Integrative trophic network assessments of a lentic ecosystem by key ecological approaches of water chemistry, trophic guilds, and ecosystem health assessments along with an ECOPATH model

The objective of this study was to describe the trophic structure and energy flow in a lentic ecosystem in South Korea. Physicochemical water conditions were evaluated along with the reservoir ecosystem health using a multimetric IBI model. Nutrient analyses of the reservoir showed a nutrient rich and hypereutrophic system. Guild analysis revealed that tolerant and omnivorous species dominated the ecosystem. Tolerant fish, as a proportion of the number of individuals, were associated (R² > 0.90, p < 0.01) with TN and TP, the key indicators of trophic state in lentic ecosystems. The mean Reservoir Ecosystem Health Assessment (REHA) score was 19.3 during the study, which was judged as in ‘fair to poor’ condition. A trophic analysis of the reservoir estimated by the ECOPATH model shows that most activity in terms of energy flow occurred in the lower part of the trophic web, where there was intensive use of primary producers as a food source. Consequently, of the 10 consumer groups, nine fell within trophic levels <2.8. Trophic levels (TL) estimated from the weighted average of prey trophic levels varied from 1.0 for phytoplankton, macrophytes, and detritus to 3.25 for the top predator, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco. Our integrated approach to trophic network analysis may provide a key tool for determining the effects of nutrient influx on energy flow pathways in lentic ecosystems.     

The cladoceran trophic status in the nitrogen limited ecosystem of Lake Kinneret (Israel)

The impactof cladocerans metabolic activities on the carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics in Lake Kinneret (Israel) is presented. The study, is based on the incorporation of field data and experimental measurements. Grazing, respiration and production rates of Diaphanosoma spp., Ceriodaphnia spp. and Bosmina spp. were experimentally measured at three temperatures, and the results were extrapolated to the field biomass distribution atthese respective temperatures, and the total lake capacity was calculated using the following equation: consumption = respiration + production + excretion. The field capacity of consumption, respiration and production were found to be mostly correlated with biomass density, but the temporal fluctuation of the percent of excretion from consumed energy differed. The increase in P, decline in N and decrease in the TN/TP mass ratio in the epilimnion of Lake Kinneret during 1969-2004 created N limitation. An increase in C and dedine in TN, with a consequential increase in the C/TN ratio were documented. TP was augmented but the C/TP ratio was only slightly increased. During 1975-2004, P was probably, a minor limitation for cladoceran growth. The positive impact of recycled P by cladocerans underthe N limitation in Lake Kinneret is discussed. There is a current threat on the water quality, derived from N limitation (mostly in summer-fall) and consequent Cyanophyta blooms. Thus, the role of recycled P bygrazers may be significant.     

人工湿地生态系统提高氮磷去除率的研究进展

介绍了人工湿地及其去除污水中氮磷的机理，并从湿地植物、基质和微生物三个方面系统地阐述了目前人工湿地系统提高氮磷去除率的研究进展情况；提出了可以通过改良湿地系统设计提高氮磷净化效果、利用培养优化菌种与调节环境条件促进湿地系统氮磷的转化及通过在基质中添加合适的附料、提高人工湿地系统植物多样性从而增加氮磷的吸附吸收的建议，为人工湿地污水净化技术的应用研究提供了有益的参考。     

岩溶生态系统中土壤微生物量氮含量及其变化规律

选择果树园和林地两种土地利用类型来研究土壤微生物量氮(Soil microbial biomass nitrogen,SMBN)含量及其与土壤溶解有机氮(Soil dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)、碱解氮的关系。结果表明:SMBN含量范围在5.33~34.61kg·hm-2之间,平均为14.81kg·hm-2,仅为文献中报道的SMBN的3%~37%。SMBN占土壤全氮的比例较小,为0.25%~1.5%,平均为0.754%。SMBN与DON及土壤有机碳等指标变化趋势一致。SMBN易矿化,与碱解氮关系密切,但由于岩溶山区这种特殊的生态环境,使得这种关系不像文献中报道的呈极强的正相关关系,这对于研究岩溶区特定条件下SMBN的变化以及对当地的土地利用类型有一定的参考价值和现实意义。     

A study on the spatial distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus balance, and regional nitrogen flow through crop production

The spatial distribution patterns of the nitrogen and phosphorus input/intake amounts in crop production within two small basins are examined, based upon a cropping unit distribution map that is obtained from remote sensing data analysis. Firstly, we examine the availability and suitability of approaches to the spatial distribution analysis of cultivation patterns classified from material flow characteristics of crop production using seasonal remote-sensing data. Secondly, material flow units in crop production are grouped according to the cultivation patterns obtained from the remote-sensing data analysis. Consequently, the spatial patterns of the amounts of both nitrogen and phosphorus inputs/intakes through crop production on farmland are examined and their spatial distribution maps are prepared according to the material flow units. In addition, we developed a nitrogen flow and runoff model and the model is simulated based on the examination of the results of spatial distribution patterns of the material flow units. The annual nitrogen runoff from small catchments, where various crops are cultivated, varies from 2.7 kg ha(-1) year(-1) to 108 kg ha(-1) year(-1) and the annual balanced losses of nitrogen in small catchments varied from -30 kg ha(-1) year(-1) to 101 kg ha(-1) year(-1). Also, the monthly changes in soil nitrogen of each material flow unit is estimated at -55 kg ha(-1) as a maximum decrease and 114 kg ha(-1) as a maximum increase. These results indicate that the spatial distribution patterns of nutrient input and intake through agricultural activities should be considered when analyzing the material flows and nutritient movement in soil-water systems in rural areas for watershed environmental control and regional agricultural management.     

Effects of stream hydraulic conditions on foraging strategies of false dace, Pseudorasbora parva, in the lentic ecosystem

The effects of current velocity on the foraging behavior of false dace, Pseudorasbora parva, were examined in a zero velocity (stagnant) condition, and at four flow rates (5, 7, 11 and 16 cm per second). In stagnant water, the fish displayed a cruise-searching pattern, but they used a drift-feeding foraging tactic in flowing water. The shape of the transverse field of reaction field was elliptical in the stagnant condition, whereas their downward regions were restricted under the flowing conditions. The fish had a blind spot oriented directly in front of their reaction field. Although the relative swimming speed (with considering the against current velocity) increased with increasing flow velocity, the absolute search speed (ignore the against current velocity) showed about 1.2 fish body length per second at stagnant water and low flow velocity. The results of feeding rates showed stop-and wait (driff-feeding) foraging strategy is more efficient in flowing water because prey drift directly towards the fish and prey easily detected.     

A simulation model for the effects of burning on the phosphorus and nitrogen cycle of a heathland ecosystem

In this paper, a simulation model is presented for nutrient cycling in heathland ecosystems. The results of simulations are compared with field data of phosphorus and nitrogen accumulation in different compartments of the system in the years after burning, given in the literature on this subject (Chapman, 1967; 1970). It is shown that for the cycling of P the system returns slowly to equilibrium after an initial disturbance. The time span of about 30 years that is required to reach equilibrium is in agreement with the field data. However, P accumulation in living above-ground biomass and litter is overestimated by the model in the first years after burning. Nitrogen accumulation in biomass and litter is systematically underestimated by the model.The results are discussed with reference to the processes in nutrient cycling that are insufficiently understood, and with reference to the management of heathlands.     

The distribution of,and relation among,mercury and methylmercury,organic carbon,carbonate, nitrogen and phosphorus,in periphyton of the South Florida ecosystem

Periphyton samples from Water Conservation Areas, Big Cypress National Preserve, and Everglades National Park in south Florida were analyzed for concentrations of total mercury, methylmercury, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, and inorganic carbon. Concentrations of total mercury in periphyton decrease slightly along a gradient from north‐to‐south. Both total mercury and methylmercury are positively correlated with organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in periphyton. In horizontal sections of periphyton mats, total mercury concentrations tend to be largest at the tops and bottoms of the mats. Methylmercury concentrations tend to be the largest near the bottom of mats. These localized elevated concentrations of methylmercury suggest that there are “hot spots”; of methylmercury in periphyton.     

Phosphorus in Phoenix: a budget and spatial representation of phosphorus in an urban ecosystem

As urban environments dominate the landscape, we need to examine how limiting nutrients such as phosphorus (P) cycle in these novel ecosystems. Sustainable management of P resources is necessary to ensure global food security and to minimize freshwater pollution. We used a spatially explicit budget to quantify the pools and fluxes of P in the Greater Phoenix Area in Arizona, USA, using the boundaries of the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research site. Inputs were dominated by direct imports of food and fertilizer for local agriculture, while most outputs were small, including water, crops, and material destined for recycling. Internally, fluxes were dominated by transfers of food and feed from local agriculture and the recycling of human and animal excretion. Spatial correction of P dynamics across the city showed that human density and associated infrastructure, especially asphalt, dominated the distribution of P pools across the landscape. Phosphorus fluxes were dominated by agricultural production, with agricultural soils accumulating P. Human features (infrastructure, technology, and waste management decisions) and biophysical characteristics (soil properties, water fluxes, and storage) mediated P dynamics in Phoenix. P cycling was most notably affected by water management practices that conserve and recycle water, preventing the loss of waterborne P from the ecosystem. P is not intentionally managed, and as a result, changes in land use and demographics, particularly increased urbanization and declining agriculture, may lead to increased losses of P from this system. We suggest that city managers should minimize cross-boundary fluxes of P to the city. Reduced P fluxes may be accomplished through more efficient recycling of waste, therefore decreasing dependence on external nonrenewable P resources and minimizing aquatic pollution. Our spatial approach and consideration of both pools and fluxes across a heterogeneous urban ecosystem increases the utility of nutrient budgets for city managers. Our budget explicitly links processes that affect P cycling across space with the management of other resources (e.g., water). A holistic management strategy that deliberately couples the management of P and other resources should be a priority for cities in achieving urban sustainability.     

铬对生活污水中氮磷的植物净化效果及体内氮磷含量的影响

采用水培法,设置4个Cr6＋质量浓度（0,1,10,20mg·L-1）处理风车草（Cyperus alternifolius）和薏米（Coix aquatica Roxb）,以此研究铬对生活污水中氮磷净化效果及植物体内氮磷质量分数的影响。结果表明：（1）试验期内,铬质量浓度为1mg·L-1时促进风车草和薏米对总氮的去除,铬质量浓度为20mg·L-1时则抑制;总氮去除率因处理时间不同而不同,表现在处理17d时0mg·L-1、1mg·L-1铬处理显著高于处理7d,但20mg·L-1处理则相反;除Cr20处理外,薏米对总氮的去除率显著高于风车草。（2）风车草和薏米对生活污水中总磷的去除率随铬处理时间延长而降低,表现在处理17d时10mg·L-1、20mg·L-1铬处理显著低于处理7d;在20mg·L-1铬处理下皆显著低于对照;风车草对总磷的去除率在10mg·L-1、20mg·L-1铬处理下显著高于薏米。（3）不同质量浓度Cr6＋处理下风车草和薏米体内氮、磷质量分数的变化不同,其中20mg·L-1铬处理下风车草茎和薏米根、茎及叶片皆显著低于对照。     

Effects of grazer richness and composition on algal biomass in a closed and open marine system

Most natural local systems exchange organisms with a regional pool of species through migration and dispersal. Such metacommunity processes of interconnected multispecies assemblages are likely to affect local dynamics of both species and processes. We present results from an artificial marine outdoor rock pool system in which we investigated the factors of (1) local grazer richness and composition, and (2) connectivity of local patches to a regional species pool, and their effects on algal biomass. Local species richness of six grazers was manipulated in both open and closed pools, which were embedded in a regional species pool containing all six grazers. Grazer richness showed significant net biodiversity effects on grazing in the closed, but not in the open, system. Grazer composition, on the other hand, showed significant effects on grazing in both open and closed systems, depending on which species were initially present. The two most efficient grazers were able to compensate for less efficient grazers in species mixtures, hence ensuring the function of grazing. The efficiency of top-down control of algal biomass in open systems thus depends on which particular species are lost. Further, differences in grazing between the open and closed system changed over time due to temporal dynamics in grazer composition. The results emphasize the importance of including system connectivity in experimental designs to allow an extrapolation of biodiversity ecosystem-functioning relationships to natural systems.     

臭氧和氮肥交互对小麦干物质生产、N、P、K含量及累积量的影响

利用中日合作建立的亚洲首个稻麦轮作开放式臭氧浓度升高（ozone-free air controlled enrichment,O3-FACE）平台,选取小麦品种（Tritcium aestivum）扬麦16为试材,研究了不同臭氧和氮肥水平下,小麦不同部位干物质量以及N、P、K质量分数的变化。结果表明,臭氧胁迫下,常氮水平小麦根、叶和穗干物质量以及根冠比与对照相比均显著降低,降幅分别为37.4%、17.4%、12.8%、29.8%,而增施氮肥后,小麦根叶穗及根冠比与常氮下相比均显著增加,增幅分别为60.5%、23.2%、10.7%、43.6%;常氮条件下,臭氧浓度升高明显降低N、P、K累积量及成熟期叶中N、P、K质量分数,降幅分别为10.93%、11.65%、7.64%、23.87%、14.81%、14.9%,而成熟期穗中N、P、K质量分数明显增加,增幅分别为6.15%、10.34%、13.12%,增施氮肥后,N、P、K累积量及小麦叶中N质量分数与常氮相比明显增加,增幅分别为15.58%、11.91%、9.00%、10.74%,叶中P、K质量分数也有所增加但增幅很小,而增施氮肥对其他部位的N、P、K质量分数影响不大。臭氧和氮肥对茎部干质量及N、P、K质量分数影响均不明显。总之,增施氮肥对小麦在臭氧胁迫下的生物量累积和养分累积有一定的缓解作用。     

Phytoplankton carbon dynamics during a winter-spring diatom bloom in an enclosed marine ecosystem: primary production,biomass and loss rates

Phytoplankton production, standing crop, and loss processes (respiration, sedimentation, grazing by zooplankton, and excretion) were measured on a daily basis during the growth, dormancy and decline of a winter-spring diatom bloom in a large-scale (13 m³) marine mesocosm in 1987. Carbonspecific rates of production and biomass change were highly correlated whereas production and loss rates were unrelated over the experimental period when the significant changes in algal biomass characteristic of phytoplankton blooms were occurring. The observed decline in diatom growth rates was caused by nutrient limitation. Daily phytoplankton production rates calculated from the phytoplankton continuity equation were in excellent agreement with rates independently determined using standard ¹⁴C techniques. A carbon budget for the winter bloom indicated that 82.4% of the net daytime primary production was accounted for by measured loss processes, 1.3% was present as standing crop at the end of the experiment, and 16.3% was unexplained. Losses via sedimentation (44.8%) and nighttime phytoplankton respiration (24.1%) predominated, while losses due to zooplankton grazing (10.7%) and nighttime phytoplankton excretion (2.8%) were of lesser importance. A model simulating daily phytoplankton biomass was developed to demonstrate the relative importance of the individual loss processes.     

酸沉降和大气污染对华南典型森林生态系统生物量的影响

调查酸沉降和大气污染对华南典型森林生态系统植物生物量的影响。结果发现,环境污染对树木的生长以及森林生物量影响较大。采用树干解析方法研究发现,不管是尾叶桉还是马尾松其树高、胸径和材积连年生长量基本趋势是污染地区样地比清洁区样地低。尾叶桉和马尾松林分中的生物量也是污染区样地比清洁区样地低。污染区样地中尾叶桉和马尾松林分总生物量分别为66.89t·hm-2和77.56t·hm-2,仅分别为清洁区的78.89%和94.49%。环境污染均促进这两个树种根系的生长,而抑制其干材的生长。尾叶桉和马尾松根系生物量占林木层生物量比例:污染区样地分别为65.16%和15.08%;清洁区分别为40.50%和14.48%。此两个树种干材生物量占林木层生物量比例:污染区样地分别为19.87%和57.71%;清洁区分别为38.15%和70.33%。本研究结果将为华南地区森林生态系统的保护提供科学依据。     

Optimization of exergy and implications of body sizes of phytoplankton and zooplankton in an aquatic ecosystem model

Size appears to be an important parameter in ecological processes. All physiological processes vary with body size ranging from small microorganisms to higher mammals. In this model, five state variables — phosphorus, detritus, phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish are considered. We study the implications of body sizes of phytoplankton and zooplankton for total system dynamics by optimizing exergy as a goal function for system performance indicator. The rates of different sub-processes of phytoplankton and zooplankton are calculated, by means of allometric relationships of their body sizes. We run the model with different combinations of body sizes of phytoplankton and zooplankton and observe the overall biomass of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish. The highest exergy values in different combinations of phytoplankton and zooplankton size indicate the maximum biomass of fish with relative proportions of phytoplankton and zooplankton. We also test the effect of phosphorus input conditions corresponding to oligotrophic, mesotrophic, eutrophic system on its dynamics. The average exergy to be maximized over phytoplankton and zooplankton size was computed when the system reached a steady state. Since this state is often a limit cycle, and the exergy copies this behaviour, we averaged the exergy computed for 365 days (duration of 1 year) in the stable period of the run. In mesotrophic condition, maximum fish biomass with relative proportional ratio of phytoplankton, zooplankton is recorded for phytoplankton size class 3.12 (log V μm³ volume) and zooplankton size 4 (log V μm³ volume). In oligotrophic condition the highest average exergy is obtained in between phytoplankton size 1.48 (log V μm³ volume) and zooplankton size 4 (log V μm³ volume), whereas in eutrophic condition the result shows the highest exergy in the combination of phytoplankton size 5.25 (log V μm³ volume) and zooplankton size 4 (log V μm³ volume).     

模拟氮沉降对木荷人工幼林地土壤氮素、碳素和微生物量垂直分布的影响

以NH4NO3作为氮源,对广州东北郊木荷（Schima superba）人工幼林地进行模拟氮沉降处理,共设置3个氮沉降水平,分别为N0（N：0 g·m-2·a-1）、N5（N：5 g·m-2·a-1）以及N10（N：10 g·m-2·a-1）,每月进行喷施。在连续施氮22个月（当月当次施氮5天后）对土壤氮素（硝氮、氨氮、总氮）、碳素（总碳）以及微生物量（脂磷）在0~60 cm土层中的垂直分布进行研究。结果显示：在3个氮沉降水平下,随着土层加深,pH呈现出下降的趋势,氮沉降存在加剧土壤酸化的风险;在N0、N5、N10水平下,土壤全氮和总碳的垂直分布趋势大体一致,随着土层加深,其含量下降,但在深层土壤（40~60 cm）中,施氮与对照比较,总碳呈现一定的增加趋势;除40~50 cm土层,N5、N10水平下的硝态氮含量在各个深度土壤中都表现为比对照组要高,氮沉降导致土壤一定程度上硝态氮的积累;在浅层土壤（0~20 cm）中,铵态氮水平较低并且其含量明显低于对照组,而在较深的土层中铵态氮有较多的积累,说明存在污染地下水的风险;N5和N10水平下,无机氮比例（无机氮含量与总氮含量之比）在各个深度土壤中总体高于N0水平;用脂磷含量表征土壤微生物含量,结果表明外加氮源对微生物含量有显著性影响,在N5、N10水平下,微生物含量在30~40 cm土层中出现峰值。     

东江流域土壤、植被和悬浮物的碳、氮同位素组成

碳、氮同位素值对监测流域植被组成、环境变迁是一种非常有效的指标,为中短时间尺度环境变化研究提供了一条新的途径。以亚热带山区的东江流域为例,以流域内的植被、土壤及水体悬浮物为研究对象,应用其有机质同位素组成（δ13C、δ15N）,揭示流域植被的成分和环境变化的信息。研究发现：东江流域土壤碳同位素、C/N比值差值不大;植被的氮同位素差值明显,C/N比值差异较大。对东江流域悬浮物δ13C值近20年的监测表明：其值在早期逐年升高,近10年来转趋稳定并呈明显下降趋势,变化范围在-17.8‰～-26.1‰之间,反映了该流域植被破坏和恢复的过程以及土壤侵蚀状况的变化趋势。     

氮磷钾对寒害腰果植株恢复生长结果的影响

通过观测不同施肥处理区寒害腰果植株重新开花坐果状况,分析施肥对寒害腰果植株恢复生长的影响,并分析腰果叶片养分含量与结果量之间的关系。结果表明:氮对寒害腰果植株重新开花的花枝数影响最大,钾次之,磷影响最小,随着氮施用量的增加,植株的花枝数逐渐增大;氮是影响寒害腰果植株结果量的主要因素,植株结果量随着氮施用量的增加而增加,磷、钾各处理间的结果量均未达到统计上显著差异;在施氮肥的基础上,配施磷钾肥,可以提高寒害腰果植株结果量,9个施肥处理中以N3P3K2处理的结果量最多。     

氮磷钾对寒害腰果植株恢复生长结果的影响

通过观测不同施肥处理区寒害腰果植株重新开花坐果状况,分析施肥对寒害腰果植株恢复生长的影响,并分析腰果叶片养分含量与结果量之间的关系。结果表明：氮对寒害腰果植株重新开花的花枝数影响最大,钾次之,磷影响最小,随着氮施用量的增加,植株的花枝数逐渐增大;氮是影响寒害腰果植株结果量的主要因素,植株结果量随着氮施用量的增加而增加,磷、钾各处理间的结果量均未达到统计上显著差异;在施氮肥的基础上,配施磷钾肥,可以提高寒害腰果植株结果量,9个施肥处理中以N3P3K2处理的结果量最多。