NG/NC基体对复合改性双基推进剂机械感度的影响

目的 研究硝化甘油（NG）增塑的硝化棉（NC）基体对复合改性双基（AP/CMDB）固体推进剂机械感度的影响。方法 采用光辊压延法和柱塞式挤出法,分别制备NG增塑的NC吸收药样品及以其为基体的固体推进剂样品,采用扫描电镜表征不同增塑比的NC/NG基体及推进剂的微观形貌,采用摩擦感度仪、撞击感度仪测试NG/NC基体及推进剂的机械感度。结果 当NG的质量分数由41.5%降至37.5%时,NG/NC基体的撞击感度降低53.0%。加入超细高氯酸铵（AP）后,采用NG质量分数为37.5%的基体的推进剂,撞击感度增加46.7%,而加入球形铝粉后,AP颗粒分散均匀性和NG/NC网络均匀性增加,推进剂抗冲强度提高,撞击感度及摩擦感度分别降低44.4%和20.0%。结论 AP/CMDB推进剂的机械感度与微观结构明显相关,AP的加入提高了推进剂机械感度,Al粉的加入提高了粉体的分散均匀性和NG/NC对粉体颗粒的包裹效果,降低了推进剂机械感度。     

某四组元复合推进剂的热分解规律研究

目的研究某四组元推进剂的热分解特性。方法进行差示扫描量热(DSC)和热重分析(TG)实验。结果分别得到了推进剂在不同温度下的DSC和TG曲线,以及同一温度下推进剂各单组分的DSC和TG曲线,并计算得到了不同升温速率下的反应动力学参数。结论推进剂的热失重主要分为三个阶段,150～220℃的范围主要为RDX的热分解,220～375℃的范围主要为AP热分解,375～515℃的范围主要为部分AP高温分解和橡胶分解。同时推进剂在200～237℃和337～385℃各出现了一个放热峰,在240～248℃出一个吸热峰。推进剂的吸热峰为推进剂中AP晶型转变的吸热峰,推进剂中两个放热峰分别是由于RDX热分解和AP的高温分解产生的。同时计算得到推进剂样品的活化能,推进剂的表观活化能在1.6×10~5～2.1×10~5J/mol的范围之间,随着热分解的进行,活化能先降低后升高。     

某固体云爆剂老化前后的安全性研究

目的研究某型固体云爆剂老化后的使用安全性。方法采用真空安定性试验仪按GJB772A—97方法 501.2测试老化前后样品的安定性、相容性,采用感度设备按GJB 772A—97中的相应方法分别测试老化前后样品的撞击感度、摩擦感度以及火焰感度。结果云爆剂老化前后,每克试样在标准状态下的放气量均远远小于2 mL,安定性均合格。样品老化前后火焰感度试验均未爆,撞击感度和摩擦感度均在样品在失重1%时最高,当样品老化至失重1.5%时,爆炸概率反而比失重1%样品的降低。结论该型固体云爆剂老化前后均具有良好的安全性,老化失重达到1.5%后,仍能满足安全使用要求。     

AP/HTPB底排推进剂降压熄火试样的热分解研究

为了掌握AP/HTPB底排推进剂降压熄火后的热分解特性,采用半密闭爆发器制备AP/HTPB底排推进剂降压熄火的试样,利用DSC方法进行微量样品在3种升温速率下的热分解试验,并与AP/HTPB原样测试结果进行对比分析.结果表明,在相同升温速率下,降压熄火后的AP/HTPB底排推进剂的DSC曲线中,放热峰的形状发生了变化,...     

圆孔装药固体火箭发动机的慢速烤燃特性研究

目的 研究圆孔装药固体火箭发动机的慢速烤燃特性.方法 针对装填高能推进剂的固体火箭发动机,建立了二维瞬态慢速烤燃模型.其中AP/HTPB推进剂的化学动力学模型为两步总包反应模型.在升温速率分别为3.6、7.2、10.8 K/h的工况下,进行固体火箭发动机的烤燃数值模拟,并具体分析慢速烤燃工况下固体火箭发动机的传热特性和...     

RDX粒度对某高能硝胺发射药燃烧性能的影响

为了研究黑索金(RDX)粒度对某高能硝胺发射药(NP)常、高、低温燃烧性能的影响,在NP发射药配方的基础上,加入超细RDX和普通RDX,其平均粒径(D50)分别为6μm和40μm,制备得到新型高能硝胺发射药NPH.通过密闭爆发器试验,对比分析NP和NPH发射药在常、高、低温条件下燃烧性能的变化规律.高能硝铵发射药中,R...     

环境温度对复合固体推进剂贮存老化微观损伤作用机制研究

目的研究复合固体推进剂在环境温度作用下的微观损伤机制。方法开展复合固体推进剂实验室高温加速老化试验,分析不同损伤程度下的化学官能团和损耗因子的变化规律,综合推断环境温度作用下的微观损伤机制。结果复合固体推进剂在环境温度作用下,氧化剂AP一直不断地分解释放出活性成分,攻击HTPB粘合剂主链,使粘合剂主链初期主要发生交联反应,生成多种氧化产物如过氧化物、醛基、酯基。在老化后期,粘合剂主链开始断链,断链位置应该为R—CO—NH或C=C处,使得R—CO—NH、C=C含量随着老化时间的增加而逐渐降低。结论在环境温度的作用下,复合固体推进剂同时发生氧化交联和分解断链两种反应,但老化初期氧化交联占主导,老化后期主要发生分解断链。     

管式反应器石灰雾液脱硫的数学模拟

建立的一维管式反应器雾液脱硫模型是对蒸发和吸收过程的耦合，以膜理论为基础的吸收机理同时考虑了含硫组分的离解、扩散、反应和固体颗粒的溶解。参数敏感性分析表明，对系统脱硫率影响最显的是出口干湿球温差，石灰颗粒粒度和入口ＳＯ２浓度、传质过程的分析表明，反应开始阶段液膜扩散和固体溶解阻力均存在，而气膜扩散在整个反应过程中都起着重要作用。     

细颗粒物过滤过程中沉积与捕集机理的研究进展

国家针对细颗粒物的排放制定出愈发严苛的排放标准,这也掀起了相关领域对细颗粒物高效捕集研究的热潮。综述了国内外有关纤维过滤细颗粒物的研究,包括单纤维捕集理论、颗粒物滤料捕集的模拟研究、静电增强纤维对亚微米颗粒的捕集效果、细颗粒物在滤料中的沉积与穿透特性以及纳米纤维对细颗粒物的捕集研究等,旨在为探索细颗粒物的滤料捕集机理做出贡献。     

湿式电除尘在转炉煤气柜前应用的可行性研究

氧气转炉是炼钢生产的主要方式,净化回收转炉煤气对于环境保护、节能降耗等具有极其重要的意义。针对目前国内绝大多数转炉仍采用OG法回收转炉煤气的现状,提出将湿式电除尘应用在转炉煤气柜前的新工艺,并分析了该工艺的可行性。研究了转炉煤气介质在电除尘器中的电晕放电情况、喷水压力对电晕放电特性和除尘效率的影响规律,以及水雾对细颗粒物静电脱除的增强机理。结果表明:转炉煤气电晕放电性能良好,其伏安特性曲线随气体压力的增加逐渐下移;水雾对颗粒的静电脱除有一定的促进作用,存在最佳雾化压力。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.