炼油厂固废金属来源分析及迁移路线

以某典型炼油厂为实验样地,通过对原油炼制过程中各生产装置固体废物排放情况进行调研并检测固废中金属元素含量,对炼厂固废金属来源及迁移规律进行了分析。研究结果表明:炼厂外排固废中主要包含As、Cu、Ni、Cr、Hg、Pb、V等金属元素,其中Ni元素和V元素含量较高,覆盖面广。催化裂化装置外排固废中Ni、V两类金属元素含量较高,汽油吸附脱硫装置固废中Ni、Zn元素含量较高,催化重整装置外排固废中主要含有As、Cu、Ni、Cr、Hg等元素,柴油加氢装置外排固废中主要含有As、Pb、Cu等元素。原油中的V元素除少部分随常减压装置电脱盐废水排出外,大部分沉积在催化裂化催化剂中,并随催化柴油和直馏柴油积累在柴油加氢精制催化剂中;Ni元素主要累积在废催化裂化催化剂,并随相应工艺路线进入汽油吸附脱硫废吸附剂、重整催化剂、柴油加氢精制催化剂和柴油加氢裂化催化剂中;Zn元素的迁移路线为:催化裂化催化剂、重整催化剂中以及脱氯剂的Zn元素随催化汽油进入加氢脱硫装置,并大量沉积在汽油吸附脱硫吸附剂和柴油加氢精制催化剂中;原油中的As、Cu、Pb元素随相应的工艺路线,最终大量沉积在加氢精制废催化剂中。     

两淮地区燃煤电厂砷、汞、氟、铍和铀的大气排放清单的研究

安徽两淮地区(淮南和淮北)为华东地区最重要的能源基地,共有8个大型燃煤电厂,小型电厂数量众多,坑口电厂煤电的转换,污染物多残留原地,PM_(2.5)细颗粒物及有害元素大气排放尤需关注。两淮煤田煤中As、Hg、F、Be和U不富集,但燃煤电厂煤消费量大,而两淮地区燃煤电厂有害元素的大气排放量相关报道较少;基于该地区煤炭消费量、煤中元素含量和元素大气排放因子,建立了有害元素As、Hg、F、Be和U的大气排放清单,结果表明:2012年两淮地区燃煤电厂As、Hg、F、Be和U的大气排放量分别为0.31 t、1.93 t、727 t、0.08 t和0.18 t。     

水洗及酸洗过程对焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出特性的影响

以上海江桥和老港两家垃圾焚烧厂飞灰为研究对象,基于固体废物浸出毒性的醋酸缓冲溶液浸出法(HJ/T300-2007),研究了水洗和酸洗过程对焚烧飞灰中Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb等重金属元素浸出特性的影响,并结合XRD、SEM和EDS分析了飞灰在水洗和酸洗过程中矿物相组成和颗粒形态的变化,探索其与重金属浸出特性的关系。结果表明,水洗灰(GWF)和酸洗灰(AWF)中重金属含量的变化取决于重金属向液相转移以及在固相中浓缩这两种不同机制的共同作用。Pb向液相转移的作用大于浓缩作用,而Cr、Cu和Cd则相反。同GPF (原灰)和GWF (水洗飞灰)相比,AWF (酸洗飞灰)中产生了新的针状晶体;由于浓缩作用,水洗飞灰中元素硅明显增加,酸洗飞灰中Cu、Cr、Cd等重金属含量明显增加,Pb含量变化不大。决定重金属元素浸出能力的关键因素是各种重金属元素在飞灰中的存在形式,而不是其在飞灰中的绝对含量。pH值对飞灰中重金属的浸出具有较大影响,GWF的浸出毒性弱,AWF的浸出毒性强。水洗对飞灰中重金属的浸出特性有减弱作用,而酸洗对飞灰中重金属的浸出特性有增强作用。对于上海江桥和老港焚烧厂飞灰,水洗能够降低其Cr的浸出特性,酸洗处理后,Cd和Pb的浸出毒性超过卫生填埋标准。     

油田含油污泥中重金属元素测定的前处理方法研究

通过试验对比分析，研究了油田含油污泥中8种重金属测定的前处理方法。得出适用于油田含油污泥样品中不同重金属元素检测时的前处理方法。分析结果表明，对检测Zn、Cd元素，HNO₃-H₂O₂法、HCl-H₂O₂法、王水法三种前处理消解效果较好，其中HCl-H₂O₂法消解效果最佳；对测定Ni、Cr元素，固废法为最佳前处理方法，对测定Ba元素，HNO₃-H₂O₂-HClO₄法消解效果最佳；对测定Be元素，固废法、王水-H₂O₂法、HNO₃-H₂O₂-HClO₄法、HCl-H₂O₂法、王水法消解效果相同；对检测Pb元素，王水-H₂O₂法消解效果最...     

煤矸石对环境的影响及其防治对策分析

分析介绍了煤炭开采过程中产生的煤矸石对生态环境造成的不利影响,为保护矿区环境,减少煤矸石对环境的污染,将煤矸石变废为宝,重点介绍了利用煤矸石发电等减少污染的经验.     

林地生计依赖性测算及其与农户林地流转意愿关联性研究

农户对林地的生计依赖性同时受到农户家庭因素与外部社会环境的共同影响,由此构建了农户对林地生计的依赖性测算模型,并考察了农户对林地生计的依赖性与农户对林地流转意愿的关联性。利用福建省的农户调查数据,得到农户对林地生计的依赖度,并基于此对农户对林地生计的依赖性与他们对林地流转意愿的关联性进行了实证探讨。结果表明:农户对林地生计的依赖度在不同区间内的分布较不均衡,且农户对林地生计的依赖性较弱的农户数量所占的比重较高。同时,农户的林地流转意愿与他们对林地生计的依赖性表现出了较强的相关关系。这一研究结果证实了文中的两个基本假设:农户对林地的生计依赖性越强,农户的林地流入意愿越强,流出意愿越弱;农户对林地生计的依赖性越弱,农户对林地流出意愿越强,流入意愿越弱。     

四川马边某磷矿区土壤重金属特征及形态分析

为研究四川马边某磷矿区土壤重金属分布状况及特征,采集矿区土壤样品,用ICP-MS测定了重金属As、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr的含量及其形态,并用潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属污染程度进行评价。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属中的Cd和Pb含量高于四川土壤背景值的10.00、7.14倍,高于全国土壤背景值8.14、8.48倍,其余元素均略高于各背景值,经相关性分析,As、Zn、Cd 3种重金属具有同源性。形态分析显示,Cd的形态分布以可还原态为主,易迁移释放,其余元素均以残渣态为主,Pb除残渣态外,可还原态与可氧化态占一定比例,具有一定的潜在风险。潜在生态危害指数法分析表明,重金属的单一潜在生态危害程度Er^i顺序为Cd>Pb>As>Cu>Cr>Zn,各样点重金属潜在生态危害指数RI平均值为378.87,属于强生态危害,其中又以Cd贡献率最大,为78%。     

密云水库上游土壤重金属污染调查评价

文章对密云水库周边及上游地区（北京境内）的污染状况作了初步评价。研究结果发现密云水库周边及上游地区重金属污染以Cr和Hg为主，丰亡牛河上游为污染最严重地区，清水河上游、潮河下游放马峪地区、德田沟-崎峰茶地区受Cr元素轻度污染。这些地区土壤重金属污染的主要原因是由于金属矿山不合理堆放的尾砂及废矿石等人为因素所致。     

混凝处理皮革废水研究

利用混凝剂对皮革废水进行处理，包括综合废水、铬鞣液及加碱处理后铬鞣液。对三种无机混凝剂和十种有机混凝剂进行了初步筛选。结果表明，混凝处理对三种废水均有一定作用，最适用于综合废水，而铬鞣液直接混凝效果不佳。最佳混凝剂为PAM(分子量900x10^4—1200x10^4)40mg／L Al2(S04)3 1000mg／L，色度能完全去除，对SS、COD、Cr的去除率也较高。     

广西贵港柑桔产区土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

以广西贵港柑桔产区土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sc、Pb、Zn 8种重金属含量及污染特征,基于农用地土壤污染评价标准(GB15618-2018),利用潜在生态危害指数法评价了该产区重金属的综合潜在生态风险。结果表明:Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb 7种元素含量均值低于土壤污染风险筛选值,Cd元素含量均值(1. 22mg/kg)高于风险筛选值(0. 3mg/kg)。Pb、Zn元素与Hg、Ni元素各自具有相似的空间分布规律,Cd元素含量有从中心向四周扩散的趋势。Cd元素处于较强的风险水平,很强与极强级别样本所占比例分别为17. 5%和45%。Hg元素中度、强风险级别占比分别为39. 5%、29. 5%,说明该研究区土壤中Cd、Hg元素污染较严重。综合潜在风险指数RI均值为342. 4,属于强生态风险,主要受Cd、Hg元素污染影响。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.