Mn_3O_4催化臭氧化处理钻井废水

采用锰系氧化物对钻井废水进行催化臭氧化处理,考察了不同初始pH、催化剂投加量以及臭氧投加量等因素对COD去除率的影响,探讨了Mn3O4表面电荷情况、化学吸附特性及催化臭氧产生·OH机理。结果表明,在初始pH为12,催化剂投加量为5g/L,臭氧投加量为18 mg/min,反应时间为20 min时,Mn3O4较Mn O2和单独臭氧氧化去除COD的效果更明显;Mn3O4的表面带负电荷,发生了水合羟基化过程,且Mn3O4与钻井废水中的污染物产生了化学吸附;臭氧与锰原子形成σπ-键合吸附于Mn3O4表面,经π*轨道能级的下降而进入活化状态,最终导致吸附于Mn3O4表面的OH-与臭氧相互作用产生·OH。     

非均相催化臭氧氧化深度处理炼油废水

采用非均相催化剂催化臭氧氧化处理炼油废水,考察了催化剂负载率、p H、催化剂投加量和臭氧投加量及反应时间对处理效果的影响。结果表明,组合工艺最佳工艺条件为:催化剂负载率2.1%、p H 9、催化剂投量80 g/L、臭氧投量8.1 mg/L、反应时间60 min,COD、石油类、NH3-N、硫化物和SS去除率分别为91.3%、92.7%、80.5%、34.5%和59%。处理炼油废水过程中组合工艺存在明显协同效应,协同因子为1.47。中间臭氧氧化和催化臭氧氧化在最优工艺条件下对炼油废水COD的降解均符合准一级动力学规律。基于叔丁醇的实验结果,结合降解动力学可以推测,降解炼油废水过程中非均相催化剂催化臭氧产生高活性羟基自由基是降解效率提高的主导因素。     

镀镍漂洗废水中有机物的臭氧氧化处理研究

用臭氧氧化处理镀镍漂洗废水中的有机物,主要考察pH、臭氧投加量、废水初始COD浓度、温度等因素对处理效果的影响,并对反应机理进行初步的探讨.实验结果表明,废水的COD去除率随pH的增大而升高,比较适宜的pH为6～7;适当地增加臭氧投加量有利于提高COD去除率;在一定温度范围(15～35℃)内,提高反应温度有利于废水中有机物的降解;当臭氧投加量为20 mg/(min·L),对于初始COD为56 mg/L、pH 6.5的实际镀镍漂洗废水,在25 ℃的条件下氧化100min,出水COD降至10mg/L,COD去除率达到82%;在臭氧氧化镀镍漂洗废水的反应中,部分有机物的降解是在Ni2 的催化下由臭氧分解生成氧化能力更强的自由基来完成.臭氧氧化可作为镀镍漂洗废水处理回用的预处理工艺.     

臭氧催化氧化工艺深度处理印染废水

采用正交实验对催化剂NiO/γ-A12O3的制备条件进行优化,并探讨臭氧催化氧化法对于印染废水的深度处理效能.结果表明,最优的催化剂制备条件为:浸渍液浓度为3％、浸渍时间为4h、灼烧温度为450℃、灼烧时间为3h.臭氧催化氧化反应15 min时,COD浓度由84.22 mg/L降低至50.00 mg/L以下;氨氮浓度由10.88 mg/L降低至5.01 mg/L;色度去除率达到69％,明显高于单纯臭氧氧化的反应效率.     

煤化工高盐废水臭氧催化氧化脱除COD

针对煤化工高盐废水中有机物难降解问题,采用浸渍-煅烧法制备了负载有活性金属氧化物的活性氧化铝型催化剂,探索催化剂的制备工艺和反应操作条件对废水COD去除率的影响。结果表明:活性氧化铝载体催化性能优于陶粒,活性氧化铝负载Cu、Mn、Ni的催化活性较高,将2种活性组分进行组合制得的MnO_xNiO_x/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,在经过60 min的臭氧催化氧化后,COD的去除率可达51.3%;利用BET、SEM-EDS、XRD对催化剂进行了表征和分析,Mn、Ni成功负载到活性氧化铝表面和孔隙内,2种元素负载量摩尔比约为2:1,且主要以氧化物形式存在;通过计算臭氧利用效率,发现MnO_x-NiO_x/γ-Al_2O_3臭氧催化氧化的_η值低于单独的臭氧氧化,这意味着通过MnO_x-NiO_x/γ-Ak_2O_3催化剂可以有效地将臭氧分解成活性氧;通过优化臭氧和催化剂投加量后发现,在臭氧为350 mg·(L·h)~(-1)、催化剂投加量为100 g·L~(-1)废水中,反应180 min后,COD去除率可达到72.3%;在连续进行4 h的臭氧催化氧化实验后,MnO_x-NiO_x/γ-Al_2O_3稳定性和重复利用性均较好,COD去除率能维持在约42%,锰、镍离子的溶出量均小于0.5 mg·L~(-1)。以上研究结果可为高效的臭氧催化体系在煤化工高盐废水处理领域的应用提供参考。     

活性炭纤维上4-氯酚及焦化废水尾水的O3催化氧化降解实验研究

选择YT-1000型活性炭纤维(ACF)作为催化剂,考察ACF与O3协同作用催化降解水溶液中4-氯酚的最佳反应条件,并将该条件应用于焦化废水生物处理尾水中难降解有机污染物的催化氧化.ACF表面具有丰富的微孔结构,对4-氯酚有良好的吸附作用,在动力学上提高了其与O3反应的起始浓度,并且在ACF表面含氧、含氮等基团的催化作用下发生氧化反应,1 L浓度为100 mg/L的4-氯酚水样中投加2 g ACF反应6 min时,吸附作用对TOC的去除率为43.4%.而ACF协同O3作用时的TOC去除率提高到72.5%,协同增效作用为67.1%;在选定的反应条件下,ACF协同O3降解焦化废水生物处理尾水,60 min时的TOC与色度的去除率分别达到56.8%和96.3%.上述研究过程证明了吸附作用与催化作用的协同能有效降解生物过程不能降解的焦化废水中惰性有机污染物.     

催化臭氧氧化降解PCB有机废液及其机理

为了高效、快速治理高浓度难降解PCB(printed circuit board)有机废液,研究了氧化钙非均相催化臭氧氧化降解PCB废液的催化机理和催化性能。采用叔丁醇淬灭自由基实验和水杨酸羟基化实验探究催化机理;通过GC/MS研究了PCB废液中有机物可能降解途径;通过单纯形优化法对实验因素进行优化,并通过XRD和BET探究催化剂的循环稳定性。结果表明:氧化钙非均相催化臭氧氧化过程遵循羟基自由基机理;在pH为12.97、CaO质量为1.0 g、废液深度为11 cm、降解时间为150 min、臭氧用量为120 mg·min~(-1)时,COD去除率可达到90.045%;氧化钙经过5次循环后,废液的COD去除率没有显著降低,从92.78%降低至84.04%。CaO应用于催化臭氧氧化过程处理高浓度且难降解的PCB废液,能维持良好的催化性能和循环稳定性,具有良好的应用前景。     

铁基催化剂催化臭氧深度处理煤化工废水

使用新型铁基催化剂催化臭氧氧化,深度处理煤化工废水的生化出水。通过XRD、FTIR技术分析,确定了催化剂主要成分为FeOOH。考察了pH值、催化剂投加量、臭氧投加量对催化效果的影响,结果表明:当pH为7.0、催化剂量为200g·L~(-1)、臭氧投加量为10.7 mg·min~(-1)时,催化效果显著,COD去除率可达(66.2±1.7)%,而单独臭氧氧化为(47.6±2.6)%;TOC去除率可达(58.4±2.1)%,比单独臭氧氧化的(28.8±1.9)%,提高了近1倍。使用EPR技术直接验证、HCO_3~-为自由基淬灭剂间接验证,均证明羟基自由基是催化效果的主要原因。     

臭氧预氧化处理葡萄酒废水

葡萄酒废水的季节性波动常造成生化处理系统不稳定,使传统的生化处理工艺难以满足新的污水排放标准的要求。研究了臭氧预处理工艺对葡萄酒废水的处理效果及主要控制参数,结果表明,单独的臭氧预氧化对COD几乎无去除效果,但对色度的去除可达到90%;采用O3/H2O2组合工艺可使COD的去除率提高4倍。经臭氧预处理的出水再采用SBR进行好氧处理时,出水COD能降至80 mg/L以下,COD的降解速度及程度都高于未经臭氧处理的稀释原水。高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析显示,经臭氧处理后,除麦芽糖成分被完全去除外,其他各种成分的数量变化不大;GC/MS对废水中多酚类有机物的分析显示,臭氧预处理可将大量难降解的多酚类有机物分解,从而有助于后续生化处理的出水达到更高的污水排放标准。     

采气废水中有机物去除方法

新疆油田天然气开采过程中产生的大量高矿化度、高COD的含油废水,难以处理处置,严重影响了气田的正常生产活动,危害到气田周边土壤安全和荒漠植被的生存.为实现该类废水的达标排放,选取COD和总石油烃含量为考察指标,研究比较了紫外(UV)、臭氧(O3)及紫外臭氧联合处理(UV/O3)法对该类废水的处理效果,进一步考察了pH和O3发生量对UV/O3法处理效果的影响.研究结果表明,3种方法处理废水60 min后,废水COD由处理前的563 mg/L分别下降至处理后的479、334.9和314 mg/L,去除率分别达到14.9％、32.7％和44.2％;而总石油烃含量由处理前的3.86 mg/L分别降至处理后的3.05、1.26和0.20 mg/L,去除率分别达到21.2％、67.4％和94.8％;其中,UV/O3法处理90 min后废水COD降低至148 mg/L,达到《废水综合排放标准GB8978-1996》二级排放标准;pH为7,臭氧发生量为10 g/L时,UV/O3法可应用于采气废水的处理.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.