用硫酸盐还原菌去除废水中锑的实验研究

用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)去除模拟废水中的Sb,对比不同pH值、温度及Sb初始浓度的去除效果和不同反应时间内各因子(Sb、SO42-、pH、Eh及OD)的动态变化。结果表明:反应的最佳pH范围为6.0~7.0,温度范围为30~35℃,去除率均可达到90%以上。随着SRB的繁殖,溶液的pH值升高,SO42-被还原为H2S,导致SO42-及Eh降低。Sb(Ⅴ)被还原为Sb(Ⅲ),Sb(Ⅲ)再与H2S反应生成Sb2S3沉淀,这一机制使得溶液中Sb被去除。     

硫酸盐在厌氧生物过程中的行为 Ⅱ.硫酸盐还原行为及对体系抑制作用机理

采用半连续实验方法,研究了中温厌氧条件下硫酸盐的还原行为及产生抑制作用的机理.实验结果表明,SO_4~(2-)在厌氧体系中被硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)全部或部分还原为硫化物,其还原率与SO_4~(2-)累积加入浓度有关.还原产物的形态与体系中pH值有关,较高的pH值(7.6—8.4)使体系中H_3S含量下降.SO_4~(2-)对厌氧体系的抑制与SO_4~(2-)还原过程中SRB与产甲烷菌(MRB)的底物竞争及还原产物的毒性相关.前者受COD/SO_4~(2-)比值的影响,比值大于7,对厌氧体系只产生轻度抑制作用.而后者与沼气中H_2S含量有直接关系,沼气中H_3S含量小于40mg/L时,基本不产生抑制作用.     

新型碳源驯化SRB处理酸性矿山废水中重金属和SO_4~(2-)的应用研究

针对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理酸性矿山废水缺乏有效有机碳源问题,运用生活污水、鸡粪和锯末质量比为80:7:3的混合物发酵液作为新型有机碳源驯化硫酸盐还原菌(SRB),并研究以该新型有机碳源作为营养物质的SRB生长规律及处理酸性矿山废水中重金属和SO_4~(2-)的效果。结果表明:新型碳源驯化的SRB生长经历了迟缓期、对数期、稳定期和衰亡期4个阶段:用新型碳源驯化的SRB处理4种共存重金属离子,Fe~(2+)、Zn~(2+)会被优先去除,两者去除率均95%;新型碳源驯化的SRB处理SO_4~(2-)浓度3 000mg/L酸性矿山废水效果最好,SO_4~(2-)去除率可达到100%。新型有机碳源可作为SRB的优良有机碳源,同时可实现以废治废的目的。     

电化学氢化物发生法处理含锑废水及对锑的回收

采用电化学氢化物发生法对模拟含锑废水进行处理,锑与水电解产生的氢形成氢化物从溶液中脱除,而后收集并加热分解锑化氢得到金属锑.实验表明,在酸性条件下对Sb(Ⅲ)去除效果较好,p H=4时去除率为76.1%.Sb(Ⅲ)与电解水产生的氢结合形成锑化氢从溶液中逸出是溶液中锑去除的最主要途径(回收率为66.2%),电沉积和吸附也对锑的去除做出少量贡献.Sb(Ⅴ)须预还原为Sb(Ⅲ)再氢化进行去除.试用了铅、石墨、钨这3种电解阴极材料,铅电极处理效果最佳.     

用硫酸盐还原菌去除废水中砷、锑的实验研究

为了明确硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)同时去除废水中砷和锑的可行性以及去除过程中两种元素有无相互影响,我们设置了对照组、砷处理组、锑处理组、砷和锑处理组,并分析和比较了SRB在不同分组的生长差异及砷和锑去除率的异同等.结果 表明,SRB可去除95％以上的总锑(Sb(T)),但对同一条件下、同样初始浓度的总砷(As(T)),去除...     

硫酸盐还原——甲烷化两相厌氧处理工艺中的回流比研究

以硫酸盐还原—产甲烷两相厌氧新型工艺处理含高浓度硫酸盐有机废水,气提塔出水的回流比的操作选择十分关键。根据、电离平衡理论及最佳工艺条件要求(液相中的C_L(H_2S)≥208mg/L,c(S~(2-))≤500mg/L)推导出估算回流比的模型为[Bc_0(SO_4~(2-))/1500-1]/η≤R≤[Bc_0(SO_4~(2-))(1.49×10~(pH-7) 1)~(-1)/588-1]/η。以该模型为依据处理SO_4~(2-)浓度为10000mg/L合成废水时,得到总COD去除率和总硫酸盐还原率分别为92.6％和97.6％。     

COD/SO42-对青霉素菌渣厌氧消化影响

针对抗生素菌渣厌氧消化过程SO_4~(2-)的抑制问题,利用批试实验对不同COD/SO_4~(2-)比青霉素菌渣厌氧消化产气潜能以及产酸相物质利用特性进行了研究.结果表明,COD/SO_4~(2-)≥3时,微生物发生了适应性驯化,产气潜能在发酵10 d后逐渐恢复,累积产甲烷量(以TS计)超过208 m L·g-1,超过71%的COD转化为CH4;COD/SO_4~(2-)≤1.5时,产甲烷分别受到49%及完全抑制,有机物及SO_4~(2-)的去除率分别不足17%和5%,表明较高SO_4~(2-)负荷下产甲烷菌(MPB)及硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)同时发生抑制,COD平衡分析表明,转化为CH4的COD不足9.1%,而还原为SO_4~(2-)的COD保持在5.0%~9.0%,说明MPB比SRB对S2-的抑制更为敏感;S平衡分析表明,还原的SO_4~(2-)大部分以S2-的形式存在于发酵液中,少部分以H2S的形式存在于生物气中;产酸过程物质利用特性分析表明,溶解性蛋白质的甲烷化是在溶解性碳水化物甲烷化之后才开始.     

不同碳硫比条件下底物类型对硫酸盐去除的差异性

为探索底物和碳硫比(COD_(Cr)/SO_4~(2-))对硫酸盐去除的影响,分别以乙醇、乳酸、丙酸、丁酸、乙酸为底物,采用静态试验考察了不同COD_(Cr)/SO_4~(2-)条件下利用不同底物去除硫酸盐的差异性。结果表明,在35℃条件下,COD_(Cr)/SO_4~(2-)为2.0时,硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)对乙醇的适应性最好;COD_(Cr)/SO_4~(2-)为2.5时,以乳酸、乙醇、丙酸为底物的系统中硫酸盐去除率分别可达90.29%、81.27%和80.69%;COD_(Cr)/SO_4~(2-)为3.0也可维持较高的硫酸盐去除率,以丁酸、乙酸为底物的系统中硫酸盐去除率分别可达88.78%和73.69%。研究表明,COD_(Cr)/SO_4~(2-)对SRB可利用的底物类型影响较大,根据底物类型选择最优的COD_(Cr)/SO_4~(2-),能够显著提高硫酸盐的去除效果,可为缩短厌氧脱硫反应器的启动时间提供新的思路。     

沸石负载纳米零价铁去除水中Sb(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅴ)的研究

锑矿开采和含锑化合物的应用在一定程度上会造成环境锑污染的加重,对人体健康和生态系统带来风险,为缓解这一现象,采用液相还原负载的方式制备沸石负载纳米零价铁(Z-ZVI)复合材料,探究其对Sb(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅴ)的去除效果;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对反应前后复合材料进行表征,并探究不同材料配比、溶液初始pH及无机阴离子对Sb(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅴ)吸附效率的影响.结果表明：(1)沸石负载后的纳米零价铁(Z-ZVI)具有较高的比表面积(54.54 m²/g)和反应活性,能够有效吸附、还原高价锑.(2)在pH=7、1.0 g/L Z-ZVI的条件下,反应4 h对20 mg/L Sb(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附率分别达到88%和62%,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich等温吸附模型.(3)Sb(Ⅲ)的去除率受pH变化的影响不大,但Sb(Ⅴ)的去除率随初始pH的升高而下降,溶液反应终点pH相比初始pH均有所上升.(4)XRD和XPS表征发现,Sb的去除过程中同时存在吸附和还原作用,Fe⁰氧化过程中...     

NH_3·H_2O-KI改良法测定水中溶解氧

本方法在原测定溶解氧方法的基础上进行了改进,用 NH_3·H_2O—KI、H_2SO_4—H_3PO_4分别代替了原方法中的 NaOH—KI、H_2SO_4;同时作了样品空白,校正了氧化还原物质产生的干扰。据实验:1mg/1Fe~(2+)、0.5mg/1NO_2~-及浓度不太高的 S~(2-)、S_2O_3~(2-)、SO_3~(2-)、Cl_2对测定不产生干扰。对蒸馏水、自来水、废水进行测定,均获得满意结果。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.