SPE-PDA/FLD串联HPLC法测定水样中痕量多环芳烃

建立了固相萃取-PDA/FLD串联HPLC法测定水样中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分析方法,优化了固相萃取条件.结果表明,对1L水样加入10%有机改性剂进行固相萃取,采用3ml四氢呋喃洗脱后进行HPLC分析,平均回收率在95.22%-100.8%间,相对标准偏差为0.78%-6.68%,方法的检出限在0.03-220 ng·l-1之间.     

气相色谱-质谱法检测运动场地塑胶面层中的18种多环芳烃

本文建立了气相色谱-质谱法(GCMS)检测运动场地塑胶面层中18种多环芳烃的方法.样品经乙酸乙酯超声萃取60 min,取上清液,加入内标混合溶液(萘-D8、蒽-D10和苝-D12等3种内标),用GCMS分离和检测.结果表明,多环芳烃在5—200μg·L~(-1)浓度范围内标准曲线线性良好,相关系数均在0.999以上.在5.0μg·L~(-1)浓度下,连续6次进样,峰面积RSD值均小于10.0%,精密度良好.以3倍信噪比(peak to peak)计算18种多环芳烃的检出限,以10倍信噪比(peak to peak)计算18种多环芳烃的定量限,各组分的检出限为0.09—0.8μg·kg~(-1),定量限为0.27—2.4μg·kg~(-1).在1.0 mg·kg~(-1)的加标浓度下,样品加标回收率为83.2%—129.7%.该方法简单方便,能够有效的监测运动场地塑胶面层中多环芳烃的含量.     

温度驱动的离子液体分散液-液微萃取法同时检测环境水体中磺胺类药物

以l-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸离子液体([C8MIM][PF6])为萃取剂,利用温度驱动离子液体分散液-液微萃取技术,结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)同时测定环境水体中2种磺胺类化合物:磺胺间二甲氧嘧啶(sulfadimethoxine,SDM)和磺胺甲噁唑(sulfamethoxazole,SMZ).对影响萃取效果的一系列因素(萃取剂、分散剂、萃取剂和分散剂的体积、pH、温度、萃取时间、盐度和离心时间等)进行了优化,在最优条件下,该方法具有较宽的线性范围(2—200μg.L-1)、较低的检出限(SDM,1.22μg.L-1;SMZ,0.50μg.L-1)、良好的重现性(RSD:SDM,1.94%;SMZ,1.9%;n=7)和较高的准确性(回收率,SDM,88.7%;SMZ,101.3%;n=7).以该方法对几处环境水样进行测定,获得了良好的回收率(63.0%—124.0%;RSD:2.1%—4.9%;n=6).     

基于有序介孔碳涂层的固相微萃取法测定水中多环芳烃

采用溶剂挥发诱导自组装结合提拉法在不锈钢丝表面制备了以有序介孔碳(Ordered mesoporous carbon,OMC)为涂层的固相微萃取(Solid phrase microextraction,SPME)纤维,考察了该纤维的萃取效果和在高温下的稳定性,建立了水中多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染物的固相微萃取测定分析方法.扫描电镜(Scanning electron microscopy,SEM)结果表明,制备的OMC涂层连续完整且与不锈钢基体紧密结合,厚度约为11μm.氮吸附脱附结果证明,涂层材料具有规整的二维六方特征,孔径集中分布在3.8 nm,比表面积和孔容分别为522 m~2·g~(-1)和0.36 cm3·g~(-1).以水中多环芳烃类污染物作为分析对象,采用固相微萃取与气相色谱联用法探讨了OMC涂层对多环芳烃类污染物的萃取效果,对萃取方式、萃取时间、萃取温度、搅拌速度等条件进行了优化,并与商品化涂层进行了对比.结果表明,采用直接固相微萃取方式,萃取时间30 min,萃取温度50℃,搅拌速率800 r·min-1萃取效率最高;在最佳萃取条件下,OMC涂层分析5种PAHs的检测限范围是0.004—0.012μg·L~(-1),定量限范围0.010—0.025μg·L~(-1);萘和苊在0.1—250μg·L~(-1)范围内,芴、荧蒽和芘在0.25—100μg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好;单根纤维相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.9%—7.4%,多根纤维相对标准偏差为6.7%—9.8%.自制OMC纤维在350℃高温热解析80次后萃取效率不变,且对PAHs的萃取效率优于商用聚二甲基硅氧烷/二乙烯基苯(Polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene,PDMS/DVB)涂层.将自制纤维应用于两种实际水样的固相微萃取分析中,分别添加0.25μg·L~(-1)和100μg·L~(-1)的样品回收率分别为81.3%—92.8%和89.3%—108.8%.     

加速溶剂提取-在线凝胶净化色谱-气质联用法分析检测土壤中多环芳烃

采用加速溶剂萃取作为土壤样品的萃取技术,萃取液浓缩后直接采用在线凝胶净化色谱-气质联用法分析检测土壤中16种多环芳烃.结果表明,16种多环芳烃在1.0—100.0μg·L~(-1)线性关系良好,线性相关系数均大于0.995.对10.0μg·L~(-1)标准溶液连续进样8针,相对标准偏差RSD在1.70%—6.27%之间,重复性良好.16种多环芳烃方法检出限范围为0.001—0.030μg·kg~(-1)(S/N=3).在加标浓度为0.1、0.5、1.0μg·kg-1时,16种多环芳烃的加标回收率均在62.5%—113.7%之间,符合日常分析检测的要求.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定人体血液样品中合成麝香

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS),建立了测定人全血样品中5种多环麝香和2种硝基麝香的分析方法.血液样品前处理采用正己烷液-液萃取,硅胶柱层析净化,洗脱液经N_2浓缩后用GC-MS选择离子监测模式(SIM)进行检测.使用该前处理方法,替代物标样荧蕙-d_(10)的回收率为85%-120%.以六氯苯13C为内标进行定量,7种合成麝香的线性范围为0.5-10μg·1-1,检出限在0.25-0.30 μg·l-1(S/N=3)范围内.应用本方法,对实际全血样品进行3个不同浓度的加标回收实验,所得合成麝香的平均加标回收率均在77.9% -118.5%范围内,相对标准偏差在1.5%-9.5%之间.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中硝基苯含量

环境水中硝基苯主要来自染料、香料、炸药等有机合成工业废水.本文探讨了固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中硝基苯的分析方法,方法在30.0μg·l-1-30mg·l-1范围内具有良好的线性关系(r=0.99984),回收率为89.5%-92.3%,RSD《1.5%,方法检出限为0.02μg·l-1.用本法测定污染水体中硝基苯的含量,结果令人满意.     

离子液体双水相萃取-HPLC-MS/MS法测定环境水样中痕量3种酞酸脂类污染物

研究了离子液体双水相萃取分离环境水样中3种酞酸酯类污染物分析方法的可行性,考察了影响离子液体双水相萃取率的主要因素,在最优实验条件下:p H=4,Na H2PO4浓度为0.5 mol·L-1,离子液体加入量为2 m L,萃取时间为6 min,萃取分离了自来水、湖水和工业废水中3种酞酸酯类污染物,液相色谱-串联质谱法测定,回收率为94%—104.2%,相对标准偏差为1.7%—5.3%.方法检出限达0.7—0.99 ng.     

中空纤维膜辅助离子液体液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定环境水体中的水杨酸

分别以l-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸离子液体([C8MIM][PF6])和三辛基氧化膦(TOPO)作为萃取剂与辅助萃取剂,建立了中空纤维膜辅助的两相液液微萃取-高效液相色谱测定环境水体中水杨酸(Salicylicacid,SA)的新方法.通过对中空纤维膜种类、萃取剂、供体相体积、供体相pH、离子强度和萃取时间相关参数进行优化,获得了较高的富集倍数(1653倍).方法的检出限为0.1μg.L-1,线性范围为0.5—1000μg.L-1.方法对实际样品的加标回收率为89.6%—102.4%,可应用于环境水体中痕量SA的测定.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法分析蔬菜中6种磺胺类抗生素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱同时测定蔬菜中6种磺胺类抗生素的分析方法.以每克蔬菜(干样)加5ml乙腈(添加2g无水硫酸钠、0.1g乙酸钠、O.1gNa2EDTA)超声提取25min,采用正己烷液-液萃取去脂,C18柱净化富集.以磷酸(0.01mol·1-1,pH2.5):乙腈=80:20(V:V)溶液作为流动相,检测波长为270nm.蔬菜样品中6种磺胺类抗生素的回收率为50.8%-98.9%,定量限为21.9-72.8μg·k-1.利用该方法对不同蔬菜样品进行了分析,6种磺胺类抗生素均不同程度被检出,总含量在0.38-2.24 mg.kg-1(鲜重)之间.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).