序批式膜反应器处理高氨氮渗滤液同步硝化反硝化特性

应用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)处理实际垃圾渗滤液,在DO浓度分别为0.45mg.l-1和1.19mg.l-1条件下,研究了系统的有机物,氨氮和总氮去除特性以及游离氨(FA),DO对系统同步硝化反硝化(SND)类型的影响.250d试验研究表明:SBRR系统能够稳定高效地同步去除渗滤液内高浓度有机物和高浓度氨氮.在初始COD浓度为122—2385 mg.l-1的情况下,出水COD浓度为23—929 mg.l-1,有机物最大去除速率25.6 kgCOD.m-2载体.d-1.在初始NH4+-N浓度为40—396.5 mg.l-1的情况下,出水NH4+-N浓度为0—41.2 mg.l-1,最大硝化速率2.87 kgN.m-2载体.d-1.SBBR系统内发生了明显的同步硝化反硝化(SND)现象,TN平均去除率分别为73.8%(DO=0.45 mg.l-1)和30%(DO=1.19 mg.l-1)左右.当FA浓度在1.5—11.6 mg.l-1范围内时,系统中共存硝酸型SND和亚硝酸性SND.当FA从18.6 mg.l-1增加到56 mg.l-1,系统中形成稳定的亚硝酸SND.因此,FA是影响系统SND类型的主要因素,DO可促进亚硝酸性SND向硝酸型SND转化.     

不同进水有机物浓度下移动床生物膜反应器(SBMBBR)脱氮除磷特性

考察了不同进水有机物浓度下厌氧/好氧序批式移动床生物膜反应器（SBMBBR）污染物去除特性,实验结果表明,SBMBBR能够实现低碳源污水中氮和磷的同步去除,在进水TN和TP浓度分别为116.7 mg.L-1和11.5 mg.L-1、COD浓度为456 mg.L-1的条件下,TN和TP去除率分别达到94.3%和92.2%以上.反应器除磷是基于常规生物除磷和反硝化除磷过程实现的,脱氮主要是基于好氧段发生的同时硝化反硝化（SND）作用而完成.由于生物膜内部存在的DO扩散梯度,在好氧阶段混合液DO浓度不断提高的条件下反应器内具有良好SND反应的发生.进水COD浓度由149 mg.L-1提高至456 mg.L-1的过程中,反应器硝化效果不变,反硝化和除磷效果改善.反应器在好氧阶段pH值基本维持在7.0—7.1之间,为各类菌群的生长创造了条件.碱度变化较pH值更能反映硝化和反硝化反应发生的程度.反应器中微生物相丰富,生物膜以丝状菌为骨架,其上附着大量的球状菌和杆状菌,而悬浮活性污泥中丝状菌较少,形成了由细菌、真菌到原生动物和后生动物的复杂的生态体系,为系统取得稳定的污水处理效果提供了有效的保证.     

Advanced nitrogen removal by pulsed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) with real-time control

The feasibility of pH and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) as on-line control parameters to advance nitrogen removal in pulsed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) was evaluated. The pulsed SBR, a novel operational mode of SBR, was utilized to treat real municipal wastewater accompanied with adding ethanol as external carbon source. It was observed that the bending-point (apex and knee) of pH and ORP profiles can be used to control denitrification process at a low influent C/N ratio while dpH/dt can be used to control the nitrification and denitrification process at a high influent C/N ratio. The experimental results demonstrated that the effluent total nitrogen can be reduced to lower than 2 mg/L, and the average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was higher than 98% by using real-time controll strategy.     

Circulating fluidized bed biological reactor for nutrients removal

A new biological nitrogen removal process, which is named herein “The circulating fluidized bed bioreactor (CFBBR)”, was developed for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and organic matter. This process was composed of an anaerobic bed (Riser), aerobic bed (Downer) and connecting device. Influent and nitrified liquid from the aerobic bed enters the anaerobic bed from the bottom of the anaerobic bed, completing the removal of nitrogen and organic matter. The system performance under the conditions of different inflow loadings and nitrified liquid recirculation rates ranging from 200% to 600% was examined. From a technical and economic point of view, the optimum nitrified liquid recirculation ratewas 400%. With a shortest total retention time of 2.5 h (0.8 h in the anaerobic bed and 1.5 h in the aerobic bed) and a nitrified liquid recirculation rate of 400% based on the influent flow rate, the average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen (TN) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were found to be 88% and 95%, respectively. The average effluent concentrations of TN and SCOD were 3.5 mg/L and 16 mg/L, respectively. The volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentration, nitrification rate and denitrification rate in the system were less than 1.0 g/L, 0.026-0.1 g NH₄ ⁺-N/g VSS·d, and 0.016–0.074 g NO_x ^?-N/g VSS·d, respectively.     

A/O-MBR处理某经济区市政污水的效能

采用A/O-MBR法处理某经济区市政污水,对其进、出水的水质进行连续监测,考察系统稳定性和处理效果。结果表明,在水力停留时间12小时,污泥龄30天,回流比75%,好氧段DO浓度1.3～8.5 mg/L的条件下,系统对COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷的平均去除率分别为92.04%、93.66%、78.04%、91.06%。反硝化...     

Removal of tetrachlorobisphenol A and the effects on bacterial communities in a hybrid sequencing biofilm batch reactor-constructed wetland system

SBBR-CW system was proposed to effectively treat wastewater containing TCBPA. CW unit contributed more than SBBR to the removal of TCBPA. TCBPA changed the composition and structure of bacterial community in the system. GAOs massively grew in SBBR, but did not deteriorate TP removal efficiency. Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) released into the sewage may cause environmental pollution and health risk to human beings. The objective of this study was to investigate the removal of TCBPA and bacterial community structures in a laboratory-scale hybrid sequencing biofilm batch reactor (SBBR)-constructed wetland (CW) system. The results showed that the removal efficiency of chemical oxidation demand (COD), ammonia, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the SBBR-CW system was 96.7%, 97.3%, 94.4%, and 88.6%, respectively. At the stable operation stage, the system obtained a 71.7%±1.8% of TCBPA removal efficiency with the influent concentration at 200 mg/L. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene revealed that the presence of TCBPA not only reduced the bacterial diversity in the SBBR-CW system, but also altered the composition and structure of bacterial community. After the addition of TCBPA, Proteobacteria increased from 31.3% to 38.7%, while Acidobacteria and Parcubacteria decreased greatly in the SBBR. In contrast, Acidobacteria replaced Proteobacteria as the dominant phylum in the upper soils of CW. The results indicated that TCBPA stimulated the growth of GAOs in the SBBR without deteriorating the phosphorus removal due to the presence of sufficient carbon sources. The ammonia oxidizing bacteria, Nitrosomonas, and denitrification bacteria, Hyphomicrobium and Pseudomonas, were inhibited by TCBPA, resulting in a decreasing the removal efficiency of TN and ammonia.     

Nitrification and denitrification in biological activated carbon filter for treating high ammonia source water

Since the ammonia in the effluent of the traditional water purification process could not meet the supply demand, the advanced treatment of a high concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N micro-polluted source water by biological activated carbon filter (BACF) was tested. The filter was operated in the downflow manner and the results showed that the removing rate of NH₄ ⁺-N was related to the influent concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N. Its removing rate could be higher than 95% when influent concentration was under 1.0 mg/L. It could also decrease with the increasing influent concentration when the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was in the range from 1.5 to 4.9 mg/L and the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the influent was under 10 mg/L, and the minimum removing rate could be 30%. The key factor of restricting nitrification in BACF was the influent DO. When the influent NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was high, the DO in water was almost depleted entirely by the nitrifying and hetetrophic bacteria in the depth of 0.4 m filter and the filter layer was divided into aerobic and anoxic zones. The nitrification and degradation of organic matters existed in the aerobic zone, while the denitrification occurred in the anoxic zone. Due to the limited carbon source, the denitrification could not be carried out properly, which led to the accumulation of the denitrification intermediates such as NO₂ ^?. In addition to the denitrification bacteria, the nitrification and the heterotrophic bacteria existed in the anoxic zone.     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

低温下曝气生物滤池预处理污染河水的试验研究

采用两段曝气生物滤床串联工艺预处理入滇新运粮河河水,研究了其在冬天低温条件下对有机物和氨氮的去除效果,并考察了pH值的变化。结果表明,在进水流量为2.4 m3.d-1、水温为13-16℃、原水ρ（CODCr）为66.46-107.82 mg·L-1、ρ（氨氮）为22.15-30.68 mg·L-1的水质特征条件下,系统对CODCr和氨氮的去除率分别为36.08%-50.37%和76.98%-93.56%。其中,碳氧化段以去除有机物为主,硝化段以去除氨氮为主;系统中硝酸氮质量浓度明显升高,无亚硝氮的积累;装置对总氮的平均去除率为19.56%,可以认为总氮的去除是同步硝化反硝化的结果。系统中pH值有所变化但维持在7-8之间,其中碳氧化段pH值升高,硝化段pH值下降。系统对有机物和氨氮良好的去除效果为后续进一步的生物处理提供了条件。     

Advanced nitrogen removal using pilot-scale SBR with intelligent control system built on three layer network

Since eutrophication has become increasingly severe in China, nitrogen and phosphorous have been the concern of wastewater treatment, especially nitrogen removal. The stabilization of the intelligent control system and nitrogen removal efficiency were investigated in a pilot-scale aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with a treatment capacity of 60 m³/d. Characteristic points on the profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) could exactly reflect the process of nitrification and denitrification. Using the intelligent control system not only could save energy, but also could achieve advanced nitrogen removal. Applying the control strategy water quality of the effluent could stably meet the national first discharge standard during experiment of 10 months. Even at low temperature (t = 13°C), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) in the effluent were under 50 and 5 mg/L, respectively.     

溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响

文章研究溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化效率的影响。研究结果表明：在一定DO范围内,随着反应器内溶解氧浓度的降低,总氮去除率呈上升趋势,即好氧反硝化效率随溶解氧浓度的降低而提高;在一定MLSS范围内,反应器内混合液污泥浓度越高,出水总氮越低,反硝化现象越明显。     

Process evaluation of an alternating aerobic-anoxic process applied in a sequencing batch reactor for nitrogen removal

In order to improve the nitrogen removal efficiency and save operational cost, the feasibility of the alternating aerobic-anoxic process (AAA process) applied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system for nitrogen removal was investigated. Under sufficient influent alkalinity, the AAA process did not have an advantage over one aerobicanoxic (OAA) cycle on treatment efficiency because microorganisms had an adaptive stage at the alternating aerobic-anoxic transition, which would prolong the total cycling time. On the contrary, the AAA process made the system control more complicated. Under deficient influent alkalinity, when compared to OAA, the AAA process improved treatment efficiency and effluent quality with NH₄ ⁺-N in the effluent below the detection limit. In the nitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity consumption and ammonia oxidation is calculated to be 7.07 mg CaCO₃/mg NH₄ ⁺-N. In the denitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity production and NO₃ ^?-N reduction is about 3.57 mg CaCO₃/mg NO₃ ^?-N. As a result, half of the alkalinity previously consumed during the aerobic nitrification was recovered during the subsequent anoxic denitrification period. That was why the higher treatment efficiency in the AAA process was achieved without the supplement of bicarbonate alkalinity. If the lack of alkalinity in the influent was less than 1/3 of that needed, there is no need for external alkalinity addition and treatment efficiency was the same as that under sufficient influent alkalinity. Even if the lack of alkalinity in the influent was more than 1/3 of that needed, the AAA process was an optimal strategy because it reduced the external alkalinity addition and saved on operational cost.     

大清河人工快速渗滤系统示范工程效果分析

以滇池流域受污染的大清河为研究对象,开展了人工快速渗滤系统（CRI）示范工程研究,根据气候条件、进水水质和运行工艺分为6个工况,以探索污染负荷和工艺参数对CRI运行性能的影响。实验结果表明：水力负荷2 m.d-1、湿干比1：1是该示范工程运行的最优工艺条件。CRI系统对有机物（COD）的平均去除率范围17.42%～63.75%;对氨氮去除效果受进水水质影响,高、低污染负荷下NH3-N去除率分别为56.71%、85.48%;CRI示范工程硝化作用较强,反硝化能力较弱,对TN的平均去除率范围为10.69%～28.29%;CRI示范工程对TP的平均去除率为27.62%,最佳工艺条件下为50.23%。CRI系统可通过对填料进行优化组合、适当增大饱水带高度,强化除磷脱氮能力。     

Practical consideration for design and optimization of the step feed process

Based on the anoxic/oxic (A/O) step feed process, a modified University of Cape Town (UCT) step feed process was developed by adding an anaerobic zone and adjusting sludge return pipeline. Performance evaluation of these two types of processes was investigated by optimizing operational parameters, such as the anaerobic/anoxic/oxic volumes, internal recycle ratios, and sludge retention times, for removal of chemical oxygen demanding (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus. Results showed high removal efficiencies of COD of (85.0±1.7)%, ammonium of (99.7±0.2)%, total nitrogen (TN) of (85.5±1.7)%, phosphorus of (95.1±3.3)%, as well as excellent sludge settleability with average sludge volume index of (83.7±9.5) L·mg^-1 in the modified UCT process. Moreover, (61.5±6.0)% of influent COD was efficiently involved in denitrification or phosphorus release process. As much as 35.3% of TN was eliminated through simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process in aerobic zones. In addition, the presence of denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DNPAOs), accounting for approximately 39.2% of PAOs, was also greatly beneficial to the nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Consequently, the modified UCT step feed process was more attractive for the wastewater treatment plant, because it had extremely competitive advantages such as higher nutrient removal efficiencies, lower energy and dosages consumption, excellent settling sludge and operational assurance.     

可降解聚合物PCL、PBS在低有机污染水中固相反硝化脱氮效果比较

为了解决低有机污染高氮素水中由于低碳氮比而造成的后续脱氮问题,通过设反应填充床,外加固相碳源,对比了2种可降解聚合物PBS和PCL的反硝化效果。结果表明,（1）在进水TN质量浓度维持在14.33～18.31 mg.L-1,HRT为15.6 min时,PBS填充床平均TN去除率为94.93%,高于PCL填充床。（2）PBS填充床平均反硝化速率为13.55 mg.L-1.h-1（以N计）,高于PCL填充床的9.07 mg.L-1.h-（1以N计）。（3）PBS填充床NO3-N、NO2-N、NH3-N的出水质量浓度分别维持在0.37～0.87、0～0.20、0.01～0.07 mg.L-1,优于PCL填充床。（4）PBS和PCL颗粒表面附着的微生物以杆菌为主,伴有少量的弧菌。该研究为日后新型固相碳源的开发提供了科学依据。     

异养硝化细菌处理氨氮废水及影响因素研究

从生物陶粒反应器中筛选出6株异养硝化细菌,将异养硝化细菌扩大培养后,建立SBR反应器并进行了氨氮去除的试验研究。在SBR反应器进入稳定运行阶段时,可以观察到系统对于氨氮的去除率稳定在82．96％左右,表现出较好的氨氮去除效果;出水亚硝酸盐含量一直维持在较低的水平,其最大值不超过3．84mg·L-1;COD的平均去除率为54．72％,基本实现了同一反应器中的有机物和氨氮的共同去除。异养硝化SBR反应器温度为29℃时,反应器对氨氮和总氮的去除能力最大为82．28％和47．27％;在pH值为8．0时,氨氮去除率最高达到80．15％。C／N〈4．5时,随着C／N比的增加,氨氮和总氮的去除率快速增加;在C/N为6时,氨氮去除率最高达到87．62％。     

Flow characteristic and wastewater treatment performance of a pilot-scale airlift oxidation ditch

A pilot-scale airlift oxidation ditch using bubble diffuser and baffle as aerator was operated in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to investigate its flow characteristic and wastewater treatment performance. Compared with the conventional oxidation ditch process, effective depth and oxygen utilization efficiency of this new process was improved by underwater aeration. Furthermore, it had a reversed velocity distribution, which decreased from the bottom to the top on vertical section. Velocity measurement showed that a velocity over 0.2m/s at the bottom was sufficient to prevent sludge settlement during long term operation. Application of these concepts would save land area and energy consumption by about 25%―50% and 55%, respectively. In this new system, organic biodegradation and nitrification could be well achieved. Denitrification could occur steadily in the straight part by adjusting the airflow rate. An average TN removal rate of 63% was achieved with dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations between 0.6mg/L and 1.5mg/L. The main pollutants in the effluent could meet the strictest discharge standard (COD<50mg/L, NH₄⁺―N<5mg/L, and TN<15mg/L) in China now.     

美达棉纤维挂载生物膜法处理石化废水中油

本文介绍了利用美达棉纤维持载生物摸法处理石化废水中油的试验结果。当废水在柱内停留时间为６．３ｈ，废水中油的处理效果是令人满意的。在同一含停留时间下入流水的ＣＯＤｃｒ从４２０ｍｇ／Ｌ变到１８３２ｍｇ／Ｌ时，出流水的ＣＯＤｃｒ在１６８．５ｍｇ／Ｌ以下。     

仿生植物附着微生物膜对污染水体氮素迁移转化效能分析

通过室外及室内控制试验,研究5种常见填料作为原材料制成的仿生植物对污染水体氮素的去除性能,结果表明,仿生植物原材料的差异将直接影响其附着生物膜特性,其附着生物膜量、硝化强度、反硝化强度以及硝化细菌、反硝化细菌均表现为：软性填料﹥组合填料﹥悬浮填料﹥立体弹性填料﹥半软性填料。水深对仿生植物附着生物膜亦有不同程度的影响,其中生物膜量随水深的增加并未表现出明显的分层效应,而生物膜硝化作用强度、硝化细菌随水深的增加逐渐降低,但生物膜反硝化作用强度、反硝化细菌则随水深的增加则呈现出逐渐增加的趋势。5种不同材质的仿生植物对水体TN、NH4＋-N、NO3--N具有较好的去除效果,去除率表现为：软性填料﹥组合填料﹥悬浮填料﹥立体弹性填料﹥半软性填料﹥对照系统。同时,仿生植物种植密度也影响其对水体氮素的去除效果,表现为CK〈7株·m-3〈13株·m-3〈20株·m-3,研究结果将为仿生植物的野外实际应用及我国城市重污染河道水质原位修复提供技术支持。     

Field experiment on biological contact oxidation process to treat polluted river water in the Dianchi Lake watershed

In this study two types of biological contact oxidation processes (BCOP), a step-feed (SBCOP) unit and an inter-recycle (IBCOP) unit, were designed to investigate the treatment of heavily polluted river water. The Daqing River, which is the largest pollutant contributor to the Dianchi Lake, one of the most eutrophic freshwater lakes in China, was taken for the case study. It was found that the SBCOP had higher adaptability and better performance in the reduction of COD, TN, and TP, which made it applicable for the treatment of polluted river water entering the Dianchi Lake. Nitrification rate was observed to be greatly affected by the influent temperature. During each season, the nitrification in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP. TN removal efficiency in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP during the winter and spring but poorer during the summer, possibly due to the inhibition of denitrification by higher dissolved oxygen level in the summer. Moreover, symbiotic algaebacteria growth may be conducive to the removal of pollutants.