H2O2-Fe^2＋氧化法处理重油裂解制气废水

利用H2O2-Fe^2 氧化法处理经过生化系统处理过的重油裂解制气废水，对各种影响H2O2-Fe^2 氧化法对废水COD去除的因素进行了研究，结果显示其合适的处理条件是：废水的COD浓度为197．20～334．7lmg／L、27.5％过氧化氢加量为0．75mL／L、反应初始pH值为5．0、反应时间3h、Fe^2 加量为25mg／L、30℃反应温度。经过处理后，其COD值低于150mg／L，达到国家Ⅱ级排放标准，效果良好。     

絮凝-光催化处理实际染料废水的研究

采用絮凝-光催化氧化工艺成功地处理了实际染料废水;研究了COD光催化降解动力学。COD和BOD5浓度分别为2169mg／L、295mg／L的染料废水,经絮凝-光催化处理后,出水COD和BOD5分别为214mg／L、18．5mg／L,去除率分别为90．1％、93．7％。向光催化体系中加入H2O2,可促进COD与BOD5的去除。该工艺可处理高浓度染料废水。     

挂膜生长的白腐真菌处理草浆造纸黑液废水

比较了几株白腐真菌在造纸黑液废水中的挂膜生长状况及其对黑液废水的处理效果．结果表明，在pH6．0的废水中添加葡萄糖1．0g／L，酒石酸铵0．2g／L及适量无机盐时，黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)和侧耳菌(Pleurotus ostieatus)以及本实验室自选的白腐真菌S22的挂膜状况和对黑液废水的处理效果最好．废水中添加的葡萄糖和酒石酸铵的浓度分别为1．0g／L和0．2g／L时，侧耳菌的挂膜和对黑液废水的处理效果最佳．S22菌在pH10．0时其木质素降解率和COD去除率最高，分别可达84％和69％．黄孢原毛平革菌、侧耳菌和S22菌能够在碱性较强的废水中生长挂膜并显著降解木质素，表现出对废水很强的适应能力．生物膜对黑液废水的半连续化处理结果表明了生物膜法的优越性．图8表1参14     

催化氧化法预处理苯胺类废水

用Fenton试剂催化氧化法预处理染化厂含苯胺类物质的废水。对影响废水中苯胺类物质去除率的各种因素进行了考察，结果表明，在常温下当废水中苯胺类物质的含量为800mg/L时，在pH为3．5、H2O2和Fe^2 用量分别为28mmol/L和2.8mmol/L的条件下，苯胺类物质的去除率可达98.0%，COD去除率达到76％，废水的BOD5／BODcr值由0提高到0.32，显著地提高了废水的可生化性。     

活性污泥吸附预处理重油裂化制气废水

利用剩余活性污泥对含有高浓度芳香族化合物的重油裂化制气废水进行预处理的研究并提出了合适的吸附条件。结果表明，活性污泥吸附预处理对COD和悬浮物有明显的去除效果，而且可以提高废水BOD5／COD的比值，另外还有降解芳香族化合物的作用，使进入生物处理系统的废水的可生物降解性有明显的改善。这一方法为利用普通废水生物处理系统中产生的剩余活性污泥来预处理难降解的工业废水提供了一条有效的途径。     

改进折流式生物反应器净化洗浴废水

利用改进折流式生物反应器，研究了好氧渐变厌氧交替工艺对洗浴废水中氮、磷和有机污染物的去除效果。结果表明：洗浴废水中COD和BOD值分别从98.0-190.6mg/L和68.3-81.7mg/L下降到6-10mg/L和1-2mg/L，含氮化合物和含磷化合物的浓度则分别从13．5—25．2mg/L和9．9—13．5mg／L下降到1mg/L和0．5mg／L。在运行过程中，不需要添加甲醇，利用洗浴废水自身的有机物就能达到很好的脱氮、除磷和降解COD与BOD的效果，而且该工艺的动力消耗仅为传统活性污泥法的三分之一。     

催化氧化法处理对硝基酚钠生产废水的研究

研究了催化氧化法处理对硝基酚钠生产废水的工艺参数，COD去除率可达90％，探讨了从酚钠母注人中盐析酚的条件，回收量为15．86Kg酚钠／m^3废液，提出了综合治理酚钠废水的工艺流程。     

天然锰矿-次氯酸钠光催化氧化处理分散蓝2BLN废水

采用天然锰矿和次氯酸钠在紫外光的照射下处理分散蓝2BLN废水，探讨了影响水溶液中分散蓝2BLN染料的光催化降解的各种影响因素。当通入氧气时，天然锰矿用量为20g／L、次氯酸钠的用量为20mL／L、光强2000W、光距10cm、反应时间为60min、pH值在7．5-9．5，废水的COD去除率达52％，脱色率达93％。     

微波诱导改性活性炭催化处理低浓度抗生素废水

通过采用负载FeSO4活性炭、CuSO4活性炭和一般活性炭作为微波催化剂处理抗生素废水的对比实验,研究不同负载方法对抗生素制药废水COD去除的差别,结果表明,负载FeSO4的活性炭作为催化剂的微波处理系统对COD的去除率最高.以微波诱导负载FeSO4的活性炭为催化剂对抗生素制药废水进行处理,结果表明,增大负载FeSO4活性炭质量,微波辐射时间和微波功率,均有利于抗生素废水中COD的去除,但各影响因素的取值并不是越大越好.对微波诱导负载FeSO4活性炭催化工艺处理抗生素废水进行反应动力学分析,结果显示,过程近似一级反应,其动力学方程为:lnC0/C=0.1413t+5.4121,r=0.9876.反应动力学常数为0.1413 min-1.     

复合高效微生物处理高含盐石油开采废水

石油开采废水中高含盐量对微生物处理有强抑制作用。有针对性地筛选驯化了耐盐复合高效处理菌群对大港油田石油开采废水进行有机物降解，在废水的氯离子含量为20000～36000mg／L，COD浓度l600～4000mg／L范围内，高含盐量对耐盐复合高效微生物无明显抑制作用，结合物化处理方法COD去除率稳定在90％左右，处理后水达到二级排放标准。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.