联合站储油罐区火灾危险性分析及维修控制安全探讨

本文分析了联合站储油罐区的火灾危险性,阐明了引起火灾的各种原因如明火、静电火花、雷击、碰撞和摩擦火花、电气设备故障、自燃等。一旦发生火灾,具有爆炸危险性大、易形成大面积燃烧、燃烧速度快、扑救难度大,损失大等特点。对储油罐动火维修的安全控制提出建议。     

储油罐事故分析及对策研究

储油罐是油品运输的中枢环节、储存的主要场所,油品的特殊性油品生产储运又具有技术密集、连续性强的特征,极易发生火灾爆炸事故。本文从储油罐事故原因入手,利用事故树方法,对储油罐的着火源和点火源进行分析,通过定量计算得出影响储罐事故的主要因素,针对性地提出预防对策,以期对储油罐事故模式及其安全措施有所把握,减少火灾、爆炸事故的发生。     

大型石油库火灾成因分析及预防策略

油库储油罐储存的油品均属甲乙类火灾危险性油,故具有易燃、易爆性。同时存储量大,一旦发生事故,其后果将会非常严重。从系统安全的角度分析储油罐发生火灾爆炸事故的因素,建立鱼刺图,从而提出相应措施,以减少和防止油库区的火灾爆炸事故。     

储油罐和储罐区防火防爆注意事项

储油罐和储罐区储油多,危险性大,容易发生火灾和爆炸事故,必须按照有关规定,建立防火、防爆制度,经常进行防火巡查,严格进行消防安全管理,确保消防安全。储油罐、储罐区防火防爆应按GB50183、GB50074规定,低倍数空气泡沫灭火系统应按GB50151规定;储罐区应保持整洁,防火堤内应无干草,无油污,无可燃物;储罐     

邦斯菲尔德油库火灾爆炸事故反思(下)

2005年12月11日,英国邦斯菲尔德油库发生火灾爆炸事故,共烧毁储油罐20余座,受伤43人,造成直接经济损失2.5亿英镑。虽无人员死亡,但此次事故成为欧洲迄今为止最大的火灾爆炸事故。本刊在2期和3期分上、下两部分对此次事故的原因进行深度剖析。     

邦斯菲尔德油库火灾爆炸事故反思(上)

2005年12月11日,英国邦斯菲尔德油库发生火灾爆炸事故,共烧毁储油罐20余座,受伤43人,造成直接经济损失2.5亿英镑。虽无人员死亡,但此次事故成为欧洲迄今为止最大的火灾爆炸事故。本刊在2015年第2期和3期分上下两部分对此次事故的原因进行深度剖析。     

利用水油隔离法扑救油罐泄漏火灾

本文分析了储油罐和汽车槽罐车油罐的泄漏部位和相应的危险性,提出了利用水油隔离法扑救油罐底部泄漏火灾的方法、适用对象和注意事项.     

大型原油商业储备油库火灾危险性数值模拟分析

石油储备油库多向大型化、复杂化方向发展,发生事故时扑救非常困难。为了深入探讨巨型油罐火灾发展趋势与规律、事故危害后果,结合宁夏惠安堡原油商业储备油库这一工程实例,采用基于大涡模拟的FDS模型作为模拟计算平台,对巨型油罐火灾的燃烧过程进行数值模拟计算。通过分析计算,得到烟气分布、温度分布、热辐射强度分布等火灾过程参数的变化趋势,以及在有风和无风状态下着火罐对相邻油罐的影响,探讨现行建设工程消防技术标准就储罐防火间距、火灾时对邻近罐体冷却设计要求运用于巨型储油罐时的消防安全状况,为巨型储油罐消防安全科学合理设计提供理论依据。     

大型浮顶油罐的危险性分析及安全对策

随着我国经济的飞速发展,国内储油罐趋向大型化发展。大型储罐具有节约钢材、占地少、投资低、便于操作管理等优点。油罐内储存的各种油品一般都具有易挥发、易流失、易燃烧、易爆炸等性质,一旦发生火灾,就会造成重大的经济损失。而且油罐火灾损失巨大,难以扑救,所以说油罐的安全已成为石油化工行业的焦点。针对大型浮顶油罐的危险性,对大量的事故案例进行了分析。在此基础上,提出了强调使用二次密封技术,设计、施工和管理上加强浮船与罐壁之间的密封,安装火灾报警和自动泡沫灭火系统,重视中央排水叠管的密封性及油罐基础的稳定性等安全对策措施。     

石油化工企业大型油罐火灾灭火剂研究

在扑救大型油罐火灾时,充足有效的灭火剂储备量至关重要,本文通过分析大型储油罐泡沫灭火剂的类型、灭火效果,进一步说明了泡沫灭火剂存储量的影响因素及运送调运方式,旨在确定大型油罐火灾扑救灭火剂储备种类、数量和储备方式,解决大型油罐火灾发生后的灭火剂保障及转输问题,提高消防部队后勤综合保障能力和应急保障水平。     

Characteristics of large cooking oil pool fires and their extinguishment by water mist

Large cooking oil pool fires, occurring in industrial oil cookers, present a severe hazard to food processing plants due to their size and the large amount of hot oil involved. This paper reports a series of full-scale fire experiments conducted in a large industrial oil cooker mock-up. The characteristics of large cooking oil pool fires and the effect of oil depth and hood position in the oil cooker on fire growth were studied. The use of water mist for extinguishing large oil pool fires and their extinguishing performance under different discharge pressure and with different types of water mist systems were investigated. Experimental results showed that the cooking oil underwent a substantial expansion in volume during heating. The fires developed quickly once the oil auto-ignited. The fire growth rate was affected by the oil depth in the pan and the hood position in the oil cooker. The water mist fire suppression systems effectively extinguished large cooking oil fires and prevented them from re-igniting. Their extinguishing performance was determined by the type of water mist system, discharge pressure and hood position in the oil cooker.     

含F-500的低压细水雾抑制B类火灾的实验研究

通过全尺寸实验研究低压细水雾对抑制和熄灭B类火灾的有效性。分别使用圆形和方形油盘,以汽油和柴油为燃料进行低压细水雾灭火实验,并进一步研究含微胶囊F-500添加剂的细水雾灭火效果。结果表明,低压细水雾对抑制和熄灭B类火具有一定的有效性,但容易出现灭大火容易灭小火难的现象,并且对于"角落火"难以扑灭。而添加了微胶囊F-500的低压细水雾,灭火效率较纯水细水雾提高约3～5倍,能有效扑灭死角火,同时提高火场能见度。分别用1%、3%、6%的F-500溶液作为灭火介质,实验表明,不同浓度的F-500溶液具有不同的灭火效果。综合考虑经济性和有效性因素:对于大多数B类火灾场合,F-500溶液的最佳配比为1%;对于危险性大或火灾荷载大的场合,微胶囊F-500水溶液的最佳配比为3%。     

油品火灾形势分析研究

根据<中国消防年鉴对近年油品火灾起数、造成人员伤亡、直接财产损失、起火原因等情况进行分析,揭示油品火灾的特点和规律,分析油品消防安全工作的薄弱环节和重点方向,并对今后如何做好油品消防安全工作提出对策和建议.     

含微胶囊添加剂的低压细水雾厨房灭火实验研究

通过全尺寸实验研究低压细水雾对抑制和熄灭K类火灾的有效性。选用三种喷头进行灭火实验,并选择灭火效果最好的喷头进行含微胶囊F-500添加剂的细水雾灭火实验。结果表明,低压细水雾对抑制和熄灭食用油火灾具有一定的效果,但容易发生复燃。而添加了微胶囊F-500的低压细水雾,灭火效率较纯细水雾提高约3～10倍,且能有效地避免复燃,同时提高了火场的能见度。不同浓度的F-500溶液具有不同的灭火效果,综合考虑经济性和有效性因素,3％浓度的F-500溶液是厨房低压细水雾灭火系统的最佳灭火介质。     

基于油罐火灾数值模拟的模型选取与分析

计算机模拟方法是当今研究油罐火灾发生、发展规律的重要手段。为此 ,从油罐燃烧的特点出发 ,搜集了当前最新的 1 7种火灾模型 ,对比分析了它们的特点和适用范围 ,并筛选出 7种适于模拟油罐火灾的模型 :ALOFT -FT ,FDS ,CFX ,FLUENT ,PHOENICS ,JASMINE和FIRE。通过对这些模型计算方法的进一步比较 ,分析了利用这 7种模型模拟油罐火灾的优点和缺点。最后 ,提出了运用FDS模型模拟油罐火灾的优势 ,并用其进行了计算和分析 ,得到了满意的结果     

An Overview of the Nature of Hydrocarbon Jet Fire Hazards in the Oil and Gas Industry and a Simplified Approach to Assessing the Hazards

High pressure jet fires pose a serious hazard to offshore installations operated by the oil and gas industry as demonstrated by the Piper Alpha incident. Following the Piper Alpha incident a major initiative by the offshore oil and gas industry operators led to the production of Interim Guidance Notes which provided guidance to operators on how to assess jet fire hazards. However, many areas of uncertainty were identified where no data was available. Areas of particular concern identified in the Interim Guidance Notes were two-phase jet fires, the effect of confinement on jet fires and their behaviour with water deluge. Since that time a considerable body of experimental research has been undertaken. Based on this recent data, this paper reassesses jet fire hazards in an offshore environment and provides updated guidance on the hazards they pose, including tabulated data and simple calculation techniques for predicting jet fire hazards.     

Fire and explosion disasters occurred due to the Great East Japan Earthquake (March 11, 2011)

The Great East Japan Earthquake (magnitude 9.0 Mw: the moment magnitude scale, based on the seismic moment of the earthquake) occurred at 14:46, March 11, 2011. It triggered huge tsunami waves (seismic sea waves) that reached heights of up to about 20 m. In this paper, the fire and explosion disasters occurred due to the Great East Japan Earthquake are reported shortly. Some fires occurred in seacoast areas after tsunami attacks and some of them were spreading very widely to the tsunami flooded areas. It is important to study the mechanisms of such fires (tsunami fires) for preparing huge tsunami. After the earthquake, a very severe accident happened in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. Three reactors experienced full meltdown. During this disaster, hydrogen explosions occurred and made the situation more serious. It has to be realized once again that the countermeasures for hydrogen explosions is indispensable. Also Large scale BLEVEs (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions) happened at LPG storage area in an oil refinery in Chiba Prefecture. This accident started from the falling down of an LPG storage tank by earthquake motions. The tank was heavier than usual, as it was filled with water (1.7 times heavier than LPG) for periodic inspection. Considering these disasters, we have to think about how we prepare the accident of low probability and of very severe consequence. Recently, the risk based approach is widely utilized. However, for such disasters it seems not enough to perform safety management only by risk based approach. Not only probabilistic approach (Risk), but also deterministic approach (Emergency plan, Mitigation technique) should be taken in account.     

2004年我国事故与灾害状况综述

2004年我国共发生各类事故803 571起,死亡136 755人.文中给出了这些安全生产事故及自然灾害中火灾(城乡火灾、森林火灾、草原火灾)、气象灾害(沙尘天气、干旱、暴雨洪涝、夏季高温等)、农业自然灾害(干旱、洪涝、风雹、低温冻害)、海洋灾害(风暴潮、赤潮、海浪、海冰、溢油)、地质灾害(地震、泥石流)以及药物不良反应的分类总结和具体评述.     

池火灾评价法在环氧乙烷罐区的应用研究

以某石油化工厂区为工程应用背景,通过对环氧乙烷储罐区计算模型的建立,应用池火灾评价法对环氧乙烷储罐发生池火灾的热辐射伤害区域进行了定量计算,得出环氧乙烷罐区发生池火灾的各级影响半径和造成的伤害程度。结果表明,只有当人员撤离罐区67.35 m范围外方可避免受到热辐射伤害。从环氧乙烷罐区的整体安全性出发,提出了具体的防护措施和建议,为企业的安全管理工作提供参考依据。     

催化裂解装置火灾爆炸危险性评价

道氏方法是对石化装置风险性进行量化评价的一种行之有效的方法,尤其是对装置的系统和单元的固有危险性及安全设施降低危险性的安全补偿作用进行认识和评价,采用道化学公司的火灾、爆炸危险指数法,对安庆石化炼油厂65×104t/a催化裂解装置的潜在火灾爆炸和反应危险性进行评价和分析,得到“严重”以上程度的单元有:加热炉、丙烷塔、丙烯塔、液化气储罐和汽油柴油储罐、反应器、瓦斯发生器、乙烷塔和稳定器,同时给出单元的危险等级和薄弱环节,为工厂的风险管理和安全管理决策提供了科学依据,并为降低装置风险提出了建议。