石油降解菌群构建的研究

通过初步有序组合方法将筛选得到的原油降解菌株A5、A6、YA5、YA6,十六烷降解菌株B3、YB3,萘降解菌株C3、YC3,石蜡降解菌株及表面活性剂菌株D4共9株优良菌株进行组合后分别做液态原油降解实验,排除拮抗效应,优化互生效应。结果发现:A5、YB3、YC3、D4配伍组合为最佳方案,此时的原油降解率达到58.6%,再通过正交法确定这四种菌株的配比,结果发现:当A5∶YB3∶YC3∶D4为0.5∶1∶0.1∶0.5时,对原油的降解效率最高为61.3%。     

球壳孢菌和胶孢炭疽菌的液体培养特性研究

对银杏叶内生真菌球壳孢科菌株A114和胶孢炭疽菌菌株05—27的液体培养特性的初步研究得出：两种菌株均在马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基中生长最好、菌丝产量最高，在pH4．0-8．5的马丁氏液体培养基中均能生长。A114菌株和05—27菌株的最佳氮、碳源分别为酵母粉和葡萄糖，A114菌株最适pH为6．6，05—27菌株最适pH为6．9。     

4株苯磺隆降解菌的分离鉴定及其生长特性

从长期受农药苯磺隆污染的土壤中通过采用富集培养分离技术得到4株以苯磺隆为唯一碳源生长的细菌,分别将其命名为B1、B2、B3和B4。通过观察这4种菌株的形态学特征,研究其生理生化特性以及分析其16S rDNA序列,初步鉴定菌株B1为铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）,B2为戴尔福特菌（Delftia sp.）,B3为微杆菌（Microbacterium sp.）,B4为产碱杆菌（Alcaligenes sp.）。并通过研究温度、初始pH值、接种量、苯磺隆初始浓度、培养基体积、氮源、碳源、Mg^2＋浓度等因素对4种菌株生长情况的影响,确定了菌株的最佳生长条件。结果显示,B1菌株的最适温度为35℃,其他3株菌株均为30℃。菌株B3最适pH为8.0,其余3株菌株均为pH7.0。B1和B3菌株最适接种量为15%,B2和B4最适接种量为10%。菌株B3最适苯磺隆初始浓度为100mg·L^-1,其余菌株最适苯磺隆初始浓度均为200mg·L^-1。4株菌株最适培养基体积均为75mL,最适氮源均为硝酸铵,最适碳源均为葡萄糖。B2菌株最适Mg^2＋浓度为100mg·L^-1,其余3株菌株均为200mg·L^-1。B1和B4菌株最适NaCl浓度为20g·L^-1,B2菌株NaCl浓度为5-30g·L^-1,B3菌株最适NaCl浓度为50g·L^-1。该结果为利用微生物对农药苯磺隆污染的土壤进行原位生物修复提供理论依据。     

一株纤维素分解菌利用枳实废渣产酶条件的研究

以枳实废渣为碳源,对产纤维素酶G2菌进行固体发酵,通过测定FPA、CMC、C1酶活的大小,对其产酶条件进行优化研究.结果表明产酶最适条件为:枳实在发酵前需进行酸处理;氮源为硫酸铵;含水率为70%;初始pH为5～6;发酵周期为6天.在以上最适条件下,G2菌酶活力为FPA:31.8 IU/ml,CMC:11.86 IU/ml,C1:15.79 IU/ml.     

氨氮降解菌最佳培养条件及降解动力学研究＊

从污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选分离得到一株高效氨氮降解菌AD-5,研究了温度、pH值、摇床转速以及接种量对降解菌AD-5的影响。实验结果表明:降解菌AD-5最适生长温度为35℃,最适宜培养基pH为7,最适宜摇床转速为120r/min,100mLLB液体培养基,最适宜的接种量为6.0mL。在最佳培养条件下菌株AD-5具有更高的活性。菌种AD-5对氨氮的降解动力学实验结果表明:氨氮的残留浓度Y与时间X符合方程Y=73.3836e(-0.07722)X。     

甾体激素医药工业废水降解菌的分离与特性

从江苏省某甾体激素医药原料企业工业废水取样,经定向富集培养技术进行该类型废水降解功能菌株的分离,在好氧条件下分离得到54株细菌。通过高效菌的配伍分析,最后选择出了6株高活力功能降解菌,并初步鉴定为不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter sp.）,编号：CDUT QY-12;假单胞杆菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）,编号：CDUT J-1、H-2、QU-5和醋酸杆菌属（Acetobacter sp.）,编号：CDUT Q-1、X-3。以选出的高效降解功能菌组合培养物,对废水样品的处理试验,经COD和TLC分析表明,确证其具有生物降解甾体激素医药工业废水的能力。     

一株纤维素分解茵利用枳实废渣产酶条件的研究

以枳实废渣为碳源，对产纤维素酶G2茵进行固体发酵，通过测定FPA、CMC、C1酶活的大小，对其产酶条件进行优化研究。结果表明产酶最适条件为：枳实在发酵前需进行酸处理；氮源为硫酸铵；含水率为70％；初始pH为5～6；发酵周期为6天。在以上最适条件下，G2菌酶活力为FPA：31．8IU／ml，CMC：11．86IU／ml，C1：15．79IU／ml。     

纤维素降解真菌的分离鉴定及特性研究

经过实验分离到一株纤维素降解真菌CD-Q1,通过形态及分子生物学鉴定该真菌为匍匐根霉。该菌能够以滤纸、秸秆和脱酯棉为唯一碳源生长,8 d内可将26.5%的秸秆降解,可将7.5%的滤纸糖化。当以滤纸为唯一碳源时,pH=5条件下,滤纸失重及还原糖产生量最高,45 h内可将3%滤纸降解,生成0.845 mg/ml的还原糖(以葡萄糖计)。该纤维素降解真菌的分离为纤维素糖化及进一步利用提供了较好菌源,为纤维素降解性能的基因改良提供了理想的出发菌株。     

垃圾渗滤液COD降解菌株的筛选及其降解特性初探

采用不断增大垃圾渗滤液浓度的方法，筛选出3株能有效降解渗滤液的微生物DL01、DL02、DL03。以COD的去除率作为评价指标，研究常压。不同时间、温度以厦pH下优势菌株对渗滤液COD的降解特性。初步结果表明，优势菌株的接种量以7．5％（体积分数）最佳；各优势菌株对温度的适应范围较广，在20℃-40℃内具有较好的降解效果，COD的去除率均高于15．7％；3株优势茼株最适pH均为7，不同菌株耐受pH的范围不同，其中DL01对pH的适应范围最广，为6—9；在35℃，pH为7时，DL01对渗滤液COD的去除能力最强为35．5％，DL02和DL03分别为25．0％和21．5％；在此相同条件下，混合菌株比单一菌株的降解效果好，为39．3％；加入碳源有利于渗滤液COD的降解。无机氮源的加入使COD的去除率降低。     

塔什库尔干县土壤可培养细菌多样性及其胞外酶检测

对新疆塔什库尔干县土壤中可培养细菌多样性进行分析，以期初步阐明该地区土壤可培养细菌群落结构。采用5种琼脂培养基分离纯化可培养细菌，依据其16S rRNA基因序列进行系统发育分析，并运用平板法对纯化菌株的胞外酶产生情况进行检测。序列分析结果表明，33株细菌分别属于放线菌门（96.97%）和厚壁菌门（3.03%）等2个大的系统发育类群，5个属14个种。其中节杆菌属（48.48%）和假节杆菌属（24.24%）为优势菌属。培养基优势度指数结果显示，高氏1号培养基的优势度指数最高，菌株分离效果最好。分离菌株产胞外酶结果显示，33株细菌中含有至少1种胞外酶活性的菌株共19株（57.58%）。总体上，塔什库尔干县土壤中可培养细菌多样性较单一，细菌产单一种类胞外酶活性比例较高，分离菌株可为塔什库尔干县微生物资源的开发和利用提供前期基础。     

Cellulose degrading capabilities of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from the intestinal fluids of the silver cricket

Cellulose degrading bacteria were isolated from the intestinal fluid of the silver cricket Lepisma Sp. and a culture was developed anoxigenically in the cellulose degrading medium following standard laboratory techniques. The cellulolytic activity of the microbe was examined in a broth culture using Whatman 42 filter paper as the source of insoluble cellulose. Activity was measured spectrophotometrically (620nm) following Anthrone reaction of the culture filtrate and the sugar produced was quantified as a factor of time. The pH optimum was found to be between 7 and 8. Temperature profile optimum was between 30–37°C.The microbes appeared as white colonies on a solid medium. Morphologically the bacterium is a gram-positive nonspore forming rod which was tentatively identified as a new strain of Cellulomonas sp.     

Enrichment and isolation of endosulfan-degrading microorganisms

Endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,3,4-benzo-dioxathiepin-3-oxide) is a cyclodiene organochlorine currently used as an insecticide all over the world and its residues are posing a serious environmental threat. This study reports the isolation and identification of enriched microorganisms, capable of degrading endosulfan. Enrichment was achieved by using the insecticide as either the sole source of carbon or sulfur in parallel studies. Two strains each of fungi (F1 and F4) and bacteria (BF2 and B4) were selected using endosulfan as a sole carbon source. A Pandoraea species (Lin-3) previously isolated in our laboratory using lindane (gamma-HCH) as a carbon source was also screened for endosulfan degradation. F1 and F4 (Fusarium ventricosum) degraded alpha-endosulfan by as much as 82.2 and 91.1% and beta-endosulfan by 78.5 and 89.9%, respectively, within 15 d of incubation. Bacterial strains B4 and Lin-3 degraded alpha-endosulfan up to 79.6 and 81.8% and beta-endosulfan up to 83.9 and 86.8%, respectively, in 15 d. Among the bacterial strains isolated by providing endosulfan as a sulfur source, B4s and F4t degraded alpha-endosulfan by as much as 70.4 and 68.5% and beta-endosulfan by 70.4 and 70.8%, respectively, after 15 d. Degradation of the insecticide occurred concomitant with bacterial growth reaching an optical density (OD600) of 0.366 and 0.322 for B4 and Lin-3, respectively. High OD600 was also noted with the other bacterial strains utilizing endosulfan as a sulfur source. Fungal and bacterial strains significantly decreased the pH of the nutrient culture media while growing on endosulfan. The results of this study suggest that these novel strains are a valuable source of potent endosulfan-degrading enzymes for use in enzymatic bioremediation.     

The impact of environmental contamination with antibiotics on levels of resistance in soil bacteria

This study examined the effects of tetracycline and streptomycin on microorganisms in three different soil habitats: forest soil, agricultural soil, and compost. These antibiotics are commonly used in both medical and veterinary therapy as well as in the production of plant biomass and until quite recently, the production of animal biomass. Microcosms were used as model systems in which the number of microorganisms in environments containing different amounts of antibiotics was analyzed. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of tetracycline and streptomycin were determined. The MIC and MBC values of tetracycline against the tested strains were 20 to 180 microg/ mL and 30 to 300 microg/mL, respectively, and of streptomycin, 360 to 500 microg/mL and > or =500 microg/mL, respectively. Resistant bacterial strains were identified and their physiological profiles assessed. Streptomycin and tetracycline were found to reduce the number of bacteria in the studied soils by between 50 and 80%. Soil bacteria were found to be more resistant to streptomycin than to tetracycline. The bacterial species showing the highest resistance to tetracycline were Rhizobium radiobacter, Burkholderia cepacia, Brevundimonas vesicularis, and Pasteurella multocida. Most soils with high concentrations of streptomycin (5 mg/kg) contained Rhizobium radiobacter, Burkholderia cepacia, and Sphingomonas multivorum, among others. The strains most resistant to tetracycline were isolated from agricultural soil that is constantly subjected to tetracycline pressure from animal manures and biosolids. Among resistant strains, opportunistic pathogens were identified.     

HY1141和HY241菌产生的絮凝剂絮凝性能及水处理应用研究

从土壤中分离筛选得到絮凝剂产生菌HY1141和HY241,对高岭土悬浊液进行絮凝性能试验研究。试验结果表明：HY1141絮凝荆在ptt值为3．0时,絮凝率达到97．2％,HY241絮凝剂在pH值为4．0-7．0时,絮凝率在90％以上;絮凝剂的最佳投加量均为4mL／L,此时絮凝率分别达到98．2％和96．5％;HY1141和HY241絮凝剂所需CaCl2,最佳浓度分剐为0．5％和1．0％,此时絮凝率分刺为97．6％和96．8％;絮凝荆最佳静置时间分别为5min和10min。此外,两株菌所产絮凝刘对洪水和选矿废水都有一定的处理效果,且HY1141絮凝剂处理洪水效果较好,絮凝率为71．7％,COD去除率为81．8％;混合絮凝刺处理选矿废水效果较好,絮凝率为92．8％,COD去除率为96．0％。     

Biological treatment of clogged emitters in a drip irrigation system

This study was conducted to investigate microbial organisms that can be used for preventing clogging in drip irrigation systems caused by biological factors. A total of 25 fungi isolate and 121 bacterial strains were isolated from water samples collected from drip irrigation systems in tomato greenhouses in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey in the spring season of 2001. Biological clogging of emitters in a model drip irrigation system was experimentally caused by application of the microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) isolated in the study. Three antagonistic bacterial strains in the genus Bacillus spp (ERZ, OSU-142) and Burkholdria spp (OSU-7) were used for treatment of biological clogging of the emitters. The results showed that the antagonistic bacterial strains tested have the potential to be used as anti-clogging agents for treatment of emitters in drip irrigation system. This is the first study that demonstrated that antagonistic microorganisms can be utilized for treatment of clogging in drip irrigation systems.     

石油降解菌的分离筛选及混合菌群的构建与优化

以河南濮阳油田超重质原油为研究对象,从污染井场土壤中分离并筛选出几株高效降解细菌、酵母菌和霉菌。由于不同类型微生物对碳源的利用目标和方式有所不同,而将3类不同类型菌种进行排列组合进行降解实验,最终优选出一组石油降解优势菌群。该文还利用正交优化法对降解菌的最佳添加量进行计算,结果显示,最佳接种量为X25：1．5％,Z3：1％,X18：1％,Z28：2％。利用该优化结果进行降解实验,石油的降解率在一定程度上提高了。在对濮阳、南阳和延长油田不同原油进行为期8d的降解实验中,显示了较高的降解效率,降解率分别为56．93％、65．66％、82．69％。实验证明,该降解菌群能不仅能有效够降解超重油,而且对重质原油和轻质原油表现出更好的降解能力。因此,该研究为石油污染物的降解提供了有效的菌种资源。     

聚丙烯酰胺降解菌的分离和鉴定

三次采油产生的大量含聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的污水急需处理,其核心问题是PAM的生物化学降解。文章叙述了从含聚合物油田污水中分离到七株PAM降解菌的过程,并对其营养物体系进行了初步研究及分子生物学鉴定。结果表明,分离到的七株菌可以以PAM为唯一氮源和碳源进行生长,但是生长速度较慢,添加液蜡或酵母膏等可导致微生物菌群的共代谢,能加快PAM的生物降解。七株菌分别归类于放线杆菌纲和α-变形菌纲及芽孢杆菌,与数据库中已知菌的同源性均超过98%。     

An Investigation of Thermal Decomposition Behavior of Hazelnut Shells

Turkey has a drastic potential in terms of biomass energy and it would be of utmost importance for our energy mix if this huge amount of energy is to be utilized. Thermochemical conversion is the most dominant one among the energy conversion processes. The carbonization process is the key point in determining the kinetic parameters of the fuels utilized. Thereafter, the kinetic parameters obtained from carbonization would be utilized in designing the thermochemical conversion equipments. In this study, the thermal decomposition behavior of hazelnut shells was investigated via dynamical thermogravimetry (TG) under N₂ atmosphere. In order to determine the effects of heating rate and gas flow rate, the experiments were performed in four different heating rates of 5, 20, 50, and 100 K/min and two different nitrogen flow rates of 50 and 100 cm³/min. As the heating rate was increased, peak temperature was increased, maximum temperature shifted to the right (higher T zones) and the maximum rate of weight loss was increased. In addition, lignin decomposition temperature interval was decreased whereas; cellulose decomposition temperature interval was increased. Increasing the heating rate from 5 to 20 K/min, hemicellulose decomposition temperature interval was increased. Total weight loss was slightly increased by the increase of gas flow rate. Kinetic parameters were calculated according to Coats Redfern method. It was found that activation energies of thermal decomposition reactions of hazelnut shell varied between 1.30 and 32.19 kJ/mol.