Dependence of demographic parameters and results of competition on temperature in cladocerans

Laboratory experiments and computer simulations have been performed to study the influence of increased temperatures on the structure of cladoceran communities. Analysis of changes in the rate of population growth and demographic parameters has shown that smaller cladoceran species are less sensitive to decreased concentrations of food at any of the test temperatures (18, 21, and 27°C). An increase in temperature from 18°C to 27°C has been shown to facilitate the establishment of acute competition conditions. At 18°C, periods of food deficiency are shorter, and competition is therefore less manifested than at 27°C. According to the results of computer simulations, alleviation of competition in waters with “low” temperatures results from reduction of the periods of food deficiency because of prolonged juvenile development.     

Dietary overlap among ruminants,geese, and lemmings of Wrangel Island in summer

Trends in the dynamics of herbivore community related to trophic competition in summer have been analyzed on Wrangel Island. The results show that the trophic spectra overlap considerably, resources are partitioned on the principle “weak competitors after strong competitors,” and community dynamics in the absence of extermination depend on specific competitive advantages related to the width of food spectrum. We conclude that the dynamics of this insular community prior to the establishment of nature reserve on the island have been determined by human activities, as well as the structure of arctic herbivore communities in general.     

Climate adaptation of food value chains: the implications of varying consumer acceptance

Despite there being considerable research and knowledge surrounding the risks of climate change on agricultural productivity, fewer studies have examined risks from a whole-of-chain perspective (i.e. from producer to consumer) and the perceptions of consumers about the climate adaptation strategies of food businesses. This paper presents the findings of a survey of 1532 Australian consumers and how they might respond to a food company’s climate adaptation strategy. Three respondent archetypes, ‘Eco-warriors’ (n = 557), ‘Undecideds’ (n = 600) and ‘Abdicators’ (n = 375), were identified based on their perceptions of risks associated with climate change and their attitudes towards climate adaptation. Further analysis was carried out to understand how each group of respondents would respond to adaptation strategies employed by food companies. Based on the findings of this study, two main challenges are presented for food value chains: (1) translating consumer needs and preferences to niche opportunities arising from adaptation and (2) understanding how best to communicate adaptation benefits based on varying attitudes and information needs. By addressing these challenges, synergies between adaptation goals and competitive strategies in food value chains may be achieved.     

人工重建的水生植物群落演替动态研究

水生植物群落在湖泊生态修复过程中作用显著,但目前人工重建的水生植物群落抗外界干扰能力弱,群落稳定性差,这就需要我们对人工重建的水生植物群落结构及其演替的生态学过程进行研究,从而探索受损群落的修复途径。于2003年在富营养化水体中采用物理生态工程进行了水生植物群落的重建研究,对群落演替动态变化过程进行了持续3年的观测。结果表明：水生植物之间发生生态位重叠时,其结果往往是以一个物种取代另一个物种,随着生态位重叠程度下降,种间关系和群落结构趋于稳定;而当物种空间位置错开时,生长期相近的物种共存则变为可能,因此在群落的构建过程中应当避免同时引入生态位重叠较高的物种,应注意植物间时间序列及空间结构的分离;此外还通过物种间的竞争表现,对几种常见水生植物构建的群落稳定性做了初步探讨.     

Similarity of food spectra,habitat types,and ranges of artiodactyls in the Far East

The ranges, spectra of habitat types, and food spectra of artiodactyls in the Far East have been studied. It has been supposed that the overlap of ranges and habitat-type spectra should decrease with an increase in the overlap of food spectra. However, all the three similarity indices have proved to be positively correlated with each other, suggesting that, on the regional scale, the negative role of trophic competition in artiodactyl communities is insignificant, probably because of their low abundance. Conversely, the similarity of food spectra may be regarded as a factor accounting for the overlap of ranges and habitat spectra and, on a large-region scale, for the maintenance of high species diversity.     

农业结构调整对全国粮食安全的影响分析--以粮食主产区为例

基于粮食主产区农业发展及其结构调整中面临的问题分析，指出近5年来导致我国粮食产量持续下降的主要原因在于农业结构调整。大规模的“压粮扩经”趋势若不能有效控制，必将对国家粮食安全带来冲击。对2005-2010年我国粮食需求及粮食主产区占全国粮食产量比重进行测算．提出不同粮食自给率下国家粮食安全对粮食主产区粮食生产的目标要求。粮食主产区具有满足国家粮食安全产量需要的生产潜力。     

嘉陵江有毒鱼类的分布研究

为了丰富人们对有毒鱼类的认知,结合8年的调查数据和已有资料对嘉陵江中有毒鱼类的种类、分布和食性进行研究。研究结果发现:在嘉陵江中有毒鱼类共计18种,隶属于4目6科17属,随着分类水平的变化(从目、科、属到种),有毒鱼类在不同分类级别下所占的比例逐渐降低。嘉陵江有毒鱼类中仅圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)和鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)分布于中下游,其余16种有毒鱼类分布于整个嘉陵江干流。Jaccard’s相似性分析表明各江段有毒鱼类分布的相似性极高,卡方(χ~2)检验结果显示各江段有毒鱼类分布无显著性差异(p0.05)。嘉陵江分布的有毒鱼类共4类,包括卵毒鱼类2种,血清毒鱼类1种,胆毒鱼类9种以及刺毒鱼类7种,其中鲇(Silurus asotus)既属于卵毒鱼类也属于刺毒鱼类,胆毒鱼类全部来源于鲤科鱼类,暂没有发现皮肤黏液毒鱼类。这18种有毒鱼类共包含7种食性类型,主要以杂食性和肉食性类型为主,分别占有毒鱼类种类数的38.89%和33.33%。通过本研究可知,有毒鱼类在嘉陵江中分布广泛,有毒鱼类种类和类别较多。该研究促进了人们对嘉陵江有毒鱼类相关知识的了解,为进一步研究嘉陵江有毒鱼类奠定了基础。     

长江鱼类繁殖共位群划分的初步研究

依据鱼类的繁殖习性及其早期发育阶段的适应特征,将长江中的8目17科90种鱼类划分为3个行为类型,13个繁殖共位群。其中鲤形目鱼类的86.9%属于无亲体护卫型繁殖类群,多为适应长江干流环境的漂浮性产卵类群以及适应湖泊定居的喜石性产卵类群与喜植性产卵类群。与现有的分类系统相比较,鱊亚科的全部种类仅局限于同一个繁殖共位群中,而鮈亚科的种类则分布于5个不同的繁殖共位群。对不同水系繁殖共位群的组成进行了比较。此外,讨论了不同繁殖共位群的生态适应性,及其在长江流域鱼类资源保护中的应用。
     

不同市场结构组合下稀土最优开采路径研究

本文从价格视角将我国稀土市场结构的变化历程划分为不同阶段,分别从理论和现实视角上探讨了在国际、国内都是完全竞争市场,国际市场垄断、国内市场完全竞争,国际市场完全竞争、国内市场垄断,国际、国内都是垄断市场条件下稀土最优开采路径及最优耗竭时间,并通过设定参数判断其相对大小关系。发现在一定的假设条件下,开采前期当国内和国际市场都是完全竞争时,稀土最优开采量是最大的;当国内和国际市场都是垄断时,稀土最优开采量是最小的;其他两种市场情况下稀土最优开采量居于中间,当国际市场是稀土的主要消费地时,国际竞争-国内垄断市场情况下稀土最优开采量大于国际垄断-国内竞争市场情况下稀土最优开采量,反之,国际垄断-国内竞争市场情况下稀土最优开采量大于国际竞争-国内垄断市场情况下稀土最优开采量。     

水-粮食贸易:虚拟水研究进展

虚拟水思想强调的是水资源贡献，量化计算是其深入研究的基本，而是否选择虚拟水作为战略政策，应该考虑由不同国家的资源贡献和生产技术决定的比较利益。社会调适能力要求社会针对资源的第一性缺乏做相应调适并谋求解决手段，以提高资源管理能力。为此，需要结合我国的水和粮食安全问题，提出用虚拟水贸易解决我国水资源和粮食问题，提高我国对水资源缺乏的调适能力。     

Landscape diversity and associated coping strategies during food shortage periods: evidence from the Sudano-Sahelian region of Burkina Faso

The importance of forest resources for rural communities’ livelihoods has increasingly been recognized over the last three decades. Forests provide food, generate incomes, provide supporting (nutrient cycling, pollination), and regulating (climate, diseases, water regulation and purification) services for agriculture, in addition to their aesthetic, cultural and spiritual role. However, most of the studies on forest resource use do not focus on the role of landscape organization in addressing the impact of climate variability and the risk of food insecurity. This study aims to examine the contribution of woodlands and trees towards decreasing the risk of food insecurity and the importance of landscape structure and composition in coping with food shortages. It took place in two villages in Burkina Faso, on both ends of the woodlands and tree-cover spectrum. We demonstrate that in both landscapes, ecosystem goods, such as shea nuts and fuelwood, represent a safety net for households during food shortage periods. We demonstrate that households shape their adaptive strategies differently depending on the resources available and the structure of the landscape. People living in a landscape with a savannah matrix (Sorobouly) rely on fuelwood trade to purchase cereals, while those living in a landscape with a parkland matrix (Kalembouly) rely on shea nuts. Agricultural, environmental and climate change policies that reinforce the rights of the most vulnerable to access key resources provided by these landscapes and development programs which assure their sustainable use will simultaneously enhance food security and increase their adaptive capacity in the face of climate change and variability.

     

Vulnerability of Inuit food systems to food insecurity as a consequence of climate change: a case study from Igloolik, Nunavut

This paper develops a conceptual model to examine the vulnerability of Inuit food systems to food insecurity as a consequence of climate change. The model illustrates that food system vulnerability is determined by the exposure and sensitivity of the food system to climate-related risks and its adaptive capacity to deal with those risks. The model is empirically applied using a case study from Igloolik, Nunavut. Specifically, the paper focuses on how extreme climate-related conditions in 2006 interacted with the food system to affect food security, using 2006 as a lens to identify and characterize some of the processes and conditions shaping vulnerability, and establishing a baseline for identifying and characterizing processes that are likely to shape future vulnerability. There is a high level of adaptive capacity among Igloolik Inuit, with food sharing mechanisms, hunting flexibility, and store-food access moderating the impact of climatic-risks on food security. However, high fuel and commodity prices, the increasing economic burden of adapting to back-to-back years with unfavorable climatic conditions, underlying community vulnerabilities, and the nature to the climate extremes in 2006, overwhelmed the adaptive capacity of many community members. Those dependent on traditional foods and having limited access to financial resources were particularly vulnerable.     

Landscape pattern and census area as determinants of the diversity of farmland avifauna in Estonia

Landscape structure affects farmland bird species richness and diversity at different scales. We develop a predictive, metric-based model for farmland bird species richness in different bird guilds and study how the research area size influences the relationship between bird diversity and landscape metrics. Thirty research locations (randomly selected, each containing four counting points) were located in three counties of Estonia. In early summer 2002 and 2004, two bird counts per point were carried out in each research location. Three landscape metrics (patch density, edge density and Shannon’s diversity index) were calculated at three spatial scales: 100- and 200-m buffer zones around the count points and in a 1 km² at 1 m × 1 m grain size. Using generalized additive mixed models with repeated measures, we found in most cases that the proportion of variance explained between the bird variables and landscape metrics increased with an increased study area thus demonstrating the effect of scale. Thus, a larger research area is recommended for landscape metrics. At large scales, however, all used landscape metrics were equally good predictors for bird species richness.     

Cropland patchiness strongest agricultural predictor of bird diversity for multiple guilds in landscapes of Ontario,Canada

The potential for agricultural landscapes to support biodiversity may vary greatly based on agricultural land use. Current knowledge suggests that agricultural composition and intensity are dominant drivers of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, with variable effects of agricultural configuration and landscape diversity. The aim of this study was to determine the relative effects of agricultural composition, intensity, configuration, and landscape diversity on the species diversity of six distinct bird guilds on the landscape scale in a large and complex landscape in Ontario, Canada. We found that agricultural configuration, specifically patchiness of croplands, and to a lesser degree forage lands, was the strongest predictor of bird diversity for three of the six bird guilds considered (forest, shrubland, and town). The effects of increased cropland patchiness were variable, with forest and shrubland bird diversity increasing from small to moderate patchiness, and town bird diversity declining from moderate to high patchiness. Grassland birds, a group of considerable conservation concern, increased near linearly with increased agricultural land cover in the landscape, highlighting the need to consider agricultural lands in conservation planning for this species group. Woodland bird diversity declined significantly with all increasing measures of agricultural intensity, including the proportion of high-intensity agriculture and larger patches of agricultural land. Wetland birds were unique from the other guilds, showing primarily a strong association between diversity of land cover types and guild-level bird diversity. Surprisingly, increased cover of agricultural lands, which we predicted to be a dominant driver of guild-level bird diversity declines due to habitat loss, had weak, non-significant effects relative to the other land use variable being tested, except for the positive association with grassland birds. Our findings suggest that a mix of management strategies should be employed to consider the varying effects of agricultural lands on different bird guilds, such as the inclusion of agricultural land in conservation strategies for grassland species and further managing the configuration of agricultural lands to enhance biodiversity of agricultural landscapes.     

家庭食品处理风险行为特征与食源性疾病间相关性研究

借鉴国内外研究成果,结合中国实际界定了引发食源性疾病的家庭食品处理风险行为,并基于10省(区)2 163户家庭的横断面抽样调查数据,以实践理论为指导,运用因子分析和聚类分析方法,实证测度家庭食品处理风险行为特征。以食源性腹泻为研究病例,利用有序多分类Logit回归模型分析了家庭食品处理风险行为特征与食源性疾病之间的关系,确定家庭食品处理的关键风险行为特征与人群特征。结果表明,对应于食品处理安全行为,家庭食品处理风险行为特征主要为食品运输、食品冷藏与剩菜处理不当,厨房清洁用品交叉污染,生熟食品交叉污染,清洁卫生风险,烹调不彻底等七种类型,且生熟食品交叉污染与剩菜处理不当是引发家庭食源性腹泻的最主要风险行为特征,尤其是男性、已婚、年龄较大、家庭人口数较少、受教育程度和职业稳定度较低、以及个人和家庭年收入水平较低的家庭人群。家庭是预防食源性疾病的最后一道防线,政府应致力于与消费者进行风险沟通,提升消费者的责任认知,采用差异化策略改善风险消费者的家庭食品处理习惯,实施抗击食源性疾病战略。     

互花米草厌氧发酵产沼气研究进展

互花米草是国家环保总局首批公布的十大外来生物入侵物种之一,也是唯一的海岸盐沼植物。由于生长速度快、繁殖能力强、生物量大以及不占用耕地等特点,是发展生物质能源的优良物种。通过厌氧发酵将其转化为沼气,不但可以控制互花米草过度生长繁殖,解决其资源化问题,每年还可获得数量不菲的沼气,符合可持续发展的要求。将近年来互花米草厌氧发酵产沼气方面的研究进行了归纳和总结,主要包括互花米草特性、厌氧发酵产沼气的优劣势、可行性及相关研究进展以及今后的研究重点和展望,厌氧发酵产沼气研究进展包括直接发酵、过程控制、预处理、混合发酵和深度气化利用。互花米草中钠抑制的消除、机械收割、厌氧发酵工艺、相关工程技术设备以及能源化利用长效运行管理机制等将是今后互花米草能源化利用研究的重点     

麻栎混交林空间结构与物种多样性研究

林分空间结构是指林木在林地上的分布格局,以及林木之间树种、大小、分布等空间关系。林分空间结构决定了树木之间的竞争势及其空间生态位,在很大程度上决定了林分的稳定性、发展的可能性和经营空间的大小。研究目的在于揭示麻栎混交林林分空间结构与物种多样性特征,为林分空间结构调整和物种多样性保护提供理论依据。利用混交度、大小比数和角尺度3种空间结构参数,以及丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数等物种多样性数量指标,分析了青阳县麻栎混交林林分空间结构以及群落物种多样性特征。结果表明:乔木层优势树种麻栎多为中度以下混交,小叶栎和枫香多为强度和极强度混交;麻栎在空间大小和重要值对比上占有优势地位,小叶栎处于次要地位,枫香处于劣势地位为受压树种;从林分平面布局上看,该林分空间分布多为随机分布。分层物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数依次是乔木层<草(含藤)本层<灌木层;而均匀度Pielou指数则是乔木层<灌木层<草(含藤)本层;生态优势度Simpson指数为乔木层>草本层>灌木层;灌木层有17科18属21种植物,淡竹占优势地位,野茉莉、山胡椒等占亚优势地位;草本层有10科12属13种植物,禾叶土麦...     

The impact of government subsidy and tax policy on the competitive decision-making of remanufacturing supply chains

In this paper, we consider a two-period competition model of a remanufacturing supply chain consisting of three members: a new product manufacturer, a recycler and a remanufacturer. The manufacturer supplies new products in the first period and the remanufacturer participates in the competition in the second period. We consider three scenarios in the second period: (1) there is no government subsidy in the competition; (2) there is only government subsidy in the competition; (3) there are both government subsidy and tax in the competition. First, we give the optimal decision-making of the manufacturer, the remanufacturer and the government in the three scenarios; second, we analyse changes in the decision-making of the manufacturer and remanufacturer in the three scenarios and compare their results. We analyse the effects of government subsidy and tax and their asymmetric use on manufacturers’ and remanufacturers’ decision-making variables and competitive performance. We also take consumer awareness of environmental protection into account and examine its impact on subjects’ decisions. Lastly, we operate a numerical example to show the results.     

Competition between the Rotifers Brachionus patulusand Euchlanis dilatata:Effect of Algal Food Level and Relative Initial Densities of Competing Species

We tested the effect of different algal (Chlorella vulgaris) levels and inoculation densities on the outcome of competition between the rotifers Euchlanis dilatata and Brachionus patulus. The experiment was performed in 36 transparent jars, each with 20 ml of a test medium. We used three Chlorella levels: 0.75 × 10⁶, 1.5 × 10⁶, and 3.0 × 10⁶ cells/ml. For each algal level, we used five different ratios of initial inoculation density. The population growth experiments were terminated after 19 days. Regardless of inoculation densities, an increase in food level resulted in an increased population abundance of both rotifer species. Regardless of food concentration,E. dilatatawas able to outcompete B. patulus at all inoculation densities when grown together. However, when Chlorella was offered in low concentration and there was a higher ratio of Brachionus to Euchlanis at the onset of the experiment, both rotifer species coexisted in more or less equal densities until the end of the experiments. When the food level was enhanced, E. dilatata totally eliminated B. patulus. The rate of population growth ranged from 0.002 to 0.578 for B. patulus and from 0.006 to 0.447 for E. dilatata. The results are discussed with respect to the factors influencing the outcome of competition between species.     

中国城乡居民食品消费变化趋势分析

基于能值理论,对比动物性荤食和植物性素食重量形态、能量形态和能值形态的数量关系,定量分析我国城乡居民食品消费的变化趋势及特征。研究表明: 2010年我国城乡居民热量、重量和能值形态的动物性荤食分别占食品消费总量的1190%、911%和7029%,一方面我国城乡居民食品消费中动物性荤食的重量形态和能量形态的数值远低于其植物性素食,说明我国城乡居民食品消费仍然以素食消费为主,另一方面其动物性荤食的能值形态数值已经远超其植物性素食,表明其居民食物消费方式已经向营养均衡多样化方向演替,畜牧业的健康发展是保障居民食品消费和国家粮食安全的重要部分。2010年城镇和农村居民荤食消费能值分别为110 E+15和631 E+14 sej,分别是其素食消费的172和079倍,说明我国城乡居民食品消费整体还表现出二元性特征,按城乡居民荤素食品结构变化演变趋势可推断城乡食品消费品质相差约20 a,并且近年来城乡人均食品消费结构差异程度呈逐年增加的趋势,同时农民且有农产品生产者和消费者的双重身份,因此相对而言农村居民对食品消费的增长趋势更加稳定。又由于相同数量的动物性荤食在生产过程中需要占用更多的农业资源,因此我国城乡居民食品消费变化对其农业生产和粮食安全生产必将产生更大的压力