液相络合-铁屑还原-酸吸收回收法脱除烟气中的NOx

用"Fe2 螯合剂吸收-铁屑还原-酸吸收"回收法脱除烟气中的NOx,研究了铁屑脱硝过程的影响因素,确定了脱硝过程的合适工艺条件,并对络合脱硝溶液的再生和循环利用进行了研究.结果表明:最佳工艺参数为:络合脱硝溶液中Fe2 EDTA浓度20mmol·l-1,pH值6.0,温度65℃;在此条件下,用两个反应器串联,对O2含量为10.5%的模拟烟气可取得90%以上的脱硝效率.     

有机酸对砖红壤的溶解及固定态磷素的活化

选择柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸和苹果酸4种土壤中常见有机酸为研究对象,研究了它们与砖红壤反应后,Fe、Al的溶出特征以及P的释放规律,并对上述反应的机制进行了探讨.结果表明,草酸、酒石酸和苹果酸3种有机酸与土壤反应24h后,溶液中总Fe浓度随反应体系pH值升高而降低,但柠檬酸与土壤反应24h后,溶液中总Fe浓度则随反应体系pH值升高而增加.4种有机酸溶出土壤Fe的能力按草酸柠檬酸酒石酸苹果酸的顺序下降,溶出机制主要是络合溶解和还原溶解.溶液中Al的溶出量在4种有机酸-土壤体系中均随体系pH值升高而降低,且按草酸柠檬酸≈酒石酸苹果酸的顺序下降,溶出机制主要是质子溶解和络合溶解.有机酸对固定态磷素有明显活化效应,在草酸、酒石酸和苹果酸3种有机酸-土壤体系中,溶液中P浓度均随体系pH值升高而降低,但在柠檬酸-土壤体系中,则随体系pH值升高而增加.溶液中Al/P物质的量之比要远大于Fe/P物质的量之比,这表明土壤中P主要结合在铁氧化物表面,其活化与铁氧化物的溶解过程关系密切.此外,Al的存在对草酸活化固定态P有抑制作用。     

Fe2+EDTA溶液络合-铁还原脱除烟气中NO

提出了“Fe2 螯合剂络合-铁粉还原-酸吸收”回收法脱除烟气中NO的新工艺,重点研究了模拟烟气中O2体积分数对NO络合量的影响,以及铁粉用量、铁粉粒径、搅拌速度对NO脱除效率的影响,确定了最佳的铁粉脱氮工艺条件,并对铁粉和铁屑的脱氮效果进行了比较。结果表明,烟气中O2的体积分数从0%增加到4.2%,NO络合量下降90.2%;NO脱除效率随铁粉用量和反应器搅拌速度的增加而增加,随铁粉粒径的增加而降低;过程的最佳工艺参数为,铁粉用量0.8g,铁粉粒径≤0.077mm,搅拌速度900r·min-1,在此条件下,对O2体积分数为5%的模拟烟气在搅拌反应器中可取得90%以上的NO脱除效率;用铁粉在1台搅拌反应器中取得的NO脱除效率和用铁屑在2个鼓泡反应器串联时所取得的效率相当。     

MnO2/H2SO4溶液同时脱硫脱硝实验

采用MnO2/H2SO4溶液作为吸收液,以Fe3+作为催化剂在自制的鼓泡反应器内,对模拟烟气进行同时脱硫脱硝的实验研究,主要考察MnO2浓度、Fe3+浓度、pH值、反应温度、NO浓度、SO2浓度、氧含量、烟气流量等因素对SO2和NO脱除效率的影响.实验结果表明,MnO2浓度、Fe3+浓度、烟气流量、反应温度、NO浓度、SO2浓度对脱硝率影响显著,pH值、氧含量对脱硝率影响不大.在整个实验范围内脱硫效率总是保持在98%以上,脱硝效率最高达到70.9%.     

焙烧层状氢氧化镁铝对水溶液中亚硝酸盐的吸附脱除

通过静态吸附实验,研究了焙烧层状氢氧化镁铝(Mg-Al CLDH)对水溶液中NO2-的吸附脱除性能,并用粉末X射线衍射对Mg-Al CLDH吸附前后的结构进行了表征.结果表明,Mg-Al CLDH可有效脱除水溶液中的业硝酸盐(NO2-),对NO2-的脱除是通过"结构记忆"效应实现的,当NO-2初始浓度高达15mgN·l-1时,经0.10g Mg-Al CLDH处理后,溶液中残余浓度小于lmgN·l-1.在293-323 K温度范围内,NO2-在Mg-Al CLDH上的饱和吸附量为17.24-29.94 mgN·g-1,吸附量明显高于其它吸附剂;吸附量随温度的升高而增大,表现为吸热吸附;吸附过程符合Langmuir线性等温方程式.吸附速率随温度的升高而迅速增大,伪二级动力学方程可用来描述其吸附动力学过程;吸附Ea为109.94 kJ·mol-1,Mg-Al CLDH对NO2-的吸附主要是化学吸附,Mg-Al CLDH对NO2-的脱除率基本不受溶液初始pH值的影响,吸附量随离子强度的增大而减小,正交实验结果显示溶液初始浓度是影响吸附量的最主要因素.     

模拟饮用水消毒过程中高铁酸钾降解吲哚美辛的动力学分析

模拟饮用水消毒过程中高铁酸钾(Fe(Ⅵ))对吲哚美辛(IDM)的降解,考察了Fe(Ⅵ)投加量、IDM初始浓度、溶液pH值、温度等因素对IDM降解速率的影响.实验结果表明,Fe(Ⅵ)可以有效地去除饮用水中的IDM,当Fe(Ⅵ)投加量为0.3 mmol·L~(-1),溶液pH值为7,温度为25℃时,反应20 min后IDM的去除率达到95%,其反应过程符合准一级反应动力学模型;准一级动力学常数与Fe(Ⅵ)的投加量正相关,与IDM的初始浓度负相关;pH值升高会降低反应速率,温度升高会加快反应的进行.将不同温度条件下反应速率常数进行线性拟合,推算出了Fe(Ⅵ)与IDM反应的热力学参数Ea、ΔH和ΔS的值分别为15.79 J·mol~(-1)、13.27 J·mol~(-1)、-183.76 J·mol-1·K~(-1),说明该反应是吸热反应,同时活化能较低也说明了该反应在常规饮用水消毒条件下即可进行.TOC测定实验表明,Fe(Ⅵ)对IDM的矿化效率较低,大部分IDM转化成其它大分子有机物.     

LIX984对铜离子的络合萃取

研究了铜离子在水相和油相(LIX984煤油溶液)之间的分配行为,考察操作参数对分配比的影响,分析计算该络合萃取过程的平衡常数.结果表明:载体LIX984对铜离子的萃取能力强、速度快,1min基本上达到萃取平衡;分配比随着萃取温度、油相载体初始浓度、水相初始pH值的增大而增大,而随着水相初始铜离子浓度的增大而下降;该络合萃取过程的平衡常数在30℃的值为7.6.     

原位即时合成ZnAl-LDH法对Zn~(2+)的去除机制

利用水泥基材料铝酸三钙(C3A)水化过程中可形成层状双羟基氢氧化物(LDHs)的特性,研究了C3A对水溶液中Zn2+的去除效果及机制,并探索了pH、温度对Zn2+去除效果的影响.结果表明,室温下,未调节溶液pH时,C3A对废水中Zn2+的最大去除量可达13.7 mmol·g-1;此外,C3A对Zn2+的去除量随反应时间及Zn2+初始浓度的增加而增大,随后去除量不再变化;在pH值为3—7时,C3A对Zn2+的去除量随pH的升高而增加;在25—35℃范围内Zn2+的去除量随温度的升高而增加,在35-55℃范围内Zn2+的去除量随温度的升高反而下降.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外(FT-IR)及扫描电镜(SEM)等微观分析手段表明反应固体产物为Zn Al-LDH.结合反应平衡后溶液组分分析表明,原位即时形成的Zn Al-LDH是通过C3A水化过程中形成的Ca Al-LDH与Zn2+发生阳离子交换反应与共沉淀反应协同所致.     

半焦负载Na-Fe催化还原NO的研究

在石英固定床反应器上于常压下研究了煤焦负载Na或Fe催化还原NO的反应，同时研究了Na-Fe复合催化剂的催化特性。研究结果表明：Na或Fe催化剂的催化行为差异较大，低温下Na的催化活性高于相同负载量的Fe，而温度较高时，二者的催化活性顺序与低温时相反。Na的催化活性随负载量的增加而迅速增大，而Fe的催化活性随温度的升高增加迅速。在保持相同的负载量下，一定配比的Na－Fe复合催化剂的催化活性高于其中任何单一催化剂的催化活性。在不加其他还原剂的条件下，负载于煤焦上的Na-Fe复合催化剂可有效地催化还原NO，得到了高的还原转化率。复合催化剂高的催化活性预示Na-Fe在制备过程中的相互作用以及催化半焦还原NO的反应中具有协同作用。     

pH、温度和水土比对酸性土壤溶液中铝离子形态分布的影响

溶液中Al3 、Al-F和有机络合态铝（Al-OM的浓度随pH降低而增加,Al3 在总单核铝中所占比例随pH的降低而增加,而Al-F络合物呈相反的变化趋势.土壤中铝的溶解度与土壤中铝氧化物的结晶形态有关,处于较高纬度地区的土壤,由于铝氧化物的结晶形态较差,在相同pH下,其铝的溶解度较大.土壤溶液中有机络合态铝的浓度随温度升高而增加,在pH不变的情况下,土壤中无机铝的溶解量随温度降低而增加.随水土比增加,土壤溶液中Al3 、Al-F络合物和Al-OM浓度减小,但按每kg土计算的铝溶解量随水土比的增加而增加.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.