基于弹性模型的飞机操纵动响应分析

目的 更好地研究飞机在操纵情况下的机体载荷和机体响应,同时验证动态响应分析模型和方法。方法 以某型飞机突风载荷分析用的动气弹仿真模型为基础,考虑机体弹性修正和气动模型修正,梳理试验试飞的舵偏数据,利用MSC软件的动气弹仿真分析模块,将试飞的舵偏数据作为输入信号,开展舵面操纵情况下的机体响应仿真,并将飞机操纵情况下的机体响应分析结果与试验试飞结果进行对比。结果 经过仿真和对比分析可以发现,分析数据和试飞数据整体吻合较好,能够较好地表征飞机的气动特性和结构动力学特性,同时在分析数据和试飞数据中均有比较明显的机体弹性响应成分。对于弹性飞机而言,除操纵造成的机体刚体响应外,机体弹性会带来额外的振动响应,对于特定的部位,这种振动可能是不可忽略的,需要根据具体情况进行详细分析。结论 这种振动响应对飞机操纵、乘客舒适性是否会产生不利影响,需要进一步开展研究工作。     

飞机颤振试飞操纵面脉冲激励响应仿真方法研究

目的实现颤振试飞操纵面脉冲激励响应仿真,预测操纵面脉冲激励结构响应。方法提出一种飞机颤振试飞操纵面脉冲激励响应仿真方法。该方法以飞机结构动力学有限元模型为基础,建立颤振试飞气动力模型和操纵面脉冲激励力模型。结果以上述模型为基础建立的飞机颤振试飞操纵面脉冲激励响应仿真模型,实现了颤振试飞操纵面脉冲激励响应仿真。首先建立了带副翼单机翼模型操纵面脉冲激励响应仿真模型,并实现了激励响应仿真分析,得到了结构响应幅值。结论开展了全机模型操纵面脉冲激励响应仿真分析,并将仿真结果与飞行试验结果进行对比,两者结果基本一致,验证了该方法的有效性。     

振动-离心复合下土工离心机的 工作模态试验分析

目的获得离心机静止及不同运行状态下的动态特性。方法通过离心机常规模态试验,采用SIMO识别方法,利用力锤产生瞬态激励,计算出激励点与响应点之间的频响函数,通过模态拟合,得到结构的模态参数(频率、阻尼和振型)。进行离心机工作模态试验,测量结构响应并经放大变换,选择2个以上参考点进行互谱分析,获得工作模态参数。结果离心机静止时前两阶模态为绕y轴和绕x轴偏摆,频率分别为3.23、9.94 Hz,本身一阶弯曲频率为11.17 Hz。不同转动加速度下,离心机一阶工作频率为转动频率;二阶工作模态振型为绕y轴偏摆,频率随着转速的升高而增大。结论通过模态试验分析,获得了该离心机静止及不同运行状态下的模态参数,可为有限元模型修正、结构设计及优化提供参考。     

基于三维动力学模型及试验数据重用技术的全箭模态分析

目的在运载火箭设计过程中,获得精确的全箭模态数据,为火箭总体设计提供关键输入参数。方法针对全箭动特性数据的高效高精度获取问题,提出并实践基于三维动力学模型和试验数据重用相结合的模态参数获取方法,包括高精度全箭三维动力学模型建模技术、数据重用技术、多状态模型修正技术、模型综合技术。结果解决了界面连接刚度未知条件下的全箭模态精确预示难题。在设计阶段给出了高精度的动特性数据,分析结果与靶场试验结果比对,一阶弯曲频率误差在2%以内,斜率误差在4%以内,分析结果通过了靶场竖立模态试验验证,最后进一步通过型号首飞成功验证。结论靶场竖立模态试验验证和型号首飞成功验证说明提出的获取全箭动特性参数方法高效可靠。     

基于应变模态方法的飞机蒙皮分布动载荷识别

目的解决飞机蒙皮分布动态载荷确定的工程实际问题。方法将基于广义正交多项式的复杂分布动载荷识别技术与应变模态理论相结合,建立利用有限个测点的应变响应和结构应变频响函数作为已知参数的飞机蒙皮分布动载荷识别模型。利用Nastran软件,以某型飞机机身中段外蒙皮为例,分别采用位移模态方法和应变模态方法进行了70、80、90、100 Hz下的蒙皮分布动载荷识别,并进行对比分析。结果以应变响应作为已知参数的应变模态载荷识别方法,在各计算频率下均具有较好的识别精度,最大识别误差为8.9%,能够满足工程应用。在各识别频率下,采用应变方法识别过程中的积分矩阵条件数小于位移方法。在100 Hz识别频率下增加3%随机误差干扰后,位移识别方法最大误差为19.4%,采用应变方法的载荷识别最大误差为9.8%。结论相比于传统的采用位移模态的载荷识别方法,以应变响应作为已知参数的应变模态载荷识别方法具有更好的数值稳定性,对于解决结构共振频率附近频响函数矩阵奇异性问题具有很好的应用价值。     

响应面法对PBGA封装元器件的有限元模型修正

目的利用特殊设计夹具来模仿PCB板的典型插入式固定方式,通过响应面法对安装有PBGA的菊花链PCB板有限元模型进行修正。方法有限元模型经过三次响应面修正,每一个修正阶段都计算仿真前三阶频率与相对应的模态试验结果相对比,建立两个目标函数,并利用多目标遗传算法来缩小仿真分析与模态试验结果。结果有限元模型得到了有效的改善。结论响应面法可以从实际出发来提升有限元模型准确度。     

舵面结构热模态试验方法研究

目的 探究高温对舵面结构模态试验结果的影响.方法 以导弹舵面为研究对象,开展高温环境下结构模态试验方法研究.基于石英灯热辐射高温加热系统和模态测试系统搭建热模态试验测试平台,采用带水冷装置的耐高温加长激振杆实现激励的施加,设计耐高温陶瓷引伸杆进行振动信号的测试,通过有限元仿真分析与试验数据对比,验证所提热模态试验方案的可行性.结果 当激振杆的正弦扫频试验在20～1000 Hz范围内,其传递函数值接近于1,说明激振杆传递性能良好.陶瓷引伸杆对试验件前四阶模态频率及振型影响较小,验证了陶瓷引伸杆设计的有效性.试验数据表明,试验件材料的刚度随着环境温度的升高逐渐降低,导致各阶模态的频率呈逐渐降低的趋势.结论 高温会使舵面结构的模态参数降低,该研究为后续型号产品的热模态试验提供了的试验手段和技术支持.     

舱门振动对舱室噪声特性影响研究

目的研究舱门结构振动特性对舱室声场特性的影响与控制方法。方法基于声固耦合分析方法,对典型舱门结构的振动声辐射特性进行仿真分析,研究材料、板厚以及阻尼层对舱门结构声辐射特性的影响规律。建立舱室声学分析模型,分析舱门结构振动对舱室声学环境的影响。结果计算了典型舱门结构的固有频率和声辐射特性,舱门结构在固有频率处容易辐射出较大的噪声能量。通过分析舱室典型位置声压频率响应可知,声压峰值频率以舱室模态频率为主,且响应最大值出现在舱门结构频率和舱室模态频率重合处。仿真分析结果显示,采用在舱门表面增加约束阻尼层的降噪方法,可以有效降低舱室噪声。结论舱门结构振动模态频率与舱室声学模态频率的重合产生较大的共鸣噪声。在舱门上增加约束阻尼层是一种简易且有效的舱室噪声控制措施。     

含复杂管路的某机构模态参数识别研究

目的获取复杂结构产品的模态参数及动态性能。方法采用基于冲击激励的试件自由模态分析试验,综合分析频响函数曲线幅值,确定局部结构模态频率点,利用半功率带宽法和专用分析软件分别计算模态阻尼比和模态振型。结果识别出影响某机构动态性能关键部件的模态参数。结论发现机构外壳模态频率远离冷却装置频率点,冷却管一阶横向模态由自身结构特性产生,二阶及纵向模态由减压阀模态引起。气体导管的动态特性主要受冷却装置模态的影响。     

车用柴油机湿式气缸套振动特性分析

目的通过对柴油机湿式气缸套振动特性的计算分析,研究气缸套失效的主要原因,以提高柴油机结构的可靠性。方法基于16V280ZJ型柴油机气缸套的结构参数,采用有限元法建立气缸套有限元分析模型,对其进行模态分析,包括自由模态以及约束模态,分析气缸套的固有振动特性。然后基于16V280ZJ型柴油机的性能参数,计算气体力与惯性力,从而计算得到气缸套承受的交变侧压力。通过时-频转化将交变侧压力谱转化为频域谱,以分析气缸套承受的激励特性。结果气缸套的模态振型主要为径向弯曲振动,说明径向刚度小于轴向刚度。气缸套承受的交变侧压力的频率低于气缸套的固有频率。结论柴油机湿式气缸套受活塞侧向激振力不会发生共振,缸套的径向刚度较小,导致激振力传递给冷却水后缸套会发生穴蚀。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.