2种曝气生物滤池的启动比较分析

分别采用陶粒和沸石作为曝气生物滤池的填料,在相同运行参数下进行曝气生物滤池启动对比研究,分析挂膜过程中COD、NH4+-N和浊度的去除效果。试验结果表明,在平均气温为30℃的条件下,2种曝气生物滤池都能很快完成启动挂膜,陶粒曝气生物滤池所需时间为12d,沸石曝气生物滤池所需时间为15d;陶粒曝气生物滤池具有更好的COD去除效果,沸石曝气生物滤池具有更好的NH4+-N去除效果;2个滤池对浊度都能够达到95%左右的去除率。     

沸石曝气生物滤池去除氨氮性能及生物学特征分析

天然沸石具有较大的孔隙率和比表面积,对氨氮有较强的选择性离子交换能力.运用天然沸石曝气生物滤池处理城市污水厂二级生化出水,结果表明,曝气生物滤池有良好的去除效果.在气水比为3∶1,水力负荷为1 m/h,温度＞20℃情况下,沸石曝气生物滤池对城市污水厂二级生化出水COD去除率为12.7%,NH3-N去除率为96.6%;试验系统沿程微生物活性和微生物量呈现逐渐下降趋势,而单位生物量的生物活性沿程分布则与此相反;曝气生物滤池对水中污染物的去除主要集中在底部进水端部分,当水流达到距进水端上方105 cm时,曝气生物滤池对水中NH3-N的去除率已达86.8%(占氨氮总去除率的90%),COD的去除率为13.3%(占COD总去除率的67%).     

城市污水处理厂出水低浓度污染物的生物降解研究

由于城市污水处理厂出水中含有的低浓度污染物的性能稳定而不易被去除,为探索一种快速、直接的低浓度污染物的深度处理方法,通过采用富二价阳离子斜发沸石作载体的生物沸石曝气滤池对某城市污水厂二级处理出水中的低浓度污染物的去除进行了实验研究,研究结果表明,当污水厂二级处理出水水质年平均指标NH3-N、COD、BOD5、TP及浊度分别为27.4 mg/L、57.2 mg/L、20.4 mg/L、1.7 mg/L和16 NTU时,采用两级生物沸石曝气滤池串联工艺,在第一级生物沸石曝气滤池装填3 m生物沸石,水力停留时间1 h,气水比为2∶1;第二级生物沸石曝气滤池装填2 m生物沸石,水力停留时间为0.5 h,气水比为1∶1,最终出水年平均指标NH3-N 0.13 mg/L、COD 7.55 mg/L(CODMn)、BOD50.78 mg/L、TP0.6 mg/L、浊度为0.13 NTU,出水水质可满足热力发电厂循环冷却补充水的水质要求.此种方法为污水处理厂的出水提供了经济有效的回用途径。     

生物沸石滤池处理富营养化水体的挂膜实验

采用上向流生物沸石滤池处理富营养化水体,考察了挂膜阶段(前30 d)滤池对浊度、COD和TP等的去除效果,重点研究了系统中各形态氮素(NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N和TN)的变化情况。结果表明,对于富营养化水体,生物沸石滤池对浊度、COD和TP的去除率分别约为80%、30%和24%;出水NH4+-N始终保持在0.5 mg/L以下,去除率在90%以上;NO2--N出现峰值(4.98 mg/L,第9 d),第13 d后即一直低于进水值;实验后期出水NO3--N与进水NH4+-N变化趋势基本一致,表明硝化生物膜已成熟,原位再生可行;生物沸石床内可能存在同步硝化反硝化现象。出水NO2-N浓度低于进水可作为生物沸石挂膜成功的一个标志。     

臭氧曝气沸石生物滤池处理硝基苯废水

利用臭氧曝气沸石生物滤池处理硝基苯废水,了解了该方法对废水中的硝基苯、氮和磷的去除效果,考察了水力停留时间的变化对污染物去除效果的影响。臭氧曝气沸石生物滤池与空气曝气沸石生物滤池相比,臭氧曝气生物滤池对硝基苯、COD、氨氮的去除效果优于空气曝气沸石生物滤池,对总磷的去除效果与空气曝气沸石生物滤池差别不大。当臭氧曝气沸石生物滤池的HRT=4 h、臭氧浓度为126 mg/L时,对初始浓度为100 mg/L的硝基苯污水去除率接近99%。在相同条件下,空气曝气沸石生物滤池对硝基苯的去除率仅为59%。在HRT=4 h、臭氧浓度为126 mg/L时,臭氧曝气沸石生物滤池与空气曝气沸石生物滤池对COD的去除率为94%和83%,对NH+4-N的去除率为64%和59%,对TP的去除率为42%和45%。     

沸石曝气生物滤池去除氨氮性能及生物学特征分析

天然沸石具有较大的孔隙率和比表面积，对氨氮有较强的选择性离子交换能力。运用天然沸石曝气生物滤池处理城市污水厂二级生化出水，结果表明，曝气生物滤池有良好的去除效果。在气水比为3：1，水力负荷为1m／h，温度＞20℃情况下，沸石曝气生物滤池对城市污水厂二级生化出水COD去除率为12．7％，NH3-N去除率为96．6％；试验系统沿程微生物活性和微生物量呈现逐渐下降趋势，而单位生物量的生物活性沿程分布则与此相反；曝气生物滤池对水中污染物的去除主要集中在底部进水端部分，当水流达到距进水端上方105cm时，曝气生物滤池对水中NH3-N的去除率已达86．8％（占氨氮总去除率的90％），COD的去除率为13．3％（占COD总去除率的67％）。     

上向流好气滤池冬季挂膜启动及运行参数探讨

好气滤池同时具有普通滤池和曝气生物滤池的优点,能对二级出水中的COD、氨氮和浊度等指标进一步去除,提高再生水水质。试验探讨了冬季好气滤池的挂膜启动方法和运行参数,提出采用逐渐增加流量到设计流量的自然挂膜法,同时提出运行采用上向流;滤速1 m/h;气水比采用（1～3）∶1;填料填充高度与滤料直径有关;出水水头损失增加到1 m作为过滤周期的终点;适宜的冲洗强度冲洗滤池后,4 h内能恢复到滤池反冲洗前的处理状态。冬季低温条件延长了好气滤池的挂膜启动时间,但不影响挂膜质量;为保证出水质量,对好气滤池的运行滤速要通过试验确定。     

2种曝气生物滤池深度处理含CMC模拟退浆废水

采用陶粒滤料和活性炭滤料的2组曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理含CMC模拟退浆废水,在水力负荷0.071 m3·(m2·h)-1、水力停留时间24 h条件下,分析曝气生物滤池对COD、CMC和浊度去除效果和曝气强度对滤池运行的影响,研究滤柱高度方向污染物去除规律以及和微生物量、微生物活性间的关系。研究结果表明,随着气水比的增大,生物滤池对COD、CMC的去除效率增大,强烈的曝气作用会引起出水浊度增大。在气水比为4∶1的条件下,2组生物滤池对COD和CMC的平均去除率分别约为72%和65%、67%和62%。曝气生物滤池对COD、CMC、浊度的主要去除区域分别位于滤柱1.5、1.3和1.1 m高度以下区域。陶粒滤柱相对活性炭滤柱微生物量略高,两组滤池单位滤料微生物量和微生物脱氢酶活性沿滤柱高度方向变化趋势相似。两组滤池对CMC的去除主要依靠吸附作用,生物降解部分仅占CMC总去除率的34.7%和26.1%。     

硝化型曝气生物滤池的挂膜与启动

近年来,曝气生物滤池广泛应用于污水硝化过程中,硝化型曝气生物滤池应运而生。采用快速排泥挂膜法和自然挂膜法相结合的复合挂膜法,考察了进水是否含有机物对硝化型曝气生物滤池挂膜的影响。在19℃、HRT=55 min、出水DO=8 mg/L、进水NH4+-N约为50 mg/L的条件下,两滤池挂膜启动时间差异较大,进水不含有机物的1#滤池挂膜成功仅需18 d,当其运行稳定时NH4+-N的去除率达到100%;而进水含有机物的2#滤池挂膜成功需24 d,当其运行稳定时,COD和NH4+-N去除率分别为84.6%和91.2%。此结果表明,与含有机物的实际生活污水相比,采用不含有机物的模拟生活污水启动硝化型曝气生物滤池挂膜启动时间可缩短6 d,这主要是由于异氧菌产率系数比硝化菌大。     

叠式曝气生物滤池在给水预处理中的挂膜启动

针对低污染原水进行叠式曝气生物滤池的自然挂膜启动实验。在HRT为20～30 min,温度为28～33℃,气水比为0.5,滤速为12.5 m/h的条件下,研究分析叠式曝气生物滤池在自然挂膜启动过程中各项水质指标的变化情况与生物膜生长之间的相互关系,判断挂膜启动的进程。结果表明,在南方夏季,叠式曝气生物滤池能够进行快速启动,经过7 d左右自然挂膜启动完成,对CODMn的平均去除率为33%,对氨氮的平均去除率达到85.5%,对亚硝酸盐氮的去除率为82.9%。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.