石油烃厌氧生物降解研究进展

烃是由碳和氢两种元素组成的稳定化合物,长期以来人们普遍认为烃的生物降解只能在好氧条件下进行.近年来国外的研究表明,厌氧微生物能以硝酸盐、硫酸盐、三价铁或二氧化碳等为电子受体代谢烃,烃厌氧代谢的初始反应机理主要有延胡索酸盐结合反应、羧化反应、羟基化反应和甲基化反应,但国内还未见相关报道.本文综述了烃厌氧降解微生物及其代谢机理,并以甲苯为例概述了烃厌氧生物降解过程中的起始反应酶和作用机制.结合国外烃厌氧降解的研究进展和本实验室的工作,作者也提出了自己的思考和看法.     

石油烃厌氧生物降解代谢产物研究进展

石油烃厌氧生物降解代谢产物的分析对于石油烃厌氧降解机制的研究、功能微生物的筛选以及微生物活动的原位监测具有指示性作用.综述了近年来石油烃厌氧生物降解代谢产物的研究进展.石油烃厌氧降解的初始活化方式主要包括脱氢羟基化、加延胡索酸以及羧化等.其中,加延胡索酸是不同种类的微生物通常采用的代谢方式.同时,将代谢产物按照气体、无机离子和有机酸进行分类,并针对各类物质特别是瞬时性、低浓度的有机酸类产物常采用的分析方法进行归纳.通过实例强调了代谢产物作为潜在生物标记物的应用,并对石油烃厌氧降解代谢产物分析方法的发展提出展望.图3参58     

碳基材料对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效率和微生物群落的影响研究进展

餐厨垃圾厌氧消化是一种可回收再生能源的生物处理技术,目前运行中主要存在系统稳定性差和效率低等问题,添加碳基材料能够提高餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效率并对系统运行产生积极影响.从甲烷产生和微生物群落变化两方面,综述碳基材料(生物炭、活性炭、碳布等)作为添加剂对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统的影响.其主要影响机理为(1)厌氧消化系统稳定性;(2)种间直接电子传递(DIET);(3)微生物群落.已有研究表明,碳基材料可促进餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷效率,提升甲烷产量1.1%-1 685%,缩短产甲烷迟滞期27.5%-95.7%.此外,碳基材料添加会引起厌氧消化系统中细菌和古菌群落结构变化,碳基材料通过选择性地富集功能微生物,促进微生物间互营代谢,进而影响系统稳定性和产甲烷效率.提出未来在餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的研究中,应着重关注碳基材料在连续运行系统中的分离与回收方法,优化不同厌氧消化条件下碳基材料的添加策略,通过代谢组学分析探究碳基材料对厌氧消化体系中微生物的作用机制.(图2表2参92)     

微生物作用对太湖沉积物磷释放影响的模拟实验研究

以太湖沉积物为研究对象,通过沉积物-湖水体系的好氧厌氧连续模拟实验,研究添加和不添加抑菌剂条件下该体系对磷的释放和积聚的影响,以及微生物作用下内源磷的释放过程.结果表明:好氧环境下,微生物作用有助于磷的积聚;而在厌氧环境下,微生物作用强化了磷的释放.沉积物磷形态的分析结果表明微生物作用下,铁结合态的磷更容易释放出来.     

祁连山冻土区土壤活动层与冻土层中甲烷代谢微生物群落结构特征

冻土土壤中的甲烷代谢微生物可氧化或产生甲烷,影响着甲烷所参与的碳循环过程,对于全球温室气体的释放和调节具有重要的作用.对祁连山冻土区土壤活动层与冻土层中的甲烷代谢微生物产甲烷菌(Methanogens)和甲烷氧化菌(Methanotrophs)的群落结构组成进行研究.通过对产甲烷菌的mcrA基因和甲烷氧化菌的pmoA基因进行PCR扩增,分别构建其基因克隆文库,并通过序列同源比对进行系统发育分析和多样性分析.结果显示:冻土土壤活动层中的产甲烷菌包括Rice cluster Ⅰ、Methanosarcinaceae、Methanomicrobiales、Methanosaetaceae、Methanobacteriaceae五种类型,而在土壤冻土层则包括了Rice cluster Ⅰ、Methanosarcinaceae、Methanobacteriaceae三种类型.土壤活动层的甲烷氧化菌由隶属于α-Proteobacteria(Type Ⅱ)的Methylocystis和隶属于γ-Proteobacteria(Type Ⅰ)的Methylobacter两种类型群体组成,而土壤冻土层中则只包括了Methylocystis这一种类型.由此可见,冻土土壤活动层与冻土层中的甲烷代谢微生物群落结构存在一定的差异.     

强化生物除磷系统的微生物学及生化特性研究进展

综述了强化生物除磷(Enhanced biological phosphorus removal,EBPR)系统的微生物学和生化特性两方面的最新研究进展.在微生物学方面,归纳了EBPR系统中的主要微生物——聚磷菌、聚糖菌、反硝化聚磷菌的分类及相互之间的竞争和联系.具有聚磷功能的微生物种类繁多,目前普遍认为Accumulibacter是一种典型的聚磷菌,在各种规模的EBPR系统中均不同程度的存在.关于聚磷菌和聚糖菌的联系、反硝化聚磷菌的分类问题存在争论.在生化特性方面,归纳了聚磷菌体内三大聚合物——糖原、聚β-羟基烷酸脂和聚合磷酸盐与聚磷菌代谢功能的关系.聚磷菌厌氧阶段的还原力由糖酵解和有机底物TCA循环共同提供,其比例受种群结构和实验条件影响.糖原根据不同菌株厌氧阶段的降解途径有所不同,但是对细胞都起到调节氧化平衡的作用.聚β-羟基烷酸脂的组成由有机底物决定,丙酸为底物时4种单体均可检测出来.聚磷菌厌氧释磷的能量来自聚磷分解和糖原分解,耗能受环境条件影响.图5表3参37     

低分子量有机酸对土壤微生物碳源代谢特征的影响

应用MicroResp~(TM)方法研究了4种低分子量有机酸作用下土壤微生物对不同类型碳源的代谢特征.结果表明,甲酸、草酸、柠檬酸处理下土壤微生物碳源总利用率均高于对照,苯甲酸则与对照没有差异.各有机酸之间进行比较,柠檬酸处理下土壤微生物对碳源总利用率最高,苯甲酸最低;碳源代谢的Shannon指数大小顺序为苯甲酸柠檬酸≈草酸甲酸;综合而言,柠檬酸处理下土壤微生物代谢能力最强.4种低分子量有机酸处理下,4大类碳源底物的利用率大小顺序表现为糖类氨基酸类羧酸类≈芳香族类,其中,海藻糖和γ-氨基丁酸的利用率占碳源总利用率的比例最高.主成分分析结果表明,有机酸处理下土壤微生物群落变化的敏感碳源是糖类;各有机酸处理的土壤微生物代谢特征都与对照显著不同,柠檬酸处理下碳源代谢特征与其它3种有机酸明显不同.综上所述,甲酸、草酸、柠檬酸能够提高土壤微生物碳源代谢能力,其中柠檬酸效果最好,可将添加较高浓度的柠檬酸作为提高土壤碳周转率的一种方式.     

裂解温度对稻秆与稻壳制备生物炭表面官能团的影响

以稻秆和稻壳为原料,在不同温度下(300、400、500、600、700℃)采用热裂解法制备生物炭,利用比表面积及孔径分析仪测定各生物炭比表面积,以傅里叶红外光谱图(FTIR)和Boehm滴定法分别定性和定量分析不同生物炭表面官能团的种类和数量,分析不同温度对不同原材料制备生物炭的表面官能团种类和数量的影响.结果表明,中、低温裂解条件(300、400、500℃)下,同温度稻壳生物炭(RC-H)比表面积显著高于稻秆生物炭(RC-S);高温裂解(600、700℃)条件下,同温度RC-S比表面积则更大.随裂解温度升高,两种原材料制备的生物炭比表面积均呈显著增大的趋势,其中稻秆在600℃下制备的RC-S比表面积最大,稻壳在700℃下制备的RC-H比表面积最大.FTIR分析结果显示,同一温度下两种材料制备的生物炭特征吸收峰基本相同,且表面基团种类大致相同,但RC-S较RC-H表面官能团更丰富,在热解过程中均形成了芳香环结构,且芳香化程度随裂解温度升高而增加.不同裂解温度下两种材料的生物炭表面官能团变化规律相似,主要表现为烷烃基随裂解温度升高而缺失,甲基(—CH3)和亚甲基(—CH2)逐渐消失,而芳香族化合物增加,芳香化程度增强.Bohem滴定结果表明,各裂解温度下RC-S的表面官能团总量和碱性官能团数量均高于RC-H,而各裂解温度下RC-S的酸性官能团含量均小于RC-H.随裂解温度升高,两种材料制备生物炭的表面官能团变化规律相似,表现为表面官能团总量均减少,酸性官能团含量降低,碱性官能团含量增加.     

微生物法在油气勘探中的应用研究

石油天然气的微生物勘探法是通过测定土壤中以微渗漏轻烃为食物来源的微生物菌落来圈定烃类渗漏的范围.本文探讨了甲烷氧化菌、厌氧纤维素分解菌和硫酸盐还原菌在油气勘探中的意义,并将其作为指示微生物,以川西孝泉地区已知天然气田为例,对微生物油气勘查技术的试验效果进行研究.结果发现,在气田上方指示微生物存在明显异常现象,即在气田上方甲烷氧化菌、厌氧纤维素分解菌数量较少,硫酸菌还原菌较高;气田外缘甲烷氧化菌、厌氧纤维素分解菌数量较高,而硫酸菌还原菌较低.研究表明,微生物地表油气勘探技术用于油气预测是有效的.图2参12     

菌株Enterobactor sp.S8对不同结构偶氮染料脱色性能的影响

采用一种具有广谱性的高效脱色菌Enterobactor sp.S8对16种不同结构的偶氮染料进行厌氧脱色研究,并将菌株对偶氮染料的吸附脱色和降解脱色两种作用分离开来研究,考察偶氮染料分子中与偶氮键直接相连的芳环上取代基种类对染料降解脱色作用的影响规律.结果表明,菌株Enterobactor sp.S8对活性染料的脱色作...     

土壤中两种手性有机氯农药的选择性降解研究

为了更深入的了解和阐释手性有机氯农药在土壤中的转化和环境归趋,采用实验室室内避光培养方法,研究了o,p＇-DDT及o,p＇-DDD 2种手性有机氯农药的外消旋体在水稻土厌氧培养体系和菜园土好氧培养体系中的选择性降解情况。为了更好的利用土壤中土著微生物的活性,我们选择了厌氧微生物比较丰富的水稻土和好氧微生物丰度比较高的菜园土来做培养实验。结果表明实验体系中o,p＇-DDT及o,p＇-DDD在水稻土和菜园土中的降解均没有明显的对映体选择性。这一结果与2种手性化合物不同对映体在自然环境中的含量普遍具有差异性有所不同,说明野外环境条件和室内模拟实验条件的差异会影响手性化合物的降解选择性。在2种体系中,o,p＇-DDT的降解速率均高于o,p＇-DDD的降解速率。这与以前的研究报道一致,DDD比DDT更难降解。通过2个体系的比较,发现DDT的降解速率在厌氧体系中高于好氧体系,而DDD的降解速率与之相反,好氧体系高于厌氧体系。这应该与DDT和DDD 2种化合物的化学结构及2种土壤中微生物群落的差异有关。对于厌氧体系中的2种水稻土,采自中山的水稻土中DDT的降解速率高于江门的水稻土,这应该与中山水稻土有机质含量高于江门的水稻土有关。有机质含量的高低直接反映了土壤中微生物的多少,进而会影响污染物的降解速率。研究发现本实验所用水稻土和菜园土总有机碳含量偏低可能是影响2种化合物的对映体无降解选择性的因素之一。此外,由于本研究采用缓冲溶液将pH 调控在中性,因此本文的土壤 pH 对降解选择性的影响仍有待进一步研究。本研究中好氧体系和厌氧体系对目标物的降解选择性无明显差异。     

活性艳红X-3B的厌氧生物降解与机理

以活性艳红X-3B(RBR)为研究对象,分3个不同浓度组研究其在厌氧颗粒污泥作用下的降解性能,并采用生物降解动力学方程拟合其降解过程,同时利用GC-MS分析RBR的生物降解途径.试验结果表明,RBR在厌氧颗粒污泥中降解性能很好,去除率可达93.67%,且其降解过程符合二级反应动力学,其半衰期约为3.561 h.从GC-MS和UV-可见光谱的分析得出,RBR在厌氧颗粒污泥的作用下偶氮键断裂,且生成的芳香胺类化合物进一步降解为小分子的烃类、酚类、醇类和脂类化合物.     

Natural attenuation of MTBE and BTEX compounds in a petroleum contaminated shallow coastal aquifer

Natural attenuation of MTBE and BTEX compounds in a petroleum contaminated coastal aquifer in the Tel-Aviv area was investigated. Significant decrease in MTBE concentration and complete disappearance of BTEX compounds occur within 100 m groundwater flow. Highly anaerobic conditions were determined in the close vicinity to the spill source. In order to examine the contribution of microbial degradation to the attenuation process at anaerobic conditions, compound-specific carbon isotope ratio analysis was employed. Carbon isotope enrichment of toluene up to 2.4% along with the drop in its concentration up to 80% was observed within 20 cm below the water table. The lack of isotope fractionation despite the significant concentration decrease for other studied compounds indicates significant contribution of abiotic processes to the natural attenuation.     

Anaerobic decolorization of an azo dye by a mixed culture

Wool dyeing wastewater contains xenobiotic compounds that can be removed by biotechnological processes. Studies on various dyes showed that anaerobic processes are suitable to alter azo dyes as a first step of the biodegradation process. These compounds are reduced by anaerobic consortia to aromatic amines and its ultimate degradation can be achieved by a further aerobic treatment.

Studies on degradation rate of an wool acid dye were performed in batch systems inoculated with anaerobic biomass. A commercial diazo dye, Acid Red 73, was added to the synthetic medium in which glucose was used as sole carbon source.

Results indicated that the Acid Red 73 was partially degraded by a mixed culture of anaerobic bacteria and a decolorization of 90% was obtained. Kinetics studies on removal of the colour showed that the decolorization rate was several times faster than the degradation rate of glucose for a range of dye concentrations between 60 mg/L and 400 mg/L. A first order kinetic model was used for dye concentrations up to 200 mg/L. For higher concentrations a model similar to the Michaelis‐Menten equation was better fitted to the experimental data.     

合成有机化合物的生物降解性研究

合成有机化合物的生物降解性研究,为预测各类化合物在环境中的滞留与影响,为某些化合物的生产、实用及向环境中排放提供立法的依据,以及对开发更有效的生物处理技术均有重要意义。本文从合成有机化合物生物降解性研究的意义、研究方法、化合物化学组成和结构与生物降解性的关系等方面,介绍了国内外研究工作的进展情况,并对苯及烷基苯类、芳香酸及其脂类、酚类、含氯有机物和含氮芳香化合物的生物降解规律和降解途径进行了综述。     

Distribution,fate and persistence of organochlorine compounds formed during production of bleached pulp

The processes governing distribution of a xenobiotic compound discharged initially into the environment are discussed, and attention is drawn to (a) binding to organic matter in the sediment phase which affects both persistence and toxicity to biota and (b) the role of atmospheric transport for compounds of low water solubility and high vapour pressure. Important limitations in the use of sum parameters such as EOCI are pointed out. The important distinction between biodegradation and biotransformation is pointed out, and significant experimental determinants noted. Pathways for the aerobic metabolism of chlorophenolic compounds are discussed, and attention is drawn to the role of O‐methylation as an environmentally significant alternative to biodegradation. Evidence for the biodegradation of chlorinated aliphatic acids and hydrocarbons under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is presented. Anaerobic metabolism of chlorophenolic compounds is discussed with respect to (a) de‐O‐methylation of chloroguaiacols, (b) dechlorination of chlorocatechols and (c) reduction of chlorovanillins. It is emphasized that current evidence provides a complex metabolic picture, and that only partial dechlorination may occur. Brief attention is given to the important issue of the persistence of chlorolignin, and attention drawn to technical issues which render this problem difficult of access by traditional procedures. Biohalogenation—particularly by fungi—is noted, though its quantitative contribution cannot be estimated at the moment. A number of important unresolved issues are underscored: (a) the problem of determining rates of microbial reactions which may be translated to environmental situations, (b) the cardinal role not only of the number of chlorine atoms in an aromatic compound but also the substitution pattern and (c) limitations in current understanding of the role of anaerobic bacteria in bringing about biodegradation and biotransformation.     

Anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation with four kinds of electron acceptors enriched from the same mixed inoculum and exploration of metabolic pathways

Anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation enriched process was described in detail. The enriched bacterial communities were characterized under four redox conditions. The enriched archaeal communities were stated under high percentage conditions. Relatively intact pathways of anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation were proposed. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread and persistent contaminants worldwide, especially in environments devoid of molecular oxygen. For lack of molecular oxygen, researchers enhanced anaerobic zones PAHs biodegradation by adding sulfate, bicarbonate, nitrate, and iron. However, microbial community reports of them were limited, and information of metabolites was poor except two-ring PAH, naphthalene. Here, we reported on four phenanthrene-degrading enrichment cultures with sulfate, bicarbonate, nitrate, and iron as electron acceptors from the same initial inoculum. The high-to-low order of the anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation rate was the nitrate-reducing conditions>sulfate-reducing conditions>methanogenic conditions>iron-reducing conditions. The dominant bacteria populations were Desulfobacteraceae, Anaerolinaceae, and Thermodesulfobiaceae under sulfate-reducing conditions; Moraxellaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Comamonadaceae under methanogenic conditions; Rhodobacteraceae, Planococcaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae under nitrate-reducing conditions; and Geobacteraceae, Carnobacteriaceae, and Anaerolinaceae under iron-reducing conditions, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that bacteria populations of longtime enriched cultures with four electron acceptors all obtained significant changes from original inoculum, and bacterial communities were similar under nitrate-reducing and iron-reducing conditions. Archaea accounted for a high percentage under iron-reducing and methanogenic conditions, and Methanosarcinaceae and Methanobacteriaceae, as well as Methanobacteriaceae, were the dominant archaea populations under iron-reducing and methanogenic conditions. The key steps of phenanthrene biodegradation under four reducing conditions were carboxylation, further ring system reduction, and ring cleavage.     

Degradation rates of aged petroleum hydrocarbons are likely to be mass transfer dependent in the field

Evidence for on site biodegradation may be difficult to provide at heterogeneous sites without additional experiments in controlled laboratory conditions. In this study, microbial activities measured as CO₂ and CH₄ production were compared in situ, in intact soil cores and in bottle microcosms containing sieved soils. In addition, biodegradation rates were determined by measuring the decrease in petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations at 7°C in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Elevated concentrations of CO₂ and CH₄ in the soil gas phase indicated that both the aerobic and anaerobic microbial activity potentials were high at the contaminated site. Aerobic and anaerobic microbial degradation rates in laboratory experiments of petroleum hydrocarbons were highest in soils from the most contaminated point and degradation in the aerobic and anaerobic microcosms was linear throughout the incubation, indicating mass-transfer-dependent degradation. Different results for microbial activity measurements were obtained in laboratory studies depending on pretreatment and size of the sample, even when the environmental conditions were mimicked. These differences may be related to differences in the gas exchange rates as well as in changes in the bioavailability of the contaminant in different analyses. When predicting by modeling the behavior of an aged contaminant it is relevant to adapt the models in use to correspond to conditions relevant at the contaminated sites. The variables used in the models should be based on data from the site and on experiments performed using the original aged contaminant without any additions.     

环境中六溴环十二烷的修复技术研究进展

六溴环十二烷（hexabromocyclododecane,HBCD）是一种非芳香的溴代环烷烃,作为阻燃剂被广泛应用于塑料、泡沫、纤维、纺织品、电子产品及其他有机材料中,也可以作为聚乙烯、聚碳酸酯、不饱和聚酯等塑料的阻燃添加剂。HBCD作为一种持久性有机污染物,能够在环境中长期积累、迁移和转化,对人类和环境构成潜在的的危害。随着全球 HBCD 用量的增加,HBCD造成的水体及土壤的污染也越来越严重,因此环境中HBCD修复技术的研究也日益成为各个国家和地区研究的热点之一。文章综述了近年来国内外关于 HBCD 的去除或降解技术,包括物理修复、化学修复和生物修复,同时阐述了各个修复方法的原理、条件及优缺点。重点介绍了光降解和微生物降解这两种修复方法：光降解是一种利用光照和催化剂使水体中 HBCD 发生降解的修复方法,该方法去除效率高、清洁环保,但发生条件高,并且成本较高;微生物降解是指利用环境中的某种微生物来实现HBCD降解的,HBCD在厌氧条件下的降解效率明显高于好氧的条件,微生物降解具有不产生二次污染、降解彻底等优点,但相关研究还很少,发展还不成熟。目前开展 HBCD 植物修复研究的报道也很少,因此探讨利用植物修复HBCD的研究应该成为今后此类工作的研究重点之一。关于未来HBCD修复研究的方向,作者认为光降解和微生物降解仍然是 HBCD 修复的主要研究重点;还可以尝试采用两种或两种以上的修复方法联用以达到满意的修复效果;另外,微生物共代谢等修复方法也是今后发展的主要方向。     

海洋环境中多环芳烃的微生物降解研究进展

多环芳烃 (PAHs)是一类广泛分布于海洋环境中的含有两个苯环以上的有毒有害污染物 ,主要来源于人类活动和能源利用过程 ,如石油、煤、木材等的燃烧过程 ,石油及石油化工产品的生产过程 ,海上通过地面径流、污水排放及机动车辆等燃料不完全燃烧后的废气随大气颗粒的沉降进入海洋环境中 .由于多环芳烃的潜在毒性、致癌性及致畸诱变作用[1,2 ] ,通过生物累积及食物链的传递作用 ,给海洋生物、生态环境和人体健康带来极大危害 ,已引起各国环境科学家的极大重视 .美国环保局在上世纪 80年代把 16种未带分支的多环芳烃确定为环境中的优先污染物[…