生物柴油发动机颗粒排放物粒径及其分布试验研究

为获取燃用不同比例生物柴油的发动机排放颗粒物粒径及其分布特性,对1台增压直喷式车用柴油机进行了台架测试.用80 L/min定量泵和装有直径90 mm的玻纤滤膜采样器在排气管内采样10 min,用激光粒度仪测量与分析颗粒粒径和分布.结果表明,随着发动机转速提高,排放颗粒粒径变小且分布更集中.干法众数对应的粒径级较大（约10～12 μm）且较集中,湿法众数的较小（约4～10 μm）且分散.用干法分析,发动机低速时,B100的Sauter平均直径d₃₂最大,纯柴油最小,而B20的结果介于二者之间.而高速时B20的粒径最大,纯柴油次之,B100最小.中数粒径d(0.5)的结果也反映这一趋势.用湿法分析,除了2?000 r/min点外, B20的d₃₂最大,B100次之,柴油最小.湿法众数比干法分散,因而d₃₂也较大.     

民用飞机实验室APU开车高温尾气排放影响因素分析

目的 对民用飞机APU在气候实验室内开展极端气候环境下的起动和工作试验,建立一种APU高温尾气安全排放方法。方法 用CFD仿真手段对采用排气管道将APU高温尾气排出气候实验室的可行性及影响因素(包括管道直径、距离、背压等)进行系统性分析研究。结果 气管道入口距离APU管道出口过近时,将有利于APU排气,引射比ε与排气管道出口压力Pex及排气管道直径D线性相关,排放温度tex与管道直径D成反比。在排气管道入口设置平滑收敛段,利于消除涡流,减轻负压程度,并在一定范围内提高引射比。结论 采用管道被动排气是可行的,合适的排气管道设计为D/d=2.0,L/d=1.5,并在管道入口设置平滑收敛段。     

生物柴油排放微粒特性的试验研究

在1台直喷式增压柴油机上进行了生物柴油和柴油的排放微粒特性试验.用80 L/min定量泵和装有直径90　mm的玻纤滤膜采样器在排气管内采集微粒,利用激光粒度仪和色谱-质谱联用仪,分析了微粒的粒径分布和微粒中的可溶性有机物以及16种多环芳烃.结果表明,生物柴油排放微粒的体积粒径呈单峰分布,其平均直径d₃₂.和中位直径d(0.5)都随转速的增加而减少.高转速时生物柴油排放微粒的d₃₂和d(0.5)均高于柴油,而低转速时均低于柴油.生物柴油的SOF排放质量浓度为12.3～31.5 mg/m³,占微粒质量的38.2％～58.0％,均明显高于柴油.生物柴油排放微粒中的总多环芳烃排放浓度为2.9～4.7 μg/m³,与柴油相比下降29.1％～92.4%.     

天津市冬季气溶胶吸湿因子的粒径分布特征

气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子［g（RH）］是影响气溶胶消光和气溶胶辐射强迫的重要因素.利用吸湿性串联差分电迁移率分析仪（HTDMA）观测了天津市冬季不同污染状态下气溶胶粒子g_m（RH）的粒径分布.同时基于水溶性离子的粒径分布,利用κ-Köhler理论获取了较宽粒径范围内（60 nm~9.8 μm）的g_κ（RH）,为环境状态下气溶胶光学参数和直接辐射强迫的模拟提供基础.结果表明,清洁状态下大气光化学反应较为活跃,超细粒子（<100 nm）的g_m（RH）较高,g_m（RH=80%）在1.30以上.重度污染天,气溶胶中水溶性离子的质量分数随粒子粒径增大而增加,导致g_m（RH）随着粒子粒径增大而增大,300 nm粒子的g_m（RH=80%）和g_m（RH=85%）分别可达1.39和1.46.在较宽粒径范围（60 nm~9.8 μm）内,不同模态气溶胶的吸湿性强弱表现为积聚模态>爱根模态>粗模态.大气重污染过程中气溶胶粒径明显增大,积聚模态气溶胶中NO₃^-和SO₄^2-含量较清洁天明显增加,受此影响,污染状态下积聚模态气溶胶的吸湿性较清洁天明显增强,g_κ（RH）达到1.3~1.4,具有强吸湿性的气溶胶粒径范围也同时扩大,在0.18~3.1 μm粒径段均较高,对能见度恶化有重要的贡献.     

雾-霾天人体平均呼吸高度处不同粒径气溶胶的微生物特性

粒径分布和微生物种群结构是雾-霾天气溶胶与人体健康密切相关的典型特征.采用安德森六级采样器在人体平均呼吸高度（近地面1.5 m）处对北京某地雾-霾天及晴天分别进行气溶胶样品采集,从不同粒径气溶胶中的可培养细菌、真菌浓度及种群结构角度展开研究.结果表明,雾-霾天不同粒径气溶胶中可培养微生物浓度呈现不均匀分布状态;不同粒径气溶胶中微生物浓度、种群结构差异性均明显高于晴天.雾-霾天条件下,在粒径大于3.3 μm的气溶胶中,芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）占据优势地位,在粒径小于3.3 μm的气溶胶中,芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）和解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）占优势地位.而当雾-霾过后,解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）在所有粒径的生物气溶胶中均占优势地位.雾-霾天条件下,在粒径大于3.3 μm的气溶胶中共检出5种优势真菌,分别是链格孢菌（Alternaria sp.）、意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）、蓝状菌（Talaromyces stollii）、枝孢菌（Cladosporium sp.）和Davidiella sp.;而当雾-霾过后,仅链格孢菌（Alternaria sp.）被检测为优势菌.无论雾-霾天还是晴天,在粒径小于3.3 μm的气溶胶中真菌均主要以意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）和蓝状菌（Talaromyces stollii）为主.在人体平均呼吸高度处,雾-霾天与晴天不同粒径气溶胶中微生物浓度和种群结构存在明显差异.雾-霾天人体平均呼吸高度处微生物浓度高、且种群结构较为复杂,其微生物特性对人体健康的潜在风险不容忽视.     

受限空间小型急冷塔内喷雾蒸发的数值模拟

针对受限空间内小型急冷塔冷却水蒸发过程,运用计算流体力学(CFD)进行数值模拟,基于涡壳进气型急冷塔研究了喷嘴雾化粒径、喷射速度、喷射角度等喷嘴运行参数对急冷塔内蒸发过程的影响机制。结果表明:随着液滴粒径的增大,液滴蒸发时间、轴向以及径向蒸发距离均随之显著上升,粒径由40 μm增大至80 μm时蒸发时间增加了293%;当液滴喷射速度增加时,液滴的蒸发时间、轴向以及径向蒸发距离均有所下降,但增大至一定程度后其影响作用减弱;随着液滴喷射角度的增大,液滴蒸发时间及轴向蒸发距离减小,而径向蒸发距离无显著变化。因此,在急冷塔尺寸受限时选用70 μm以下的小雾化粒径喷嘴能够直接有效提升急冷塔的运行安全性。同时,与均匀进气型急冷塔相比,采用涡壳进气型急冷塔以及喷嘴成切圆布置方式能够在急冷塔上部形成湍流强化区域,喷嘴雾化粒径为80 μm时,轴向安全裕度可提升7%。该模拟结果可为小型化急冷塔的工程应用提供优化设计方案与运行指导参考。     

贫铀合金球对Q235钢靶侵彻性能研究

目的 研究贫铀合金球对Q235钢靶的侵彻行为,为贫铀合金材料侵彻行为的深入研究以及在战斗部中广泛应用提供支撑。方法 采用Johnson-Cook强度模型和失效模型建立贫铀合金球撞击Q235钢靶的模型,利用Abaqus/explicit模块模拟研究贫铀合金球初速与尺寸对剩余速度、扩孔面积、侵彻深度的影响,并对结果进行分析。结果 通过试验与模拟得到了贫铀合金球的穿靶极限速度,两者结果基本吻合,验证了模型参数的准确性。相同尺寸下,贫铀合金球的剩余速度随初速的增大呈线性增大趋势,穿靶后速度衰减率为14.6%~33.2%。初速为900~1 300 m/s、直径为5~9 mm时,扩孔面积比为1.08~1.286。贫铀合金球的侵彻深度(H)随直径(d)和初速(v)的增大逐渐增大,三者的关系为 。结论 贫铀合金球初速和尺寸是影响侵彻深度的关键因素,但对扩孔直径没有显著影响。     

太湖水体漫衰减系数特征及其对水生态环境影响分析

利用2006年10～11月太湖全湖不同区域光学属性的测量数据,就太湖水体漫衰减系数(K_d)特征、各影响因子对K_d的贡献率以及K_d对太湖水生态系统的影响进行分析.结果表明,太湖水体的漫衰减系数K_d以571 nm为分界点,在整个可见光波长范围内(400～700 nm)主要呈现2种变化趋势.第1种,在<571 nm波长范围内,K_d随着波长的增加呈现指数形式衰减,第2种,在>571 nm波长范围内,K_d表现为波动形式;在400～700 nm波长范围内,色素颗粒物的吸收系数是漫衰减系数第一贡献者,非色素颗粒物吸收系数和散射系数处于第二贡献者地位,而黄质吸收系数的贡献率相对最小;太湖水体漫衰减系数决定了太湖水生态系统中的光生态因子,K_d形成的“水体窗口”影响了太湖水域不同类型生态系统的形成,并为太湖“水华”的优势藻类铜绿微囊藻的出现提供了水下光场依据.     

沉积物中有机质及金属水合氧化物对γ-666、p,p′-DDT缺氧生物降解性影响

通过逐级去除辽河流域沉积物中有机质,水合铁、铝、锰氧化物,考察了沉积物中有机质和金属水合氧化物对)γ-666、p,p＇-DDT的缺氧生物降解的影响.结果表明,γ-666、p,p＇-DDT的缺氧生物降解均符合准一级动力学方程.在无外加碳源的原沉积物中准一级动力学常数分别为0.020d～、0.009 d^-.外加碳源后,γ-666、p,p＇-DDT在原沉积物中的准一级动力学常数分别为0.071d^-、0.054 d^-;在去除有机质的沉积物中为0.047d、0.037 d^-;在同时去除有机质和金属水合氧化物的沉积物中为0.067d^-、0.059 d^-.表明沉积物中的有机质促进了γ-666、p,p'-DDT的缺氧生物降解性.而金属水合氧化物对γ-666、p,p'-DDT的生物降解性有一定抑制.     

活性污泥中臭氧传质效率的理论分析与实验研究

在理论分析的基础上,首先建立了臭氧传质效率与系统参数间的数学模型,给出了臭氧传质效率U的影响因素,即污泥浓度、进气浓度、混合液的高度h、表观气速u_obs和气泡直径d.通过试验设计,进而考察了这些影响因素对臭氧传质效率的贡献.结果表明,混合液的高度h和气泡直径d对臭氧传质效率的影响最为显著,而污泥浓度和进气浓度、表观气速u_obs的影响很小.当混合液高度h为0.2　m时,臭氧的利用率仅为0.45;h为0.8 m时臭氧的利用率为0.883;h为1.4 m时臭氧的利用率几乎为1,臭氧的利用率和高度呈现较好的指数关系.在h为0.8 m的混合液中,d由0.007　5 m减小到0.005 m时,U值从0.89增大到0.96;h为0.6 m的混合液中也出现类似情况,d由0.007 5　m减小到0.005 m时,U值从0.80增大到0.93.最后得到臭氧传质效率U、混合液高度h和平均气泡直径d间的定量关系表达式,其相关系数R²为0.861 6,可为工程设计提供一定的参考依据.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.