云南人口与经济、资源环境协调评价研究

人口、经济与资源环境是区域中主要的系统要素,各要素之间的相互协调和相互配合将对区域的可持续发展起到决定性的作用.人口、经济与资源环境的协调发展状况可采用指标体系法来进行综合评价.人口包括人口与经济发展评价指标和人口与资源环境评价指标.通过<云南统计年鉴>资料得到相关的二级指标数据,确立每个指标的权重,再根据相关公式计算出云南省各市州人口与经济和资源环境协调发展状况.根据评价结果,云南省各市州协调状况不一,差异较大.     

成都市可持续发展的功能测试及其建设对策

本文从生产力、稳定性、维持性和公正性四个方面对成都市的可持续发展进行了定量化分析;在充分考虑成都经济与环境发展现状和水平的基础上,设置了成都市可持续发展经济增长与效益、人口及生活质量、资源与环境、社会稳定与社会保障和可持续发展能力五个层次的41项目标;并着重从产业经济、土地资源利用与保护、环境保护和城市集约化管理等方面提出了成都可持续发展的建议和对策。     

Environmental Justice in Indian Country: Dumpsite Remediation on the Swinomish Indian Reservation

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines environmental justice as the “fair treatment for people of all races, cultures, and incomes, regarding the development of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.” The last decade has focused considerable national attention on the environmental pollution inequity that persists among the nation’s poorest communities. Despite these environmental justice efforts, poor communities continue to face adverse environmental conditions. For the more than 550 Native American communities, the struggle to attain environmental justice is more than a matter of enforcing national laws equitably; it is also a matter of a federal trust duty for the protection of Indian lands and natural resources, honoring a promise that Native American homelands would forever be sustainable. Equally important is the federal promise to assist tribes in managing their reservation environments under their reserved powers of self-government, an attribute that most distinguishes tribes from other communities. The PM Northwest, Inc. (PMNW) dumpsite is located within the boundaries of the Swinomish Indian Reservation in Washington State. Between approximately 1958 and 1970, PMNW contracted with local oil refineries to dispose of hazardous wastes from their operations at the reservation dumpsite. Almost two decades would pass before the Swinomish tribe was able to persuade EPA that a cleanup action under Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) was warranted. This article reviews the enduring struggle to achieve Indian environmental justice in the Swinomish homeland, a process that was dependent upon the development of the tribe’s political and environmental management capacity as well as EPA’s eventual acknowledgement that Indian environmental justice is integrally linked to its federal trust responsibility.     

辽宁省海洋经济主导产业分析——基于灰色关联法与波士顿模型法

海洋经济是辽宁经济新的增长点,在经济中占有越来越大的比例,是各地区经济竞争的重要领域.海洋产业是决定沿海城市和地区发展前途与命运的朝阳产业.辽宁省所处的独特区位条件决定了有条件加快发展海洋经济.确定主导产业能促进经济更快更好发展,采用灰色关联法、皮尔模型和波士顿矩阵法确定产业产值占经济总产值的比重与速度,进一步确定该地区的主导产业.     

基于系统动力学模型的区域可持续发展分析

结合系统动力学建模的原则和方法,构建了区域可持续发展系统动力学模型。根据区域社会经济发展和环境变化的动态性,子系统之间能量和物质流通的转化与信息的交互,形成人口、科技、环境、资源、经济5个子系统。某农业县三种方案对比的模拟实验表明,控制人口,大力发展生态农业和第三产业,优化产业发展结构,不但实现了GDP增长,而且环境质量指数稳步提升,促进了区域经济社会与环境的可持续发展。     

Sustainable development and environmental technology: a comparison of policy in Japan and the European Union

Summary The concept of sustainable development, is increasingly being proposed as a means to avoid the impasse between economic development and environmental protection. In this paper, the incorporation of the concept of sustainable development into policy-making in both Japan and the European Union is examined. A particular variation in response between the two has been in relation to encouraging the development of environmental or clean technologies, a key element in achieving sustainable development. The benefits of an early lead in environmental technology may result in gains to the economy. In this paper, the potential commercial gains from the integration of environmental policy with industrial, development are also examined.Dr David Gibbs is a Reader and Dr James Longhurst is Director of the Atmospheric Research and Information Centre within the Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences at Manchester Metropolitan University.     

基于经济和环境资源多目标的适度人口容量预测——以上海市闵行区为例

人口容量预测成为城市规划的重要依据和重要内容。本文将基于经济和资源环境这一多目标体系,通过经济增长与就业率间的一般规律对关乎人口经济生存的就业岗位预测,以及对基于满足区域环境生态效应的绿地、水面积限制因子的估算,给出城市适度人口的新算法。以上海市闵行区为例,计算结果表明：闵行区2020年经济人口容量介于210万与250万之间,而基于满足生态效应的土地资源的环境人口容量在180万到230万之间。基于经济与环境资源的综合适度人口容量范围为196～232万。     

地方“资源诅咒”与“生态赤字”的经济学分析——以“榆林市”等资源型城市为例

我国陕西省榆林市、甘肃省白银市、辽宁省抚顺市及四川省古蔺县等地区,依托丰富的铜、煤炭、天然气等矿产资源带动了当地经济的快速发展。然而,对资源的过度依赖和开发,使地方经济无可回避地面临"资源诅咒"和"生态赤字"问题。本文在界定"资源诅咒"和"生态赤字"概念,及其产生的经济学根源的基础上,对"榆林市"、"白银市"等典型资源型城市的"生态赤字"现状予以分析,提出基于"3E系统模型"视角下,解决资源型城市"资源诅咒"和"生态赤字"问题,实现地方经济可持续发展的路径选择。     

循环经济是缓解我国环境资源压力的基本模式

根据生态学规律,指出按照资源—生产/消费—再生资源的循环经济模式发展经济,是缓解中国环境资源压力和经济持续发展的基本模式。     

解决我国人口问题的探讨"两种生产"理论与可持续发展战略之比较

长期以来,在"两种生产"理论指导下,我国计划生育工作取得举世瞩目的成就.但"两种生产"理论的不足之处却随着经济社会的发展日益显露.可持续发展观则避免了这种不足.它不仅涵盖人口与经济的关系,而且要求在前者适应后者的同时必须考虑资源和环境的承受能力.最近中央提出的科学发展观更赋予可持续发展丰富而深刻的内涵.     

浅谈实行环境会计的必要性

传统的会计理论由于缺乏环境意识,使人们在衡量社会经济发展与环境资源的利用与破坏之间存在片面认识,一方面是经济的飞速发展,另一方面是环境的不断恶化。当今,人类提出了并在努力实现经济可持续发展这一宏伟目标。在人们经济生活中引入环境会计制度,将有利于改变人们的传统片面认识,并有助于经济可持续发展这一目标的实现。     

云南省人口与经济发展的相关性分析

人口是区域可持续发展系统的因子之一,事关经济社会可持续发展的核心问题,而经济发展是解决社会发展问题的关键。采用回归分析方法,以人口属性为自变量、以经济要素变化为因变量对云南省人口发展与区域经济社会发展的相关性进行了定量分析,揭示了云南省人口与经济社会发展的规律,提出了云南省促进人口与经济协调发展的重点。     

中国城市垃圾资源循环利用问题探讨

长期以来,人们提到的资源一般是指自然资源。从当前世界发展趋势看,自然资源虽然对区域社会经济发展十分重要,甚至起到某种决定性作用,但社会经济发展水平往往取决于社会经济资源对自然资源的作用效率。在现代社会中,资源的概念迅速扩展,人们对复杂问题的理解和思维方式正在发生日新月异的变化。特别是面对全球经济一体化、资源环境和生态全球化趋势,考虑可持续发展的总体要求,资源、人口、经济、环境、生态、社会等越来越明显地交织在一起。"垃圾"作为一种资源类型,愈来愈受到世界各国决策界和学术界的高度重视。通过我国经济增长和城市垃圾增长的正相关关系,分析了城市垃圾资源循环利用的操作原则和相应对策。     

矿产资源经济区划的理论与方法

矿产资源经济区划是保护与合理开发利用矿产资源、实现资源优化配置和区域经济可持续发展的基础。本文依据经典的区位理论和地域分工理论,应用系统分析的方法,建立了矿产资源经济区划的一般程序,并归纳了定量分析中必要的技术手段和方法路线。     

历史文化旅游资源的开发利用

四川是旅游资源大省,但不是旅游经济强省.要真正把旅游业树立为四川省的支柱产业,就必须彻底扭转当前对旅游文化资源的粗放式经营管理局面.只有实现内涵式旅游开发,把未来旅游吸引力放在自然与文化有机结合的方向上,四川旅游业才能实现可持续发展.     

环境资源价值分析

现代社会经济的发展离不开环境资源,但是人们在发展经济的过程中往往又忽视了人与环境的协调发展。在可持续发展战略普遍被各国人们所接爱今天,我们应该从最基本的问题入手来分析与环境的协调发展问题。本文从环境资源有无价值出发,进而分析、比较了商品与环境资源的价值问题。在此基础上通过分析社会经济发展与环境资源的关系提出了环境资源的正价值和负价值,然后又进一步分析了环境资源正价值和负价值社会经济的关系。最后文章提出了环境资源价值与持续发展战略及相关研究的关系。     

可持续发展理念下的能源产业战略

介绍了可持续发展理念的形成过程,分析了目前国内外能源产业状况及存在的问题。结合中国发展的实际情况,提出了中国能源产业在可持续理念下的六大战略,即:(1)在发展模式上,要实现从计划经济向市场经济、从粗放型向集约型发展模式的两个根本性转变,实施科技战略;(2)在能源消费上,要立足中国实际,在能源结构调整的同时,实施煤、油、气等多能源并举的多样化战略;(3)在能源供给上,考虑到世界经济全球化的大背景,应当加大实施"走出去"的战略;(4)在能源生产上,要积极开发各种能源,尤其是对新能源的开发和利用,实施新能源战略;(5)在能源产业上,要做到开发与节约并举,积极开展节能活动,实施节能优先战略;(6)在全局发展上,结合中国经济发展的实J际情况,要实施能源安全战略。     

Review and challenges of policies of environmental protection and sustainable development in China

China is confronted with the dual task of developing its national economy and protecting its ecological environment. Since the 1980s, China's policies on environmental protection and sustainable development have experienced five changes: (1) progression from the adoption of environmental protection as a basic state policy to the adoption of sustainable development strategy; (2) changing focus from pollution control to ecological conservation equally; (3) shifting from end-of-pipe treatment to source control; (4) moving from point source treatment to regional environmental governance; and (5) a turn away from administrative management-based approaches and towards a legal means and economic instruments-based approach. Since 1992, China has set down sustainable development as a basic national strategy. However, environmental pollution and ecological degradation in China have continued to be serious problems and have inflicted great damage on the economy and quality of life. The beginning of the 21st century is a critical juncture for China's efforts towards sustaining rapid economic development, intensifying environmental protection efforts, and curbing ecological degradation. As the largest developing country, China's policies on environmental protection and sustainable development will be of primary importance not only for China, but also the world. Realizing a completely well-off society by the year 2020 is seen as a crucial task by the Chinese government and an important goal for China's economic development in the new century, however, attaining it would require a four-fold increase over China's year 2000 GDP. Therefore, speeding up economic development is a major mission during the next two decades and doing so will bring great challenges in controlling depletion of natural resources and environmental pollution. By taking a critical look at the development of Chinese environmental policy, we try to determine how best to coordinate the relationship between the environment and the economy in order to improve quality of life and the sustainability of China's resources and environment. Examples of important measures include: adjustment of economic structure, reform of energy policy, development of environmental industry, pollution prevention and ecological conservation, capacity building, and international cooperation and public participation.     

实施经济可持续发展战略方法初探

通过对人类社会生态环境系统物质循环全过程的研究得出:实现资源高效可持续利用是实施可持续发展战略的关键;实施可持续经济发展战备必须从人类社会经济系统发展的全过程考虑;生产环节要推行清洁生产和标准化管理;消费领域要倡导绿色消费方式;发展循环经济,减少人类活动对自然环境的压力。     

Modeling Long-Term Risk to Environmental and Human Systems at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation: Scope and Findings from the Initial Model

The Groundwater Protection Project at the US Department of Energy Hanford Site in Washington State is currently developing the means to assess the cumulative impact to human and ecological health and the regional economy and cultures from radioactive and chemical waste that will remain at the Hanford Site after the site closes. This integrated system is known as the System Assessment Capability (SAC). The SAC Risk/Impact Module discussed in the article uses media- and time-specific concentrations of contaminants estimated by the transport models of the integrated system to project potential impacts on the ecology of the Columbia River corridor, the health of persons who might live in or use the corridor or the upland Hanford environment, the local economy, and cultural resources. Preliminary Monte Carlo realizations from the SAC modeling system demonstrate the feasibility of large-scale uncertainty analysis of the complex relationships in the environmental transport of contaminants on the one hand and ecological, human, cultural, and economic risk on the other. Initial impact results show very small long-term risks for the 10 radionuclides and chemicals evaluated. The analysis also helps determine science priorities to reduce uncertainty and suggests what actions matter to reduce risks.