5·12大地震人类抗灾体适能的特点与规律的研究

本文通过5·12大地震这一特殊的灾害对人类体适能的影响,运用文献资料法、分析法对人类抗灾体适能进行了深入的理论研究,认为人类抗灾体适能是人类在经历灾害时,维持身体与内外环境间平衡的能力,具体指个体维持自身与灾害发生时的自然环境、社会环境及生理环境相协调,最大限度地保持自身健康,减少灾害损失的能力.     

5·12大地震人类抗灾体适能的特点与规律的研究

本文通过5·12大地震这一特殊的灾害对人类体适能的影响,运用文献资料法、分析法对人类抗灾体适能进行了深入的理论研究,认为人类抗灾体适能是人类在经历灾害时,维持身体与内外环境间平衡的能力,具体指个体维持自身与灾害发生时的自然环境、社会环境及生理环境相协调,最大限度地保持自身健康,减少灾害损失的能力。     

抗灾体适能的影响因素及培养方法

本文以参与多次灾害救援的国家紧急救援队队员及专家为调查对象,通过问卷方式调查在灾害发生时及灾害发生后,影响抗灾体适能的主要影响因素。统计结果表明:影响抗灾体适能变化的主要因素有人们对灾害的认知水平,灾害发生时及发生后人们的心理适应能力、生理适应能力、体能水平及行动能力。在此基础上,提出了有效培养、提高抗灾体适能的方法与手段。即:减灾教育内容要将学生"该知道的"与"想知道的"相结合,通过演练演习等方式提高学生的防灾应急实际技能。     

阳光教育背景下的高中体育教学现状调查与分析——以杭州市余杭区研究为例

本文以杭州市余杭中学为例,通过文献资料法、问卷调查法和数理分析法等,对该校在实施阳光体育教育后教学上发生的转变进行了研究,剖析了成功背后的原因以及实施过程中出现的问题,并提出相应的意见和建议。研究认为,阳光教育理念在在本校体育教学过程中得到了比较彻底的贯彻,有效地促进了体育教学效率的提高。     

体育游戏在体育教学中的运用现状调查与分析——以太原市尖草坪三中为例

文章使用文献资料法、问卷调查法、实地访谈法等方法,对尖草坪三中体育游戏的开展现状进行调查,结果发现,体育游戏在初中阶段体育教学中具有重要作用,大部分同学喜欢体育游戏,且呈现出性别差异,但游戏的组织与评价可能会影响到游戏的效果。在此基础上,对体育游戏自身的特点,体育游戏的利用价值,学生喜欢游戏的种类以及对体育游戏的态度等方面提出了一些相应对策,建议在体育教学中要从学生出发,注重德育教育,使体育游戏在体育教学中不断发展完善。     

基于ND-GAIN的河南省抗灾能力评价研究

为合理评价河南省各地区(以市为单位)抗灾能力水平,提高河南省抗灾能力,打造"韧性城乡"。基于圣母大学全球适应性指数(ND-GAIN)评价模型,结合河南省独特的地形地貌、环境气候、社会人文等本土情况对模型进行了适当优化,构建了符合河南省省情的抗灾能力评价指标体系,对2017年河南省各地区抗灾能力水平进行了评价,并运用GIS技术对河南省各地区抗灾能力影响因子进行空间区划,从暴露度、敏感性、适应能力、经济水平、管理制度和社会文化6个角度进行分析,提示河南省各地区在抗灾能力建设方面存在的薄弱环节。结果表明:河南省抗灾能力水平整体偏低,且呈现北强南弱的特征,各地区脆弱性指数差异较小;河南省各地区抗灾能力水平不均衡,抗灾能力较好的地区是洛阳市、三门峡市和郑州市,抗灾能力较差的地区是商丘市和开封市;导致河南省各地区抗灾能力水平存在明显差异化的原因主要在于准备程度指数(社会文化、经济水平、管理制度)差异较大。     

试论初中体育教学如何有效引入问题机制

<正>体育教学是为了帮助学生缓解学习时的压力,缓解身体长时间处于紧张的不适。一直以来,体育教学就是通过在室外开展体育锻炼来完成的。教师通过在室外组织学生开展锻炼活动来完成教学任务。因此,在室外教学过程中如何集中学生的注意力,减少外界对学生参加体育锻炼的干扰和影响是我们这些体育教师特别关心和亟待解决的问题。体育教学过程中教师重点要完成三项教学任务,一是要通过各种体育教学活动和练习,来锻炼学生的身体,不断提高学生的体质;二是要在训练和锻炼中传授基础体育知识,让学生掌握基本理     

海洋污染灾害及防治对策初探

近十几年来,随着沿海工农业的发展和海洋开发事业的兴起,海洋污染事件逐渐增多。对海洋生态、资源、海水养殖业、旅游和人类健康造成破坏和损失。本文通过大量事例叙述了石油污染,赤潮、有毒化学品污染和重金属污染对海洋造成的损害和对人类的威胁。探讨了预防和防治海洋污染灾害的对策及措施。今年是国际减轻自然灾害十年的第一年,通过阐述海洋污染对海洋环境和人类带来的危害,提高人们抗灾、防灾意识和能力。呼吁社会各方面高度重视海洋环境保护工作。     

高中体育体验式教学法实施的途径与策略探析

随着社会的不断发展与进步,人们对教育教学提出了更高的要求。具体到高中体育教学而言,传统的教学方法已经不能适应教学的需要。在这一背景下,体验式教学法应运而生。本文主要通过文献研究法、教学实践法等对高中体育教学中实施体验式教学法的具体途径与策略进行了探析,希望能够为广大同仁的教学提供一些有益的借鉴,更好地推进体育教育的健康发展。     

“体教结合”体系下体育班化学教学的探究

目前国内很多学校开办了各类体育、艺术特长班,往往走进了"重训轻学"的误区。因此在我校采取的"体教结合"的基础之上,探索体育班化学学科教学的规律,寻找合适的体育班化学教学方法,以提高体育特长生的科学素养。同时,还希望能给特长班的其他文化课教师提供好的借鉴,从而提高特长班的整体文化素质。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.