Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land.A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi.The loamy soil was mixed with 0%,20%,40%,60% and 80%(by weight)of digested sewage sludge(SS)and composted sludge (SC).The additions of the both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions,resulting in that exchangeable(EXCH)and organic matter(OM) became predominance for Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion.There was more available amount for Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments.During the pot experiment,the concentration of Zn in EXCH,carbonate(CAR)and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments,so their bioavailability reduced.Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi.The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments.Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship toΔEXCH andΔCAR forms but also inΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures.Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted byΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time,which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Effect of two biogas residues’ application on copper and zinc fractionation and release in different soils

Biogas residue (BR) is widely used as a new green fertilizer in agriculture in China. However, it often contains a high concentration of heavy metals so its application should cause our concern. An incubation experiment was conducted to study the risk of pig biogas residue (PBR) and chicken biogas residue (CBR) application on Liuminying soil (LS) and Yixing soil (YS). The soils were incubated for one, three and six months with 0, 2%, 4% and 6% addition of BRs. According to BCR extraction results, the PBR and CBR applications induced an increase in the concentration of exchangeable fraction of Zn. As for the concentration of exchangeable fraction of Cu, an increase was only observed in the treatments with PBR application. The heavy metal binding intensity also showed a similar trend. With the PBR application, for the LS and YS, the highest concentrations of exchangeable Zn increased 3.6 and 9.5 times, respectively, while the exchangeable Cu was increased by 52.6% and 187.1%. Dissolved organic carbon was the limiting factor for the exchangeable Cu while the exchangeable Zn was controlled by soil pH. PBR presented more agricultural risk than CBR when used as fertilizer. Meanwhile, BRs were more adaptable to LS than YS according to the heavy metal release results.     

铜污染对土壤细菌群落结构及重金属抗性基因的影响

重金属Cu在土壤中长期积累会对微生物产生毒害作用,为了探究Cu污染对土壤细菌群落及重金属抗性基因的影响,本研究建立了不同Cu浓度(50、100、200、300、500、750和1000 mg·kg-1)的土壤微宇宙,基于高通量测序和荧光定量PCR技术分析比较不同Cu浓度下培养14d后土壤细菌群落及重金属抗性基因的变化....     

粉煤灰钝化污泥对土壤理化性质及玉米重金属累积的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究施用不同量及不同比例粉煤灰钝化污泥对土壤理化性质、玉米生长和重金属累积的影响。试验结果表明：施用粉煤灰钝化污泥能显著提高酸性土壤的pH值和Ca、Mg、B的含量,降低土壤的电导率和重金属的有效性。施用合适比例和合适量的粉煤灰钝化污泥能明显改善土壤的物理性质,增加土壤的N、P养分,并能显著提高玉米地上部干物重。10％和5％是高施用量和低施用量时合适的粉煤灰加入比例,施用此比例粉煤灰钝化污泥时,玉米的地上部干物重显著高于施用化肥的对照土壤或于之相当,且没有硼和重金属的毒害。     

堆肥对重金属污染土壤Cu、Cd形态变化的影响

通过盆栽茼蒿试验研究了不同堆肥用量对重金属Cu、Cd污染土壤根际土和非根际土中Cu、Cd形态变化的影响.结果表明,随着堆肥用量的增加,非根际土和根际土交换态(含水溶态)Cu含量显著增加,最大值是对照的6.0倍;;有机结合态Cu含量在非根际土中显著升高,而在根际土中则先显著升高后降低,两者最大值是对照处理的1.1倍;;非根际土中无机结合态Cu含量先降低后升高;;非根际土和根际土残渣态Cu含量都先显著增加后基本不变.随着堆肥用量增加,非根际土中交换态(含水溶态)Cd含量显著降低,有机结合态和残渣态Cd含量显著升高,无机结合态Cd含量变化不明显;;根际土中,交换态(含水溶态)Cd含量先降低后升高,有机结合态Cd含量显著上升,无机结合态和残渣态Cd先上升后下降.因此,供试堆肥可作为修复剂减弱Cd的危害,但长期施用会造成Cu的累积,应慎重考虑.     

土施和喷施锌肥对镉低积累油菜吸收镉的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了土施和喷施不同用量Zn SO4对镉(Cd)低积累油菜生长、Cd吸收及微量元素含量的影响,并通过分析Cd在油菜体内的累积分配规律及土壤Cd有效性变化来揭示其作用机理.结果表明,土施锌(Zn)肥可以显著提高Cd低积累油菜的地上部生物量,最大可使其比对照处理增加71.4%;而喷施Zn肥对Cd低积累油菜地上部生物量没有显著影响.土施和喷施Zn肥都可显著降低Cd低积累油菜的地上部Cd含量,最大降幅为41.4%;在Zn肥用量相差8~10倍的情况下,二者降低油菜地上部Cd含量的效果无显著差异.土施Zn肥可使Cd低积累油菜地上部Cu和Fe含量显著升高,而喷施Zn肥对其没有显著影响,土施和喷施Zn肥都使Cd低积累油菜地上部Mn含量显著降低.土施Zn肥可显著提高土壤有效态Zn含量,但对土壤有效Cd含量没有显著影响;土施和喷施Zn肥可以显著降低油菜根部Cd净吸收量和Cd转运系数,油菜地上部Cd含量与根部Cd净吸收量呈显著的正相关关系(p0.01),而与Cd转运系数无显著的相关性,这表明施用Zn肥降低油菜地上部Cd含量主要是由于抑制根部Cd吸收引起的.总之,喷施Zn肥是调控Cd低积累油菜安全生产的较好措施.     

污泥龄对膜生物反应器污泥特性及膜污染的影响

研究了污泥龄对胞外聚合物(EPS)总量、紧密粘附胞外聚合物(TB)和松散附着胞外聚合物(LB)含量及其中蛋白质与多糖比例的影响.结果表明,随污泥龄的延长,混合液EPS总量增加,TB和LB中蛋白质与多糖比例发生变化.这种变化改变了细菌表面电荷分布,增大了细菌表面亲水基和疏水基的比例,使细菌的存在状态由不稳定型(R型)向稳定型(S型)转变,降低了混合液Zeta电位,SVI值增大.采用SPSS软件对膜污染的主要因子进行了相关性分析,Zeta电位、上清液悬浮固体浓度、相对疏水性的相关系数分别为-0.818、0.853、0.832.综合考虑膜污染阻力和污泥特性,膜生物反应器的污泥龄应控制在优势菌最小世代时间的120倍以下.     

市政污水厂脱水污泥对赤子爱胜蚓生长与繁殖的影响

在人工土壤条件下,通过添加5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、35%、50%(质量分数,以干重计)的市政污水厂脱水污泥(以下简称"污泥"),研究了添加污泥后对赤子爱胜蚓存活、生长和繁殖的影响,旨在为污泥农用对土壤生物的影响提供基础的参考数据.结果表明,随污泥掺入量增大,蚯蚓的死亡率先减小后增大,繁殖率逐渐减小;添加适量的污泥有利于蚯蚓生长,但没有显著的剂量-效应关系.蚯蚓的死亡和生长主要受重金属(尤其是Cu)的影响,繁殖能力受重金属和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)共同影响.PAM的降解与蚯蚓的生存情况紧密相关.最终确定污泥的掺入量不宜超过20%.     

黔西土法炼锌区Pb、Zn、Cd地球化学迁移特征

黔北土法炼锌致使Pb、Zn、Cd在土壤和水体大量积累,危及到整个生态系统.以小流域为例,探索了废渣、土壤、水体的Pb、Zn、Cd地球化学形态及其迁移性.结果表明,冶炼废渣的Pb、Zn、Cd含量分别为4 632、 8 968、 58 mg·kg^-1;污染土壤Pb、Zn、Cd含量分别达到234、 400、 9.6 mg·kg^-1.废弃地的地球化学形态分析表明,污染土壤的Pb、Zn、Cd可交换态含量较高,具有较大迁移性和生物有效性,相对而言,废渣中Pb、Zn、Cd具有很低的生物有效性和迁移性,交换态含量低于0.2%.冶炼区的地表水受到严重的Pb、Zn、Cd污染,地下水重金属含量未超出三类水体的质量标准.在地表水体中,可溶态的Pb、Zn、Cd含量少,主要以悬浮态存在,表明了河流重金属污染主要来自于沿岸水土流失.     

生物炭负载铁前后对复合污染土壤中Cd、Cu、As淋失和形态转化的影响研究

复合污染土壤中Cd、Cu等阳离子重金属与As具有不同的化学性质和迁移转化行为.本研究以负载铁前后的小麦秸秆生物炭作为修复材料,研究酸雨淋溶条件下两者对复合污染土壤中Cd、Cu、As淋失量及赋存形态的影响;通过分析淋滤液pH值、电导率和溶解性有机碳含量等,探讨其可能的作用机制.结果表明,生物炭和负载铁生物炭均显著提高了淋滤液pH值和电导率.溶解性有机碳淋失量在生物炭处理中较对照(CK)处理提高3.4%~15.9%,而在负载铁生物炭处理中则降低27.3%~60.8%.与生物炭不同,负载铁生物炭能够不同程度地降低Cd、Cu和As的淋失,5%施用量下累积淋失量较CK处理分别降低85.7%、19.0%和62.1%.对淋溶后土壤中重金属和As赋存形态进行分析发现,施用生物炭促进了土壤中Cd和Cu由酸提取态向残渣态转化,却使As由无定形及弱结晶铁铝氧化物结合态向专性吸附态转化.负载铁生物炭能够降低土壤中有效态Cd、Cu和As含量,相较于CK处理酸提取态Cd、Cu和非专性吸附态As含量分别减少3.6%~13.4%、7.5%~24.4%和19.0%~58.8%,而可还原态Cd和残渣态Cu、As含量分别增加4.3%~43.3%、2.2%~18.1%和44.9%~53.5%,其中,5%施用量下差异达到显著水平.综合而言,在5%施用量下,生物炭能够降低土壤中有效态Cd、Cu含量,却提高了As的迁移性和有效性;而负载铁生物炭既降低了酸雨淋溶条件下Cd、Cu、As的淋失,还促进了土壤中Cd、Cu、As由有效态向潜在有效态或稳定态转化,是修复重金属和砷复合污染土壤的有效材料.     

Study on the proposed environmental guidelines for Cd, Hg, Pb and As in soil of China

This paper deals with the soil-environmental standard. According to the current situation of researching on the soil-environmental quality guideline at home and abroad, and on the basis of the foundations and principles of enacting the soil-environmental standard, the soil environment quality guideline values of Hg, Cd, Pb and As were suggested.     

Changes in the sorption, desorption, distribution, and availability of copper, induced by application of sewage sludge on Chilean soils contaminated by mine tailings

The effect of mine tailings and sewage sludge was evaluated on sorption, desorption, availability and distribution of copper in two soils, one high (sandy soil) and one low in copper (clay soil). In both soils contaminated by mine tailings the copper sorption capacity and the affinity of the substrate for the metal decreased substantially compared to the uncontaminated soils, however, the sorption remained always high in the clay soil substrates. In the substrates with sandy soil, the high Cu content and lower clay content were determining factors in the lower magnitude of the sorption. Similarly, metal desorption was closely related to these two parameters, and it was higher in clay soil with lower pH. In general, the application of sewage sludge favored the sorption of Cu in soils contaminated and uncontaminated with mine tailings, and in all cases desorption decreased, an effect that remained for at least 30 days. Simple extraction of Cu with CaCl2 and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid gave contradictory results, so a careful choice of the procedure is required, depending on the level of metal in the soil and on the acting principle of the extracting agent. In that relation, more complete information on the changes in the metal forms was obtained by application of the sequential extraction procedure proposed by the European Community Bureau of Reference.     

粉煤灰污泥混料改良对重金属在植物体内的迁移及其生物有效性的影响研究

本文通过盆栽试验研究以粉煤灰和污泥混合物为主要添加剂改良石灰岩质退化土壤后对玉米生长发育的影响,并根据重金属富集系数探讨重金属在玉米体内的迁移状况及其生物有效性。试验结果表明：石灰岩质土壤中添加粉煤灰污泥混合物后能显著促进玉米的生长,其养分具有缓慢释放的效果。重金属分析结果显示,不同配比条件下的生长介质中,重金属含量符...     

污泥对樟子松生物量及其重金属积累和土壤重金属有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同剂量污泥(体积分数,即污泥体积占污泥和沙土总体积的百分比,分别为:0、20%、33.3%、50%和100%)施用于风沙土条件下,污泥剂量对樟子松幼苗生物量及其对重金属的累积和土壤中重金属有效性的影响.结果表明,在养分含量低的风沙土中,施用污泥能够显著提高樟子松幼苗生物量,最适剂量为50%;污泥剂量的增加可促进樟子松植株对重金属的吸收和累积,在最适剂量(50%)条件下,樟子松植株中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn的累积量分别是对照(不施污泥)的18.0、8.9、17.1、11.5倍;樟子松植株重金属吸收速率顺序为:ZnCuPbCd,而迁移系数顺序为:ZnCdCuPb;土壤中有效态重金属含量随污泥剂量的增加而增加,而植株收获后土壤中有效态重金属下降幅度均小于对照.     

Heavy metal availability and impact on activity of soil microorganisms along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient

All the regulations that define a maximum concentration of metals in the receiving soil are based on total soil metal concentration. However, the potential toxicity of a heavy metal in the soil depends on its speciation and availability. We studied the effects of heavy metal speciation and availability on soil microorganism activities along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient. Microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soil contaminated with both Cu and Zn were investigated. The results showed that microbial biomass was negatively affected by the elevated metal levels. The microbial biomass-C （Cmic）/organic C （Corg） ratio was closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There were negative correlations between soil microbial biomass, phosphatase activity and NH4NO3 extractable heavy metals. The soil microorganism activity could be predicted using empirical models with the availability of Cu and Zn. We observed that 72% of the variation in phosphatase activity could be explained by the NH4NO3-extractable and total heavy metal concentration. By considering different monitoring approaches and different viewpoints, this set of methods applied in this study seemed sensitive to site differences and contributed to a better understanding of the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of microorganisms in soils. The data presented demonstrate the relationship between heavy metals availability and heavy metal toxicity to soil microorganism along a contamination gradient.     

Effects of field application of phosphate fertilizers on the availability and uptake of lead, zinc and cadmium by cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) in a mining tailing contaminated soil

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals including lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in a soil contaminated by mining tailings in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. Three commercial phosphate (P) fertilizers including phosphate rock (PR), calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), and single superphosphate (SSP) were applied to the plot at three P application rates, 50, 300, and 500 g/m2 with 9 treatments and control (CK). Plants, water soluble and exchangeable (WE) extra...