厌氧—好氧—吸附处理偶氮染料废水的试验研究

可生化性试验表明，偶氮染料废水对微生物有抑制作用，但该类废水对驯化性污泥并无明显的抑制作用，废水经过流式厌氧污泥床的处理，可去除５０％－６０％的ＣＯＤ，处理系统内形成颗粒污泥，ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ增加到０．４２厌氧出水经生物接触氧化法，可去除６０％ＣＯＤ，再经吸附，出水ＣＯＤ可降至１５０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，达到废水排放标准。     

庆大霉素和金霉素废水处理试验研究

对庆大霉素、金霉素及其混合废水的厌氧、好氧处理进行静态试验。结果表明，对于ＣＯＤ为１９２４０ｍｇ／Ｌ的霉素废水，当厌氧反应时间为３ｄ，好氧１０ｈ时，ＣＯＤ去除率为９８．４％；ＣＯＤ为７７４０ｍｇ／Ｌ的庆大霉素和金霉素混合废水（１：２），厌氧处理２ｄ，好氧１０ｈ时，ＣＯＤ去除９５．８％；庆大霉素废水厌氧处理３ｄ，金霉素废水厌氧处理６ｈ，再将这２种废水混合进行好氧处理４ｈ，其最终出水ＣＯＤ可小于３００     

驯化活性污泥处理有机溶剂废水研究

利用驯化活性污泥对有机溶剂异丙醇废水进行有机物降解试验，驯化活性污泥法对该废水的处理效果表明：该有机溶剂废水的ＢＯＤ．ＣＯＤＣｒ比值为０．４０左右，可生化性良好；在该废水ＣＯＤＣｒ进水浓度为２０００－３０００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率可达８４％－８５％左右，ＢＯＤ５去除率可达８９％－９０％左右。     

上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)处理制药废水的研究

用上流式厌氧污泥床（ＵＡＳＢ）在自然温度条件下处理ＶＣ、ＳＤ和葡萄糖生产废水。反应器容积１００Ｌ,发酵温度－２４℃,进水ＣＯＤｃｒ３０００－５０００ｍｌ／Ｌ,有机负荷３－６ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ＾３．ｄ）,ＨＲＴ为１８－２４ｈ,产气率达到０．３ｍ＾３／ｋｇＣＯＤ,甲烷含量７０％,ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率达到９０％,取得较好的实验效果,为厌氧处理较低深度的制药废水找出可行的途径。     

升流式厌氧污泥床处理含五氯酚废水工艺的研究

研究升流式厌氧污泥反应器（ＵＡＳＢ）在中温条件下处理含五氯酚（ＰＣＰ）模拟废水时工艺特点及ＰＣＰ降解机理,结果表明：处理啤酒废水的厌氧颗粒污泥为接种物（ＶＳＳ接种量约１５ｇ／Ｌ）,运行温度为３５±１℃,水力停留时间２０－２４ｈ,进水ＣＯＤ浓度为２５００－２８００ｍｌ／Ｌ;进水ＰＣＰ浓度岂１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ上各至８．０ｍｇ／Ｌ条件下,１２０ｄ左右完成启动,ＰＣＰ和ＣＯＤ去除率分别为９４％及８６％以上,高     

UASBAF工艺在龙涤集团废水处理中的应用

采用厌氧污泥床过滤器（ＵＡＳＢＡＦ）处理龙涤集团高浓度涤纶废水，经过设计参数选择，工程设计和运行效果分析。运行结果证明，ＵＡＳＢＡＦ厌氧池的容积负荷为９．２ｋｇＣＯＤ／ｍ ３·ｄ，ＣＯＤ去除率８０％ ，接触氧化池的ＣＯＤ去除率９５％ 左右，处理效果稳定，基本达到设计要求。     

柠檬酸废水的厌氧—兼氧—好氧处理

采用厌氧－兼氧－好氧工艺处理柠檬酸废水，管理厌氧消化器在进水ｐＨ３．４４～４．３８，ＣＯＤ１４１８７．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，处理水量为２００ｔ／ｄ，有机负荷经７．０９ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ＾３．ｄ）条件下，出水ｐＨ７．０～７．５，ＣＯＤ去除率为８１．１％，产气率为０．４３ｍ＾３／ｋｇＣＯＤ，兼氧－好氧处理进水ｐＨ３．２～４．６，ＣＯＤ１９２９ｍｇ／Ｌ，处理水量１０８０ｔ／ｄ，停留时间为兼氧６ｈ，好氧１３ｈ，出水ｐ     

SBR法处理中药材有机废水工艺研究

应用ＳＢＲ法对中药材有机废水进行了研究。考察了ＣＯＤＣＲ、ＢＯＤ５、ＳＳ、ＮＨ３－Ｈ的处理效果，以及ＰＨ、水温、污泥负荷等条件对去除率的影响。运行结果表明，ＰＨＯ ６．０－９．０、ｔ为１５－３０℃、污沁荷０．３ｋｇＢＯＤ５／ｋｇＭＬＳＳ．ｄ，运行程序：进水０．５ｈ（限制曝气）、曝气１０ｈ、脱氮１．５ｈ，沉降０．５ｈ，排水０．５ｈ、闲置１１ｈ，周期时间２４ｈ时ＣＯＤＣＲ去除率８８％、ＢＯＤ５９４％、     

色基生产废水的三级处理工艺试验

在染料中间体红色基Ｂ，紫酱色基ＧＰ的生产过程中，全产生降解处理的废水，采用中和隔油－生物接触氧化－电解脱色工艺处理可达标准排放。试验结果表明，硝化废酸液和水解母液的混合废水经过中和隔油处理后，ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率可达到５６％以上，而ＢＯＤ５／ＣＤＯｃｒ的比值可在从０．２２提高到０．５以上；再经生物接触氧化处理后，ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率在８８％以上，ＢＯＤ５的去除率在９２％以上；最后，电解处理能使ＣＯＤｃ     

柠檬酸废水的厌氧－兼氧－好氧处理

采用厌氧－兼氧－好氧工艺处理柠檬酸废水。管道厌氧消化器在进水ＰＨ３．４４～４．３８．ＣＯＤ１４１８７．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，处理水量为２００ｔ／ｄ，有机负荷率７．０９ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）条件下，出水ＰＨ７．０～７．５，ＣＯＤ去除率为用８１．１％，产气率为０．４３ｍ３／ｋｇＣＯＤ。兼氧－好氧处理进水ｐＨ３．２～４．６，ＣＯＤ１９２９ｍｇ，／Ｌ．处理水量１０８０ｔ／ｄ，停留时间为兼氧６ｈ、好氧１３ｈ，出水ｐＨ７．４～８．１，ＣＯＤ１０７．６ｍｇ／Ｌ，达到ＧＢ８９７８－８８二级标准。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.