paths in two distinct phases, an initial phase and the homing phase, with the moment of decision, on an average, 2 min after release. The moment of decision marks a change in behavior, with a significant increase in steadiness and flying speed and headings significantly closer to the home direction. The behavior of the individual birds at the two sites was not correlated, suggesting no pronounced individual traits for the length of the initial phase. The behavior during this phase seems to be controlled by flight preparation, exploration, and non-navigational motivations rather than by navigational necessities alone. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Homing pigeons (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Columba livia</Emphasis> f. <Emphasis Type="Italic">domestica</Emphasis>) can use magnetic cues for locating food

An experimental group of homing pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) learned to associate food with a magnetic anomaly produced by bar magnets that were fixed to the bowl in which they received their daily food ration in their home loft; the control group lacked this experience. Both groups were trained to search for two hidden food depots in a rectangular sand-filled arena without obvious visual cues; for the experimental birds, these depots were also marked with three 1.15 × 10⁶ μT bar magnets. During the tests, there were two food depots, one marked with the magnets, the other unmarked; their position within the arena was changed from test to test. The experimental birds searched within 10 cm of the magnetically marked depot in 49% of the test sessions, whereas the control birds searched there in only 11% of the sessions. Both groups searched near the control depot in 11 and 13% of the sessions, respectively. The significant preference of the magnetically marked food depot by the experimental birds shows that homing pigeons cannot only detect a magnetic anomaly but can also use it as a cue for locating hidden food in an open arena.     

Multiple UV reflectance peaks in the iridescent neck feathers of pigeons

Recent studies of colorful plumage signals in birds have been aided by the finding that birds can see ultraviolet (UV) light and thus may communicate using colors invisible to humans. Some of the pioneering and more pivotal work on avian color vision was performed with domestic pigeons (Columba livia), yet surprisingly there have been few detailed reports of the UV-reflecting properties of pigeon feathers. Here, I use UV-VIS fiber-optic spectrometry to document the full-spectrum reflectance characteristics of iridescent purple and green neck plumage in pigeons. Neck feathers that appear purple to the human eye exhibit four reflectance peaks—two in the UV and one in the blue and red regions—and thus exhibit a UV-purple hue. Neck feathers that appear green to the human eye are characterized by five spectral peaks: two in the UV (UVA and UVB), a predominant green peak, and secondary violet and red peaks, conferring a UV-purple-green color. Such elaborate UV coloration suggests that birds may use an even more complex and hidden UV signaling system than previously thought.     

固体废弃物浸出液中酞酸酯的测定

报道高效液相色谱测定固体废弃物浸出液中酞酯的方法。实验建立了Ｚｏｒｂａｘ－ＣＮ柱和含０．１％异丙醇的正己烷为洗脱液,在２２４ｎｍ处紫外检测的液相色谱系统,并应用系统测定了北京市城市垃圾浸出液中的酞酸酯。该系统可有效地分离漫出液中非极性有机物和酞酸酯组分,并有效地避开了一部分与酞酸酯极性相近的有机物的干扰,浸出液经正己烷萃取,浓缩后,不需净化（如柱层析）即可直接进入液相色谱系统进行了分析,５种酞酸酯     

Measuring the complexity of interaction webs using vertical links between functional groups

Ecological insights into the usually high complexity of interaction webs demand a simplification of their structure to concentrate on the most important interactions within a community. One way to achieve this goal is to use functional groups (FGs). Using simple and partial Mantel tests the vertical interactions between FGs from different trophic levels were studied both at a disturbed grassland site and at a similar but undisturbed site. The resulting interaction structures of both ecosystems were compared. (i) An approximately 50% higher vertical FG-connectance could be found in the undisturbed than in the disturbed grassland; (ii) a much higher percentage of significant correlations did exist between FGs in the undisturbed than in the disturbed system; and (iii) the disturbed grassland was characterized by more simply structured biotic interaction patterns. From these results it was concluded that (a) Mantel tests are a useful tool for detecting significant interaction patterns (web links) between FGs, and that (b) FG-connectance is a powerful measure of complexity and functional diversity of communities.     

A GPS-based system for recording the flight paths of birds

 The GPS recorder consists of a GPS receiver board, a logging facility, an antenna, a power supply, a DC-DC converter and a casing. Currently, it has a weight of 33 g. The recorder works reliably with a sampling rate of 1/s and with an operation time of about 3 h, providing time-indexed data on geographic positions and ground speed. The data are downloaded when the animal is recaptured. Prototypes were tested on homing pigeons. The records of complete flight paths with surprising details illustrate the potential of this new method that can be used on a variety of medium-sized and large vertebrates. Received: 2 February 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 17 April 2000     

Neurobiology of the homing pigeon—a review

Homing pigeons are well known as good homers, and the knowledge of principal parameters determining their homing behaviour and the neurological basis for this have been elucidated in the last decades. Several orientation mechanisms and parameters—sun compass, earth’s magnetic field, olfactory cues, visual cues—are known to be involved in homing behaviour, whereas there are still controversial discussions about their detailed function and their importance. This paper attempts to review and summarise the present knowledge about pigeon homing by describing the known orientation mechanisms and factors, including their pros and cons. Additionally, behavioural features like motivation, experience, and track preferences are discussed. All behaviour has its origin in the brain and the neuronal basis of homing and the neuroanatomical particularities of homing pigeons are a main topic of this review. Homing pigeons have larger brains in comparison to other non-homing pigeon breeds and particularly show increased size of the hippocampus. This underlines our hypothesis that there is a relationship between hippocampus size and spatial ability. The role of the hippocampus in homing and its plasticity in response to navigational experience are discussed in support of this hypothesis.     

Thermal Gains Through Collective Metabolic Heat Production in Social Caterpillars of Eriogaster lanestris

 We investigated thermal characteristics of aggregations of social, tent-building caterpillars of the small eggar moth Eriogaster lanestris (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). The highly synchronous behavior of individuals of the colony has important consequences for their thermal ecology. Air temperature in the tent fluctuates according to the caterpillars' activity: air temperature slowly rises about 2.5–3  °C above the surroundings when caterpillars aggregate in the tent after feeding and decreases rapidly when the larvae leave the tent. Thermal energy can be stored for a few hours when ambient temperature drops. Experiments show that metabolic heat production sufficiently explains this effect. As even minor additional heat gain may reduce developmental time, aggregating in the tent may thus confer selective advantages under overcast weather or at night, when behavioral thermoregulation through basking is not possible. Received: 24 November 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 26 January 2000     

密切值法与污染损失率法在大气环境质量评价中的综合应用

阐述了密切值法和污染损失率法的基本原理和分析评价步骤。通过实例分析,得出这两种方法的结论具有一致性;利用密切值法对各个决策目标进行质量排序,再利用污染损失率法计标出各污染物对环境的损害程度,并对决策目标进行等级划分。两种方法结合起来应用,能全面地进行环境评价。     

密切值法与污染损失率法在大气环境质量评价中的综合应用

阐述了密切值法和污染损失率法的基本原理和分析评价步骤。通过实例分析，得出这两种方法的结论具有一致性；利用密切值法对各个决策目标进行质量排序，再利用污染损失率法计标出各污染物对环境的损害程度，并对决策目标进行等级划分。两种方法结合起来应用，能全面地进行环境评价。     

铬污染土壤复电阻率数学模型参数反演

为使复电阻率探测方法在铬渣污染场地探测领域取得应用,需要建立土壤的复电阻率模型,包括模型选择及参数反演. 矩阵实验室(Matrix Laboratory,Matlab)的优化工具箱提供了基于置信域方法的最小二乘曲线拟合求解算法,为优化方法在工程中的实际应用提供了更方便、更快捷的途径. 在大量土壤样品复电阻率实测数据基础上,采用置信域方法并结合各模型的参数约束,反演了Cole-Cole模型的参数. 结果表明:基于置信域方法的最小二乘曲线拟合求解算法可以准确求取复电阻率模型参数,但前提是必须提供较精确的初始值;与使用复电阻率幅值和相位的联合反演相比,单独考虑幅值或者相位的反演也能够取得相近的效果.      

Mercury removals by existing pollutants control devices of four coal-fired power plants in China

The mercury removals by existing pollution control devices in four coal-fired power plants of China were carried out based on a measurement method with the aluminum matrix sorbent.     

几种农业有机废弃物沼气发酵工艺条件优化研究

以农业有机废弃物鲜猪粪、干稻草、青草、南瓜叶以及菜叶为原料,沼气产量和甲烷产量为指标,采用4因素3水平的正交实验设计方法对沼气发酵工艺参数优化配置进行了实验研究。结果表明反应器内原料碳氮比、原料固体浓度、反应环境温度以及投加微量元素对沼气发酵均有不同程度的影响,其中反应环境温度对沼气产量的影响显著。最优工艺条件为原料碳氮比25:1、固体浓度8%、温度35℃、投加微量元素Co。     

The urban climate of Shanghai

Shanghai is the most important industrial and commercial city in China in terms of population and building density, consumption of energy and development rate. Meteorological data from the urban Shanghai Central Observatory over the last 100 years are combined with similar 20-year data sets from 10 nearby suburban and rural stations to analyse climatic impacts from Shanghai's urbanization.Results show its urban heat island effect is large and has enhanced with time. The effect is more obvious in urban-rural differences of annual mean minimum temperatures than in annual mean temperatures. During recent decades, the urban centre of Shanghai has experienced lower wind speeds, lower humidity, fewer fog days, fewer sunny days, increased low cloudiness and increased overcast days. Concurrent variations at nearby rural stations were dissimilar. Solar radiation in urban Shanghai shows accelerating decreases of both direct solar radiation (S) and global radiation, but increase of both diffuse radiation (D) and average turbidity (D/S).     

基于数值模拟的城市街区详细规划通风评估研究

高密度城市建筑会导致城市街区内部风速降低并加剧空气污染,因此对城市详细规划进行通风评估十分必要.由于数值模拟具有经济简便的优势,因此以USSM模式为工具,对城市街区详细规划通风评估方法进行了研究.利用汉堡大学CEDVAL风洞实验数据集对USSM模式的准确性进行了验证,表明USSM模式可以较准确地描述建筑对近地层风场的影响.通过36组敏感性数值试验,研究了建筑密度、排列方式和楼高高低错落对街区通风条件的影响,在此基础上得到了一系列关于通风条件优化的详细规划策略,包括:①对于建筑密度较高的街区,应该依主导风向预留通风道;②相同容积率条件下,分散的建筑布局比集中连片的建筑布局更有利于获得通风条件;③略有错落的建筑布局对于获取更好的通风条件有较大帮助;④较矮的建筑物应布设在上风向,而较高的建筑应布设在下风向.最后,以深圳后海地区详细规划方案为例进行了实际案例评价分析,证明即使街区内的容积率不变,按照一定原则对方案进行调整,仍可在一定程度上改善街区内的通风条件.上述研究结果表明,以数值模式为工具进行城市街区详细规划的通风评估,是提高城市街区通风能力的一种经济简便易行的方法,适合在我国内地各城市推广.     

Interdisciplinary studies on the technical and economic feasibility of deep underground coal gasification with CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> storage in bulgaria

This paper presents the outcome of a feasibility study on underground coal gasification (UCG) combined with direct carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture and storage (CCS) at a selected site in Bulgaria with deep coal seams (>1,200 m). A series of state-of-the-art geological, geo-mechanical, hydrogeological and computational models supported by experimental tests and techno-economical assessments have been developed for the evaluation of UCG-CCS schemes. Research efforts have been focused on the development of site selection requirements for UCG-CCS, estimation of CO₂ storage volumes, review of the practical engineering requirements for developing a commercial UCG-CCS storage site, consideration of drilling and completion issues, and assessments of economic feasibility and environmental impacts of the scheme. In addition, the risks of subsidence and groundwater contamination have been assessed in order to pave the way for a full-scale trial and commercial applications. The current research confirms that cleaner and cheaper energy with reduced emissions can be achieved and the economics are competitive in the future European energy market. However the current research has established that rigorous design and monitor schemes are essential for productivity and safety and the minimisation of the potential environmental impacts. A platform has been established serving to inform policy-makers and aiding strategies devised to alleviate local and global impacts on climate change, while ensuring that energy resources are optimally harnessed.     

不同环境条件下海水中苯系物的挥发过程研究

为研究不同环境条件下海水中苯系物的挥发过程,基于吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用（PT-GC-MS）法,获取了不同模拟实验条件下海水中苯系物的挥发动力学曲线,并分析讨论了温度、风速等条件的变化对海水中苯系物挥发的影响。结果表明:不同温度、特定风速条件下海水中苯系物的挥发动力学曲线可用指数方程拟合,符合一级反应动力学模型。海水中苯系物各组分挥发随时间的变化规律基本相同,室温25℃下挥发速率明显高于4℃时;相同温度时风速提高海水中苯系物挥发速率加快。海水中苯乙烯、甲苯挥发速率稍高,二甲苯相对较低。不同实验条件下海水中苯系物的挥发速率差异明显,其大小顺序表现为室温25℃+特定风速＞室温25℃+静态挥发＞低温4℃+特定风速＞低温4℃+静态挥发。在低温4℃条件下风速对苯系物挥发的贡献程度更加显著。     

过滤-洗涤复合法净化饮食业油烟的试验研究

针对饮食业油烟捕集和清除的特点,开展了过滤-洗涤复合法净化油烟的试验研究。通过模拟试验给出了过滤风速、滤料厚度、喷液量和洗涤液浓度的合理范围,对过滤-洗涤式净化设备的研制与设计具有指导意义。     

Variation in photosynthetic photon flux density within a tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, south-western China

Introduction Photosyntheticphotonfluxdensity(PPFD)withinforestcanopiesisintrinsicallyheterogeneousinspaceandtime.Becausesomespeciesaregenotypicallysuitedforspecificlightregimes,understandingtheheterogeneityofthelightregimewithinaforestcanopyisimportantfor…