Der Einsatz von Pflanzentests bei der Sedimentbewertung

Up to now, sediment studies have mainly used standardized aquatic bioassays with organisms of the three trophic levels. Among these, algae are the only representatives of the entire plant kingdom. Bioassays with higher plants have hardly been used for the assessment of sediments. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate that the use of higher plants in biotests for analyses of anthropogenically contaminated sediments yields valuable results, which may be included in a concept for the integrated assessment of waters. The contamination by environmental chemicals was determined in the River Elbe by means of samples taken at the Fahlberg-List industrial site at Magdeburg in combination with studies in a reference area on the Müritz-Elde Waterway (Eldenburger Kanal). Sediment extracts and pore waters were tested with the aquatic lemna test. For comparison, first sediment contact tests withLemna minor were tried out. The whole extract of the sediment from Fahlberg-List Magdeburg and one fraction F5 caused distinct damages of the plants. Obviously, the phytotoxic substances of the whole extract are preferentially concentrated in the highly polar fraction F5. A comparison with chemical analytical data proved that the whole fraction F0 and the fraction F5 were heavily contaminated with chemicals. Assays with pore water from this sediment and with the whole sediment also caused a strong inhibition of growth. These results confirm the high contamination of the sediment from Magdeburg. The tests with the reference sediment suggested only a moderate toxic contamination. The results of this study prove that the selected aquatic plant,Lemna minor, is basically able to indicate contamination. In the aquatic test of the sediment extracts, it showed weak, but very selective, responses to certain classes of contaminants. Fractionating of the sample and subsequent chemical analysis combined with toxicity tests allow to narrow down the groups of substances causing toxic effects. This toxicity was confirmed by analyses of the pore waters and whole sediment samples. Together with other toxicity tests (e.g. standardized bioassays) and combined with biological benthos examinations, an overall judgment can be given for the integrated assessment of waters.     

Anwendung differenzierter Untersuchungsmethoden zur Sedimentbewertung

The aquatic sediments have special significance as habitats of species-rich biocoenoses and as the place where manifold transformation processes occur. Because of their high potential for accumulation of contaminants, sediments are particularly sensitive to anthropogenic impacts, which may disturb the natural state of sediments. In order to protect the aquatic life community, such impacts must be identified, assessed, and the chemical causes of toxic effects must be found. Since the end of the 1980s, the interest for a possibly comprehensive assessment of sediments has increased. This problem can be tackled only by an integrated approach, which combines the detection of toxicity under standardized laboratory conditions with chemical data and biologicalin situ studies into a holistic view. The information value of the results depends essentially on the selection of a diversity of test methods, which are able to indicate contaminant effects differentially. This paper presents results from a comprehensive test approach, which integrates standardized methods (DIN) with pore waters and eluates, as well as tests using the whole sediment. To cover a wider variety of contaminants in the sediment, solvent extracts and fractions thereof were also examined by different bioassays. Chemical analyses examined the structural parameters and identified priority contaminants. Non-target screening could detect a variety of further substances and substance classes. The model organisms of the bioassays responded very differentially and sometimes very intensively to the contaminants in the various investigation media. Especially in sediment extracts, some fractions, and consequently also substances and groups of substances, proved to be particularly toxic. It could be shown that the selected chemical, ecotoxicological, and biological study methods contribute to a holistic assessment. Further, possibly very sensitive bioassays and benthos-biological parameters should be examined aiming to optimize the very wide battery of tests.     

Toxizität und Risk Assessment fluvialer Sedimente und Schwebstoffe: Eine kurze Übersicht bisheriger und neuerer Entwicklungen

Background In recent years, sediments have become a central topic of scientific and public discussion as an important factor for determining water quality. While the quality of surface waters in Germany has significantly improved during the past years, highly contaminated sediments still create a considerable threat to the quality of several European catchment areas. Main features Here, we summarize different concepts and methods for the assessment of sediment quality and report on some novel integrative test methods for assessing sediment toxicity including contaminant re-mobilization during simulated re-suspension events. Results and discussion Currently, different approaches for assessment of sediment pollution exist. While instrumental chemical analyses are not suitable to accurately describe sediment toxicity, combinations of biological and chemical test procedures and integrated approaches, for example weight-of-evidence studies and effect-directed analysis (EDA), have the potential to identify key contaminants. Inter-disciplinary studies combining hydrodynamic and toxicological aspects coupled to real exposure of aquatic organisms to contaminants are currently being developed. Conclusions Monitoring and assessment of sediment quality are of increasing importance, not only for national legislation but also for the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Integrated approaches for the determination of sediment stability play a key role in the appropriate sediment-monitoring strategies.     

水蚤分子生态毒理学研究进展

水蚤是广泛分布于各类淡水水体中的浮游动物,在水生生态系统中具有重要地位,也是水生毒理学研究中常用的模式生物。近年来,分子毒理学的发展为水蚤生态毒理学研究提供了新的工具和研究思路。本文分别从基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学和表观遗传组学方面,综述了不同环境污染物(重金属、农药和杀菌剂等有机污染物、环境激素类化合物、纳米材料和藻毒素等)对水蚤的生态毒理学效应及分子机制,为通过水蚤生态毒理学研究进行环境污染生物标志物筛选及生态风险评估提供参考。     

Evaluation of information indices as indicators of environmental stress in terrestrial soils

Information indices from Ecosystem Network Analysis (ENA) can be used to quantify the development of an ecosystem in terms of its size and organization. There are two types of indices, i.e. absolute indices that describe both the size and organization of ecosystem (Total System Throughput (TST)—system size, Ascendancy (A)—size of organized flows and Development Capacity (C)—upper limit for A, Overhead (L)—size of unorganized flows) and relative indices that describe only the organization (Average Mutual Information (AMI = A:TST), Flow Diversity (H = C:TST), Relative Overhead (RL = L:TST)).It is theorized that environmental stress impair the ecosystem development and that the effect of stress can be quantified with the ENA information indices. Here we applied ENA on a case of environmental stress in a terrestrial ecosystem, i.e. soils that have endured long-term exposure to elevated copper concentration and altered pH.The absolute indices showed an unexpected pattern of response to pollution, suggesting that ecosystems in polluted soils are more active and better organized than these in unpolluted soils. The relative indices, alternatively, responded to pollution as predicted by theory, i.e. with decrease of stress (pollution level) the level of specialization increased (increase of AMI) and losses of energy, e.g. due to respiration, decreased (decrease of Overhead). The diversity and evenness of flows showed hump-backed relationship with stress. Less polluted soils appeared to be less vulnerable to external disturbances and more efficient in processing energy (higher Relative Ascendancy (RA = A:C)) than polluted soils. The relative information indices were rigid to changes in values of assumed parameters. The relative indices, opposite to absolute indices, appeared to be useful as indicators of environmental stress on the ecosystem level.     

Effects of benzo(k)fluoranthene,a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on DNA damage,lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in marine gastropod Morula granulata

Benzo(k)fluoranthene [B(k)F] is one of the widespread priority pollutants of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that has been scarcely studied for exposure assessment. With studies reporting a high amount B(k)F in sediments and water samples around the world, it has become vital to study its effects on aquatic organisms. In this connection, this study is conducted to study the effect of different concentrations of B(k)F (1, 10, 25 and 50?µg/L) in marine gastropod Morula granulata exposed in vivo for 96?h. A concentration-dependent increase in percentage tail DNA (TDNA) as measured by comet assay was observed in snails exposed to B(k)F. Exposure concentrations above 1?µg/L B(k)F showed significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and lipid peroxidation value in snails. After 96?h, SOD activity was found to be doubled for 50?µg/L B(k)F in comparison to control. A significant increase in catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity was observed at all exposure conditions at the end of the exposure time. Our study showed that B(k)F induces oxidative stress in snails which further lead to genotoxic damage. To our knowledge, this is the first study on oxidative stress and genotoxic damage in gastropods exposed to B(k)F.     

Priority Wetland Invertebrates as Conservation Surrogates

Abstract: Invertebrates are important functionally in most ecosystems, but seldom appraised as surrogate indicators of biological diversity. Priority species might be good candidates; thus, here we evaluated whether three freshwater invertebrates listed in the U.K. Biodiversity Action Plan indicated the richness, composition, and conservation importance of associated wetland organisms as defined respectively by their alpha diversity, beta diversity, and threat status. Sites occupied by each of the gastropods Segmentina nitida, Anisus vorticulus, and Valvata macrostoma had greater species richness of gastropods and greater conservation importance than other sites. Each also characterized species assemblages associated with significant variations between locations in alpha or beta diversity among other mollusks and aquatic macrophytes. Because of their distinct resource requirements, conserving the three priority species extended the range of wetland types under management for nature conservation by 18% and the associated gastropod niche‐space by around 33%. Although nonpriority species indicated variations in richness, composition, and conservation importance among other organisms as effectively as priority species, none characterized such a wide range of high‐quality wetland types. We conclude that priority invertebrates are no more effective than nonpriority species as indicators of alpha and beta diversity or conservation importance among associated organisms. Nevertheless, conserving priority species can extend the array of distinct environments that are protected for their specialized biodiversity and environmental quality. We suggest that this is a key role for priority species and conservation surrogates more generally, and, on our evidence, can best be delivered through multiple species with contrasting habitat requirements.     

多杀菌素、阿维菌素乳油和高效氯氰菊酯3种农药对环境生物的安全性评价

防治同一类病虫害的农药种类很多,在保证药效的前提下,选择对施药环境中其他生物安全的农药是非常必要的。通过毒性试验,比较了25 g·L^-1多杀菌素悬浮剂、1.8%阿维菌素乳油和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂对环境生物蜜蜂、家蚕、赤眼蜂、大型溞和斑马鱼的风险。结果表明,25 g·L^-1多杀菌素悬浮剂对蜜蜂为高毒,对家蚕为剧毒,对赤眼蜂为高风险,对斑马鱼和大型溞为低毒;1.8%阿维菌素乳油对蜜蜂为高毒,对家蚕为剧毒,对赤眼蜂为高风险,对斑马鱼和大型溞为剧毒;4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂对蜜蜂为高毒,对家蚕为剧毒,对赤眼蜂为高风险,对斑马鱼和大型溞为剧毒。3种农药对家蚕、蜜蜂、赤眼蜂均为高风险,但与阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯相比多杀菌素对水生生物更安全。     

陆地生物配体模型（t-BLM）初探：镁离子降低铜离子对小麦根的毒性

生物配体模型(BLM)同时考虑了水中金属离子的化学形态以及阳离子与金属离子在生物配体(BL)上的竞争对其毒性的影响,能成功预测水体金属的生物毒性/有效性.最近,BLM呈现出向土壤环境中拓展的趋势,发展能预测重金属对土壤生物毒性的陆地生物配体模型(t-BLM)正成为最新的国际研究热点.论文模拟土壤溶液,以土壤溶液中的主要阳离子Mg2+为例,通过单因素浓度控制-恒pH营养液培养-陆生植物根伸长抑制试验,定量探讨了不同浓度Mg2+存在下,铜离子(Cu2+)对小麦(Triticum aestivum)根的毒性.结果表明,Mg2+浓度升高显著减弱了Cu2+对小麦根的毒性,即呈现出保护效应.证实陆地生态系统中也存在阳离子对重金属植物毒性的保护效应,支持了BLM中阳离子和重金属离子在生物配体上存在竞争结合的假设,即BLM概念适用于陆生植物.定量分析表明,小麦根生长抑制的毒性效应指标EC50(以自由铜离子活度表示)与自由镁离子活度间存在良好的相关性,线性回归方程为:pEC50(Cu2+)=-0.36(Mg2+)+6.47(r2=0.9976),Mg2+对Cu2+毒性的影响强度可以通过该方程进行预测.论文积累了重金属铜对典型陆生受试植物小麦的毒性数据,探讨了t-BLM的构建方法学,并为其发展提供了思路.联合了土壤理化性质、金属形态及生物积累和毒性效应的t-BLM,将提供一个环境风险评价和制定土壤质量标准的新工具.     

碳纳米材料的水环境行为及对水生生物毒理学研究进展

随着纳米科技的迅猛发展,人工碳纳米材料的生产和使用逐年递增,越来越多的碳纳米材料进入水环境中,对水生生物产生毒性效应。本文在介绍了碳纳米球、石墨烯、碳纳米管3种碳纳米材料的基础上,分析了碳纳米材料的水环境行为,重点综述了碳纳米材料对水生生物毒性效应研究现状,以及可能的致毒机制,并指出今后碳纳米材料对水生生物毒理学亟待加强的研究领域。     

Utility of the QSAR modeling system for predicting the toxicity of substances on the European inventory of existing commercial chemicals∗

Many chemicals are in common commercial use for which no information on the environmental fate or toxicity exists. Recent legislation requires that many substances be assessed for their toxicity to aquatic organisms within a very short time and determine which of these chemicals need to be studied in greater detail. It would be impossible to measure the acute and chronic effects of all of these compounds on a single organism, let alone a battery of different types of organisms, communities or ecosystems. Initially, the chemicals on the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS) need to be screened and relative hazard to the environment determined. In response to OECD directives, there has been a great deal of activity by government and industry scientists. At the International Workshop on Advances in Environmental Hazard and Risk Assessment it was concluded that quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) could and should be used in the hazard assessment process. Papers published in that volume outline the advantages, disadvantages, limitations, advances and research requirements.

The QSAR, structure‐activity based chemical modeling and information system, which was developed by the US‐Environmental Protection Agency was used to predict the acute toxicity of 113 substances from the “Old Substances”; list of the German government to the four commonly used aquatic toxicity test organisms: Daphnia magna (DM), fathead minnow (FHM), rainbow trout (RBT), and blue‐gill sunfish (BG).

Of these compounds the QSAR system predicted the acute toxicity of 87 substances towards fathead minnow. For the other three species examined the QSAR system could be used to predict toxicity for 78 compounds.

The predicted toxicities were compared to observed toxicities of compounds which have been evaluated and stored in the “Aquire”; data base. Observed toxicity values were available for at least one species for 38 compounds. The toxicities of some compounds are well predicted while those of other compounds were not well predicted. Overall, the QSAR system accurately classified the acute toxicity ranges of 50%, 64%, 56% and 56% of the compounds investigated for DM, FHM, RBT and BG, respectively. Of the compounds studied 10 were very poorly predicted, of these the QSAR system overpredicted the toxicity of three, while underpredicting the toxicity of seven. Of these seven compounds, five contained amino groups.     

氟喹诺酮污染对淡水水生环境的影响—综述

截至目前,环境中抗生素的行为及其对生态毒性的影响仍被忽视。这一课题的范畴是宽泛的,涉及到广泛的生物体,包括栖居在各种水生生态系统中的微生物,藻类,无脊椎动物和脊椎动物等。改变这种系统中任何一个组成的平衡破坏了整个系统的平衡。在人类和动物医学中,氟喹诺酮的制造和频繁使用引起了对微生物抗生素耐药性流行率增加的高度关注,而且,除此之外,通过各种途径进入环境生态系统的抗生素母体和代谢物化合物的归趋也引起了环境影响关注。相关研究集中在分析环境样品中氟喹诺酮的存留浓度,并且经常使用动物评估模型来测试急性毒性,但是仍然不清楚在水生环境中低水平慢性接触对生命形态的生态毒性影响中起什么作用。本综述的目的是评估氟喹诺酮在动物和人类医学中的使用水平,确定其传播的途径,突出在淡水环境中的生态毒理学影。
精选自Nicol Janecko, Lucie Pokludova, Jana Blahova, Zdenka Svobodova, Ivan Literak. Implications of fluoroquinolone contamination on the fresh water aquatic environment -A review. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 11, pages 2647–2656, November 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3552
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3552/full
     

Integrated environmental assessment of freshwater sediments: a chemical and ecotoxicological approach at the Alqueva reservoir

In order to study the pollution of an aquatic ecosystem, it is necessary to analyze not only the levels of chemical pollutants in water, but also those accumulated in the sediment matrix, as well as to assess its ecotoxicological status. The Alqueva reservoir, the largest artificial lake in Europe, was chosen as case study as it constitutes the most important water supply source in southern Portugal. It is located in the Guadiana River Basin, in a semi-arid region with high levels of water scarcity and where agriculture is one of the main activities. The evaluation of sediments comprised: (1) physical and chemical analysis (grain size, pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus); (2) potentially toxic trace elements (Cu, As, Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn and Ni); and (3) ecotoxicological evaluation with Vibrio fischeri, Thamnocephalus platyurus, Daphnia magna, and Heterocypris incongruens. Total trace element concentrations indicated that As, Cd, and Pb surpassed the Canadian levels for the protection of aquatic life, in most of Alqueva’s sites. The results of the toxicity assessment showed that some locations induced acute and chronic toxicity in the species used. Further, the H. incongruens was the most sensitive species as far as the contamination found in the sediment is concerned, followed by the bacteria V. fischeri. This integrative approach, together with the water column quality assessment, allowed a comprehensive evaluation of the environmental quality of this strongly modified water body and will allow the implementation of remediation strategies to obtain a good ecological potential as proposed in the Water Framework Directive.     

Retrospektives Monitoring von Organozinnverbindungen in biologischen Proben aus Nord- und Ostsee – sind die Anwendungsbeschränkungen erfolgreich?

Background, aim, and scope Organotin compounds are used as biocides, plastic additives and catalysts. With respect to environmental effects, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) compounds are the most relevant, because of their high aquatic toxicity and endocrine effects on mussels and snails. TBT was mainly used as antifouling agents in coatings of ships and boats. In 1989, Germany banned the application to ships <?25?m length. Finally, in 2003, the use of organotin-based antifoulants within the European Union was completely banned. To verify the effectiveness of the restrictions a retrospective monitoring study was initiated. Material and methods A set of appropriate archived samples was retrieved from the German environmental specimen bank (ESB) comprising standardized pooled samples of eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) muscle tissue and of soft bodies of common mussels (Mytilus edulis) sampled at two locations in the North Sea and one in the Baltic Sea. Analysis of organotin compounds included n-hexane extraction, derivatisation with sodium tetraethyl borate, capillary gas-chromatographic separation and atomic emission detection. Results and Discussion Altogether, time series cover the period 1985 to 2006, including data of an earlier study (Rüdel et al. 2003). Until the late 1990s, TBT remained more or less constant in all samples (e.?g. 17?±?3?ng/g wet weight, ww, in mussels from Jadebay/North Sea). The German ban of TBT-based antifoulings for small ships had no effects on environmental concentrations because large ships dominate in the investigated North Sea regions. After the EU-wide ban of TBT in 2003, however, significant decreases in mussel and fish contamination could be observed. In mussels from Jadebay, TBT concentrations were 14 and 6?ng/g ww in 2004 and 2005, respectively. TBT contamination in eelpout of the same region decreased to about 30 percent of the initial concentrations in 2006. Corresponding decreases were detected for TPT. Declining trends were also found in fish and mussels sampled from a Baltic Sea offshore site. Conclusions The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the legal measures undertaken to control organotin inputs into the aquatic environment. Nevertheless, organotin compounds are still relevant pollutants. Water concentrations calculated from the measured tissue concentrations by using the respective bioconcentration factors are still above the Environmental Quality Standards derived in the context of the Water Framework Directive (0.2?ng/l) and the OSPAR mussel EAC (Environmental Assessment Criteria; 2.4?ng/g ww). Thus adverse effects to marine organisms cannot be excluded. Recommendations and perspectives Further studies should be performed to verify the declining trends. More sensitive analytical methods, e.?g. species-specific isotope dilution analysis, are recommended in order to detect lower environmental concentrations.     

地表水中抗生素复合残留对水生生物的毒性及其生态风险评价

针对上海地区地表水中混合并持久残留的抗生素对水生态的危害,测试了3种主要被使用的抗生素(磺胺甲恶唑,SMZ;土霉素,OTC;氟苯尼考,FF)对4个不同营养级的水生生物代表种(蛋白核小球藻、费氏弧菌、大型蚤和斑马鱼胚胎)的单一毒性和联合毒性,并进一步对生态风险进行评估来探究抗生素对水生态系统的综合作用。研究表明:水生生物对单一抗生素暴露的毒性敏感顺序为:蛋白核小球藻斑马鱼胚胎费氏弧菌大型蚤。用联合指数(CI)来评价抗生素二元混合物之间的相互作用时发现对于不同水生模式生物,抗生素之间的相互作用方式以拮抗作用(CI1)为主。通过与浓度加和(CA)和独立作用(IA)2个传统模型的预测效果比较,发现CI模型能准确预测到抗生素联合毒性偏离相加作用。由于养殖废水中这3种抗生素的含量均远高于其他水体(如黄浦江、长江口、工厂废水),其对不同营养级的水生生物均表现出较高的风险性,需要对养殖废水采取相应的风险削减措施;相比之下,其他水体中抗生素对费氏弧菌、斑马鱼胚胎、大型蚤均表现出低风险,但是对蛋白核小球藻仍具有一定的风险性,需要警惕抗生素对水体初级生产者的风险性。     

Microplastics pollution in Bangladesh: current scenario and future research perspective

ABSTRACT

Microplastics are emerging environmental pollutants that have gained tremendous scientific interest in recent years. These micropollutants are omnipresent both in the terrestrial and aquatic environments posing a deleterious threat to the ecosystem and biodiversity. So, it is important to develop a deep understanding of the environmental fate and potential adverse impacts of microplastics on the aquatic and terrestrial environments. By critically reviewing the previously published scientific literature, the present synthesis briefly outlines the characteristics, occurrence and potential toxic effects of microplastics on terrestrial and aquatic biota. The article also focuses on some innovative approaches for sustainable remediation of macroplastics as well as microplastics. Since the concept of microplastics pollution has yet in its infancy in Bangladesh, this synthesis provides an overview of the current scenario of microplastics pollution and some future research recommendations in the context of Bangladesh which might be helpful to the novice researchers of this field.     

Application of QSARS to predict potential aquatic toxicities of organochlorine pesticides∗

On the basis of physico‐chemical data, such as water solubility and vapour pressure as well as acute toxicity tests we developed an ecotoxicological model for preliminary hazard assessment. By use of the reciprocal product from log H and LC₅₀ we developed a suitable ranking system that allows us to predict potential damage to aquatic organisms through pesticides.     

Environmental effects of aluminium

Aluminium (Al), when present in high concentrations, has for long been recognised as a toxic agent to aquatic freshwater organisms,i.e. downstream industrial point sources of Al-rich process water. Today the environmental effects of aluminium are mainly a result of acidic precipitation; acidification of catchments leads to increased Al- concentrations in soil solution and freshwaters. Large parts of both the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are affected.In the aquatic environment, aluminium acts as a toxic agent on gill-breathing animals such as fish and invertebrates, by causing loss of plasma- and haemolymph ions leading to osmoregulatory failure. In fish, the inorganic (labile) monomeric species of aluminium reduce the activities of gill enzymes important in the active uptake of ions. Aluminium seems also to accumulate in freshwater invertebrates. Dietary organically complexed aluminium, maybe in synergistic effects with other contaminants, may easily be absorbed and interfere with important metabolic processes in mammals and birds.The mycorrhiza and fine root systems of terrestrial plants are adversely affected by high levels of inorganic monomeric aluminium. As in the animals, aluminium seems to have its primary effect on enzyme systems important for the uptake of nutrients. Aluminium can accumulate in plants. Aluminium contaminated invertebrates and plants might thus be a link for aluminium to enter into terrestrial food chains.     

International standardized procedures for in vivo evaluation of multi-walled carbon nanotube toxicity in water

The classical approach in ecotoxicological evaluation of chemical substances consists of conducting standardized bioassays on organism models. In this work, the potential impact of industrial multi-walled carbon nanotubes was investigated by ecotoxicological standardized procedures using aquatic organisms of different trophic levels, namely bacteria, green algae, invertebrates, fish, and amphibians. The results indicated (1) inhibition of growth in amphibians at 50 mg L^?1 and higher, and (2) no effects on daphnia and fish up to 100 mg L^?1. With the exception of algae (for which Fe deficiency is measured), it seems that the observed toxicity may be due to physiological effects in relation to the ingestion of carbon nanotubes not necessarily related to their intrinsic effects.     

湿地生态风险评价中生物完整性指数研究进展

湿地是陆地与水域之间的过渡地带,是地球上生产力最高的生态系统。湿地生态风险评价的实际应用将使人们更好地理解物理、化学和生物风险源如何影响湿地,并为湿地管理提供科学支撑,这就要求确定湿地生态健康评价指标的完整性。生物完整性指数以环境生态毒理学数据为依据,是进行生态系统健康风险评价的最有力工具。大中型无脊椎动物作为易选择的分类群,可用于湿地评估的生物完整性指数的建立,土壤动物特别是线虫类群作为湿地土壤和水环境健康评价的指示生物具有广阔前景。通过线虫分子毒理学等研究方法,可优化出生物完整性指数体系,建立扰动背景下的湿地生态风险评价模型,为湿地污染的监测、防控和修复,提供理论依据和实践方法。