经济管理系公共事业管理专业学生进行素质拓展训练

随着我国经济建设的飞速发展,各种自然灾害事故、人为灾害事故、突发公共事件呈逐年上升趋势。2008年3月到10月期间,我国先后发生了南方冰雪、汶川地震、三鹿奶粉等数起罕见的自然灾害和恶性人为灾害,人民群众的生命健康和财产损失惨重。在这些突发性灾害的处理过程中,人们对人身和财产安全的重要性有了进一步认识,同时也促使从事应急救援工作和研究的人们开始重新审视我国应急救援专业队伍的建设和救援体系的科学性等若干问题。     

污染警报

亚太地区环境问题中,自然灾害是一个重要因素。世界上洪水、干旱、地震、海啸、飓风、山崩等突发性灾害50％发生在亚太地区。自 1990年以来,由于突发性灾害,本地区死亡人数超过20万,经济损失达1000亿美元。     

建立健全我国突发性灾害应急管理体制的建议——以2008年元月南方地区冰冻和雪灾为例

2008年1月我国南方地区遭受了十分罕见的冰雪灾害,对人民生产和生活造成了严重影响。此次极端天气事件发生后的抗灾救灾工作反映出我国突发性灾害应急管理体制和救助体系存在诸多问题。为构建和谐社会,实现可持续发展,应该从以下方面建立健全中国突发性灾害应急管理体制和救助体系,即建立统一的、专门的突发性灾害应急管理机构;制定灾害管理基本法,健全自然灾害法制与计划建设;建立有效的社会动员机制,提高突发性灾害的社会应对和救助能力;建立全国性统一的灾害管理信息系统;落实有关应急管理体制和救助体系的具体举措。     

灾害学研究导论

灾害学是自然灾害学与人为灾害学（或自然与人为混合灾害）之总称。人为灾害学属于技术灾害及人为失误的范畴问题，将另作词条，这里集中论述灾害学（主要指自然灾害学）问题，有些方法对策对人为灾害也是适用的。自然灾害本来都是一些自然现象，这些现象之所以被认为是“害”，是因其与人类社会接触时产生不均衡的突变状态，并给人类生活与生产带来不同程度的损害。所以说，凡危害人类生命财产和生存条件的各类事件通称灾害。进一步讲以自然原因为主引起，但表现为人为态的称作自然一人为灾害，如太阳活动异常年的流行性传染病症；同样，由…     

自然灾害概说

行星引力，地球生态系统的反馈放大作用和人为对生态环境的破坏作用，是灾害群发的原因。我国自然灾害频繁，灾害间的相互作用加重了灾害损失。减灾、防灾必须保护生态环境。     

我国旅游自然灾害救灾机制的缺失——以梅里雪崩事件为例

本文以云南梅里雪山的"5·2"雪崩事件为个案,分析了此次旅游灾害发生的原因,在此基础上对我国自然灾害引发的旅游灾害提出了一些思考:旅游自然灾害的赔偿机制急需完善;当地政府景区的灾害预警工作不可忽视;我国游客的户外生存能力还须提高;国家应出台更加合理的相关休假制度.应尽量避免灾难事件的发生,即使灾难真正发生了,也应将损失降到最低.     

关于灾害管理学的几点想法

随着社会经济的发展,我国各种自然灾害的发生有规模大、损失严重的趋势,加强灾害管理对于建立和谐社会意义重大.本文在总结前人工作的基础上,阐述了灾害管理的含义、灾害管理系统的自组织性和协同性,概括了灾害管理的一般方法,指出灾害管理是发展管理.     

地质勘查环境灾害类型及预防

安全技术、劳动卫生作为地质勘查劳动保护的重要内容，历来受到人们的重视，由于地质勘查生产的发展和环境科学的成就，环境问题对地质勘查活动的影响也逐渐被人们所认识。尤其是近年来，在人类环境中，自然作用或人类活动或者二者叠加形成的人类环境灾害的频繁发生和危害加剧，给地质勘查活动带来了严重威胁、使对环境灾害的防治研究成为地质勘查活动的迫切需要。1地质勘查环境灾害类型地质勘查环境灾害主要有二种类型，一种是自然灾害，另一种是由地质勘查生产过程中造成的人为灾害。1.1自然灾害由自然环境变异作用形成的灾害叫自然灾害，…     

1993年世界十大灾难

１９９３年世界十大灾难１９９３年又是一个自然灾害与人为灾害频发年，挂根据有关报刊报导的灾害资料。列出其中影响和损害较大的十个。①火车脱轨１月１５日晚，肯尼亚一列从蒙巴萨开往内罗毕的火车，行驶中突然脱轨，导致１０节车箱坠入肯尼亚南部港口城市蒙巴萨附近的...     

中国村镇突发性水污染事件特征及产生根源分析

鉴于中国村镇突发性水污染事件研究的重要性和必要性,本文通过对中国近五年来发生并被报道的64件村镇突发性水污染事件的统计分析,剖析了中国村镇突发性水污染事件发生的地点、诱因、主要污染物、污染类型、危害以及应急措施等状况,以揭示其发生的规律;在此基础上,本文又深入研究了中国村镇突发性水污染事件发生的根源,指出中国村镇污染源复杂多样、村镇工业布局不合理和管理不到位、农业生产用水需求增加以及村镇饮水工程抵御自然灾害能力弱是造成村镇突发性水污染的风险。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.