不同部门监测机构施行环境监测存在的主要问题及其协调和规范

环境监测具有执法权威性和科学公正性.由于环境监测管理体制未尽完善等原因,不同部门监测机构施行环境监测存在一些亟待解决的问题.其中,管理体制中有关环境保护监测机构的法律属性不够明确,监测工作交叉重复、缺乏统一的规定和口径,各部门监测机构采用的标准不统一、监测数据可比性差是长期以来较为突出的现象.针对这些普遍关注的焦点,尝试寻求解决措施.阐明赋予环境监测职能部门及其监测活动明确法律地位和健全环境监测协调机制、确立环境保护部门监测机构作为监测工作牵头骨干、统一监督管理地位的必要性,扼要提出各部门监测机构规范化管理的基本思路,强调建立健全环境监测标准体系的重要性.旨在协调、规范各部门监测机构开展环境监测工作,强化环境监督管理,推进节能减排.     

环境监测质量保证必须面向环境管理

环境监测是环境管理的重要组成部分,环境监测必须面向环境管理,而监测质量是监测工作的关键。为了提高环境监测质量,文章提出了建立质量保证体系,加强监测工作的规范化管理,落实措施保证监测数据质量,加强监测队伍素质建设等对策。     

2014慕尼黑上海分析生化展(analytica China)关注环境监测与实验分析

正不论是实验室、科研院所、环境服务商,还是环境监测机构,都需要更有效、精确地进行环境监测和实验分析,使用最尖端的技术和仪器设备能帮助您高效采集样本并得到检测数据.以《国家环境监测"十二五"规划》为目标,强化监测站标准化建设、完善城市空气质量、地下水监测、沙尘暴控制、落实好重金属监测等工作成为了环境监测的重中之重.     

两栖动物监测方法和国外监测计划研究

两栖动物是生物多样性的重要组成部分,对环境变化非常敏感,可被用作环境监测的指示物种.介绍了两栖动物监测的指标、时间、频次以及监测的主要方法,包括目视遇测法、样线（带）法、繁殖区调查法、鸣叫调查法、围栏陷阱法、人工庇护所法、人工隐蔽物法和标志重捕法,分析了各种方法的适用性和局限性;还详细介绍了国外比较成熟的2个两栖动物监测计划——美国两栖动物监测计划和英国两栖爬行动物监测计划.     

有机磷农药化学结构与色谱保留值定量关系研究（Research on the Relation between Chemical Structures of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues and Their Chromatography Retention）

利用开放源代码软件CDK(Chemistry Development Kit)描述符和GC-MS以及GC-FPD测定值,对人参根部101种残留有机磷农药进行结构表征,分别以多元线性回归和偏最小二乘回归法建立定量结构色谱保留值关系模型.逐步线性回归模型的相关系数为R=0.942(R2=0.893),交互检验的复相关系数为R=0.912(R2cv=0.832).偏最小二乘模型的相关系数为R2=0.720,交互检验的复相关系数Q2=0.552.结果表明,原子极化率和电荷偏面积等分子属性具有表征能力强等优点,所建模型具有良好的稳定性和估计能力.     

analytica China 2014:看环境监测产业发展势如破竹

近年来,随着国民经济的快速发展和现代化工业建设的迅速崛起,我国环境问题日益凸显.作为污染物控制的重要检查和监测手段,环境监测行业受到越来越多的重视.在高端环境监测系统领域中,除传统的电化学、色谱、质谱分析技术外,精密机械、自动化、人工智能等多种核心技术也得到充分应用,使得环境监测仪器的应用范围和领域不断扩大.随着国家对环境监测投入的持续提升,以及相关法律法规的日臻完善,环境监测产业进入了飞速发展时期,预计未来2—3年,环境监测仪器仪表市场将维持20%     

基于Landsat 8影像的太湖生化需氧量遥感反演

生化需氧量(BOD)是监测水体有机污染的重要水质参数,运用遥感技术进行水体BOD监测具有快速、便捷的优势。利用2016年7月27日和2016年8月28日Landsat 8/OLI影像数据与2016年8月1—4日和2016年9月1—8日40个样点实测BOD浓度数据,对BOD浓度与Landsat 8像元光谱反射率进行相关分析并选取敏感波段,运用建模集数据构建偏最小二乘回归模型(模型决定系数为0.61,预测均方根误差为0.69mg·L~(-1),预测偏差比为1.61)进行数据验证,实测值和预测值的相关系数达到0.85,预测均方根误差为0.74mg·L~(-1),预测模型效果较好,说明应用Landsat8/OLI数据进行太湖BOD浓度监测具有可行性。将得到的偏最小二乘回归模型运用至2016年7月27日和2016年8月28日Landsat 8影像得到BOD遥感反演图,遥感反演图中BOD空间分布特征与2016年8月1—4日和2016年9月1—8日样点BOD空间插值结果吻合较好。遥感反演图能更清楚地表征太湖BOD的分布情况,BOD浓度从太湖南部向北部逐渐增加,中南部区域BOD浓度低,西北部、边缘地区以及东南部区域BOD浓度较高。运用太湖其他时段Landsat 8影像与实测BOD浓度构建偏最小二乘回归模型,2016年4月和2017年3月建模效果均比较好,说明偏最小二乘回归方法具有较强的适用性。分析多时段反演结果,2016年中期太湖有机污染状况较初期严重,说明水体有机物质受季节和温度等因素的影响。综上,偏最小二乘回归模型能够较准确估算水体BOD浓度及其空间分布,可为太湖有机污染的评价和治理提供依据。     

生物监测及其在环境监测中的应用(Biological Monitoring and Its Application in Environmental Monitoring)

生物监测是近几十年来发展起来的应用于环境监测领域的一门新兴技术,是指利用生物个体、种群或群落对环境污染或变化所产生的反应,从生物学角度对环境污染状况进行监测和评价.作为环境监测的重要组成部分,生物监测具有敏感性、长期性、连续性、经济性、非破坏性和综合性等优势,有望在生态系统环境监测、总量控制、环境风险评价、环境污染早期预警、突发事件监测和环境标准制定等领域取得突破.在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,从目前在环境监测中应用的生物监测的原理、分类、特点、方法学和实际应用等方面进行综述.尽管生物监测还有不足之处,但可以肯定,其发展和应用将会对环境监测事业产生极大的推动作用,有着非常广阔的发展前景.     

新形势下县级生态环境监测站工作现状与发展研究

环保系统"垂改"和政府机构改革后,县级生态环境监测站工作职能与履职环境发生重大调整.新形势下,为切实做好基层环境监测工作,更好地为环境执法和环境管理服务,针对目前县级生态环境监测工作所面临的几大矛盾,提出了应厘清各级环保部门所属监测机构的监测事权,加强基层人员队伍建设,积极提升监测能力,完善执法与监测协同机制,持续提升...     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法在土壤环境监测中的应用及进展

电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）作为高灵敏度的分析仪器,已被许多国家应用于环境监测中.本文综述了近年来电感耦合等离子体质谱在土壤样品分析测试中的应用,重点比较了土壤样品前处理中不同的消解体系和消解方式,介绍了激光熔蚀法、氢化物发生法和碰撞反应池技术等土壤环境监测中的新方法,以及ICP-MS在土壤环境监测中用于稀土元...     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.