降雨对不同粒径气溶胶粒子碰撞清除能力

利用与惯性碰撞紧密相关的斯托克斯数Stk计算公式,结合海淀宝联大气成分站和海淀自动观测站2012年10月~2014年10月两年实测的逐时PM_(2.5)浓度数据和对应时刻的气象要素数据,并挑选典型降水过程分析降水对不同粒径气溶胶的碰撞清除作用.惯性碰撞是降水对气溶胶的最主要清除方式,斯托克斯数Stk的计算结果显示,降水对粒径小于2μm的气溶胶的直接碰撞清除作用很小,对粒径大于2μm的粗粒子的清除作用相对较大;实际观测数据统计分析表明,PM_(2.5)浓度明显减少的降水过程及降水时次很少,而43.2%的降水时次PM_(2.5)浓度有所升高;通过对典型降水过程气溶胶粒径分布数据分析表明,降水对爱根核模态(0.1μm)和粗模态气溶胶(1.0μm)有明显的清除作用,但对积聚模态清除作用不明显,由于PM_(2.5)的质量浓度主要分布在积聚模态,因此,降水对环境中PM_(2.5)的碰撞清除作用很弱.     

布朗扩散对颗粒床过滤的影响

在实验的基础上 ,得到了计算单个颗粒扩散收集效率的经验方程式。结果表明 ,气溶胶粒子的粒径越小 ,布朗扩散越显著 ;气体流速的增加不利于粒子的扩散沉积 ;过滤介质的粒径越小 ,粒子的扩散沉积效应越高 ,穿透率也就越低。     

气溶胶在采样管中的沉积特性研究

为了正确评价气溶胶在采样管道中的粒子沉积损失,文章通过实验研究确定了采样管道中粒子沉积与有关参数之间的关系。气溶胶粒子粒径为0.04~8.30μm、采样流量为10~30 L/min、采样管道长度为10~35 m。结果表明,当气溶胶粒径约小于1μm时,穿透率随粒径增大而增加,当气溶胶粒径约大于1μm时;穿透率随粒径增加而减小;气溶胶粒子的穿透率随流速增大而增加;气溶胶粒子的穿透率随采样管长增加而减小。     

气溶胶在不同倾角裂隙中穿透率研究

为研究气溶胶在自然界不同倾角岩体裂隙中的穿透率,对理想模型进行了理论分析计算,并在实验室用钢板制做模拟裂隙置于不同角度进行实验。结果表明:实测值与修正后的理论计算值吻合较好,对于有一定倾角的规则尺寸岩体裂隙可以通过修正后的理论计算公式得到气溶胶在其中的穿透率;随着水平倾角的交替改变(-90°~90°),气溶胶穿透率呈现周期性变化,随着相对角度(0°~90°,0°~-90°)的增加,气溶胶穿透率明显上升,且大粒径粒子尤为明显,小粒径粒子受角度影响较小;随着侧面倾角增大(0°~90°),气溶胶粒子穿透率逐渐上升(尤其是大粒径气溶胶粒子);裂隙呈水平状态时,气溶胶在其中的穿透率最低。裂隙倾角变化,对小粒径气溶胶粒子穿透率影响不大,对大粒径气溶胶粒子穿透率影响较为明显。     

标准气溶胶发生系统的建立与性能评估

针对气溶胶测量仪器校准和实验室气溶胶光学特性研究的需求,搭建了一套标准气溶胶发生系统,并对其性能开展了测试研究.系统采用恒定流量的雾化器产生气溶胶,经过扩散干燥管干燥以及电荷中和器带电中和后,产生标准气溶胶粒子.利用氯化钠样品对系统的性能进行了测试,结果表明,当样品溶液浓度增加时,系统雾化产生粒子的数浓度和粒径均随之增加;当载气气压增加,系统雾化产生粒子的数浓度随之增加,而粒径随之减小.在测试时间内,系统发生的多分散气溶胶粒子的几何平均粒径波动小于1%,总粒子数浓度波动小于2%,单分散气溶胶粒子数浓度的稳定性好于4%.     

大气气溶胶污染对人体健康的影响

气溶胶是由固体粒子、液体粒子或固体及液体粒子悬浮于气体介质中的一种悬胶体,其降落速度极小。如“雾”是空气中微小水滴的悬胶体,是液体粒子气溶胶,“烟”是一种固体粒子气溶胶。大气气溶胶粒子的形成与分布大气中气溶胶粒子,多是由极性气体如二氧化硫、三氧化硫、水蒸汽等凝聚而成。这些极性气体分子在空气中相互碰撞时,可聚合成多聚体,也可分裂成单个分子,由于碰撞作用使粒子内部的凝聚能增大,就可成为稳定的粒     

收集大粒子的大容量预分离器

由于粒子重新气溶胶化的问题,使沉积在经典的惯性撞击器每一节上的量只有几毫克。因此,在用该种撞击器采集烟道样品的时候,尤其是在采集控制设备的上游样品时,必须把采样时间限制得非常短暂。大容量预分离器就是为解决上述问题而设计的一种装置,现已用单分散气溶胶和干尘对这种装置进行了检验。检验结果是,在流速为14.2升/分(0.5cfm)时,临界空气动力学直径是10.8μm,其相应的Stokes数是0.115;用Detroit Edison飞灰进行检验,结果类同;即,其动力学粒径为11.2μm。在该装置所收集的飞灰粒子中,大于15μm的气溶胶粒子有92.5％是予分离器收集的。     

南京雾过程对大气气溶胶谱分布及化学组成的影响

为探究南京地区雾过程对气溶胶粒子化学组成和尺度分布的影响,在2017年冬季的雾观测中平行收集了3级分档雾水和分粒径气溶胶样品,并对雾微物理量与气溶胶谱分布、3级分档雾水与雾前、雾中、雾后分粒径气溶胶化学组成对比分析。结果表明,2017年冬季南京第1次雾过程的雾滴液态水含量随粒径分布为不对称“V”型,最低值位于7μm处,第2次雾过程的雾滴液态水含量随粒径分布为3峰型,峰值分别位于5,15,21.5μm处。在雾形成、发展阶段,粒径<0.33μm的气溶胶质量浓度降低,粒径0.38μm气溶胶质量浓度升高,雾成熟阶段,气溶胶粒子质量浓度在全粒径段均达到最低,粒径0.38μm的气溶胶质量浓度大幅降低,与雾前相比,雾后气溶胶质量浓度峰值向大粒径方向移动。雾前,气溶胶水溶性离子组分富集在粒径<0.43μm的小粒子中,随着雾过程进行,成核作用和吸湿增长使得水溶性离子向较大粒径段富集。雾中新生成的气溶胶随着雾滴的蒸发被释放,导致雾后NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺浓度升高。较小粒径的气溶胶中和率更高,雾形成初期的新生雾滴酸性较强,随着雾过程的进行逐渐中和,雾水pH值逐渐升高。     

半干旱区沙尘天气对0010～10 μm沙尘气溶胶分布的影响

利用WPS粒子谱仪对内蒙古朱日和背景天气及沙尘天气的气溶胶数浓度进行了观测,研究了不同天气背景下沙尘气溶胶数浓度及谱分布特征. 结果表明:在背景天气和沙尘天气下,0.010～0.020,0.021～0.100,0.101～1.000,1.001～2.500 μm等粒径段的气溶胶数浓度差别较大;沙尘天气对各粒径段,尤其是大于1.0 μm的气溶胶数浓度影响较大,沙尘暴过程中1.001～2.500 μm粒径段的气溶胶数浓度约为背景天气的35倍;各粒径段气溶胶数浓度在不同天气背景下的日变化规律有所不同,受气象要素的影响较大. 对沙尘气溶胶谱分布的分析可知,沙尘暴发生前后1 h的沙尘气溶胶谱型均符合Lorentz分布,背景天气下同时段的沙尘气溶胶谱型也符合Lorentz分布;沙尘天气下沙尘气溶胶谱型在沙尘暴发生前1 h的主峰值比背景天气高1个数量级,沙尘暴发生后1 h的峰值半径明显移向大粒子.      

不同厚度颗粒床的过滤特性研究

在能源生产等众多领域中,常常会产生大量有害气溶胶,为保护环境和人员健康,对这些气溶胶的过滤去除成为必须解决的重要技术问题。为了达到预定的过滤目标,满足工程防护的要求,文章在实验的基础上研究了不同厚度颗粒床对气溶胶过滤的影响。实验数据和理论计算结果均表明,随着过滤床厚度的增加,气溶胶粒子穿透率成指数规律减小,而过滤床单个颗粒的收集效率与介质厚度无关。过滤介质粒径越小,穿透率越低。     

活性炭颗粒对超细颗粒物的过滤性能

UFPs(超细颗粒物)对人体危害较大且难以脱除,但活性炭颗粒床利用多孔结构可以提高其过滤效率. 为探究试验条件对UFPs过滤效率的影响以及活性炭孔隙结构和UFPs过滤效率之间的关系,以实验室发生UFPs为研究对象,活性炭为过滤介质,对活性炭颗粒粒径、滤层厚度以及表观风速等条件对过滤UFPs的影响进行了研究,并通过对比过滤前后活性炭的孔径分布,分析活性炭多孔性与UFPs的关系. 结果表明:当活性炭颗粒平均粒径由2.50 mm减至0.45 mm、滤层厚度由20 mm增至100 mm、表观过滤风速由4.25 cm/s降至0.84 cm/s时,总过滤效率分别由41.87%、49.39%、68.24%升至86.27%、89.29%、83.04%;但从活性炭的单颗粒过滤效率和过滤质量角度来看,在活性炭颗粒粒径大、滤层厚度小、表观过滤风速低的条件下,更有利于单个活性炭颗粒的过滤作用的发挥;当UFPs粒径小于14.3 nm时,UFPs发生“热反弹”效应,并且主要过滤机理是扩散效应,但随着UFPs粒径增大,拦截和惯性碰撞对过滤效率的作用增强;活性炭500 nm以下的孔隙结构对脱除UFPs起着重要作用. 研究显示,选择含有更多500 nm以下孔隙的多孔材料更有利于过滤UFPs.      

Overall efficiency of tubular inlets sampling at 0–90 degrees from horizontal aerosol flows

We have developed a unified and comprehensive model for the overall efficiency of tubular inlets sampling from horizontal aerosol flows at 0–90° relative to the wind direction. In our model, derived from experimental data obtained in our wind tunnel, the transmission efficiency is separated into two components: one due to gravitational settling in the boundary layer and the other due to impaction. The gravitational settling component is determined by extending our previously developed isoaxial sampling model to nonisoaxial sampling. The impaction component is determined by a new model that quantifies the particle losses caused by direct wall impaction. The model also quantifies the additional particle losses resulting from the turbulent motion in the vena contracta which is formed in the inlet when the inlet velocity is higher than the wind velocity.The equation for the gravitational settling component considers the inertial behaviour of the particles by including the Stokes number, the flow development in the boundary layer by including the Reynolds number and the gravitational settling in the boundary layer by including a modified gravitational settling parameter. The equation for the impaction component considers direct wall impaction and the losses due to vena contracta formation through the Stokes number, velocity ration and sampling angle. Direct wall impaction is further differentiated by the gravity effect on the impaction process which distinguishes upward from downward sampling. Our equations for transmission efficiency in combination with aspiration efficiency equations determine the overall efficiency of tubular, sharp-edged inlets at all orientations of the inlet relative to horizontal aerosol flows.     

低Reynolds数雨滴表面流体滑移及重力效应对粒子清除的影响

采用拉格朗日法求解了低Reynolds数雨滴以终端下落速度时对大气气溶胶粒子的捕集效率,为考察雨滴表面流体滑移效应,采用Hadamard-Rybczynski流场描述低Reynolds数下雨滴的绕流特征,数值计算中考虑了粒子的惯性碰撞与拦截捕集机理,分析和讨论了雨滴表面流体滑移及粒子重力效应作用对粒子捕集效率的影响.结果表明,若忽略雨滴表面流体滑移及粒子的重力效应,则数值计算结果与已有分析结果一致.当考虑雨滴表面流体滑移效应,则粒子捕集效率有一定程度增加,增加幅度与雨滴尺寸、粒子尺度及粒子密度等参量均有关.粒子所受的重力对雨滴捕集粒子的能力起削弱作用,其削弱程度依赖于粒子拦截参数(R)和Stokes数(St)的大小,在0.2St0.3区间,重力作用对粒子捕集的削弱作用最为显著.     

蒸发冷凝气溶胶多分散性对透过率测试的影响

为研究蒸发冷凝式气溶胶多分散性对滤料透过率试验的影响程度,分别测试了从低效到高效多种滤料在不同过滤速度、不同粒数中值粒径下的透过率。通过修正计算得到典型过滤速度下的真实透过率曲线,与试验透过率对比发现:最易穿透粒径全部位于0.1~0.3 μm;试验测得最易穿透粒径呈负偏差,与修正后的数值相对误差小,最大不超过1.5%;试验气溶胶多分散性导致的透过率误差极值出现在最易穿透粒径处,呈负偏差,低效滤料相对误差较小,极值最低为2.4%,高效滤料极值最大约为10%。因此,在最易穿透粒径范围附近,蒸发冷凝式单分散试验气溶胶测出的最易穿透粒径和透过率是真实有效的。     

静电纺丝过氯乙烯纳米纤维膜对PM10去除效果的研究

静电纺丝纳米纤维膜是一种新型空气净化过滤材料.为了解该材料对PM₁₀的去除效果,以滑石粉粉尘和香烟烟雾为代表研究了静电纺丝过氯乙烯纳米纤维膜对PM₁₀的去除率.结果表明:供试的2类静电纺丝过氯乙烯纳米纤维膜对粉尘的平均去除率分别为93.2%和97.8%,明显高于同类非静电纺丝纤维过滤材料的去除效果;对香烟烟雾有一定的去除效果,4 h的去除率为82.4%.静电纺丝过氯乙烯纳米纤维膜对PM₁₀的过滤作用主要发生在表层,过滤机理以拦截和惯性碰撞为主.      

Aerosol sampling at small forward-facing angles: differentiation of yaw from pitch

When sampling aerosols in ambient or industrial air environments with an inlet, small changes in wind direction or physical constraints in positioning the inlet in the system necessitate the assessment of sampling efficiency in both the vertical and horizontal planes at small angles. In this study we have experimentally investigated the overall sampling efficiency of tubular sharp-edged inlets in yaw (horizontal plane) and pitch (vertival plane) orientations at 0–20° from horizontal aerosol flows. We have developed a model for the overall sampling efficiency at yaw and pitch by extending our previously developed model for pitch to yaw based on our new wind tunnel data. In our model, the difference between yaw and pitch is expressed by the effect of gravity on the wall impaction process inside the inlet described by a gravity effect angle. At yaw, the gravity effect on the wall impaction process does not change with sampling angle. At pitch, the gravity effect on the impaction process results in particle loss increase for upward and decrease for downward sampling. A new relationship has been developed between the gravity effect and physical sampling angles.Using our model, we have developed graphical representations for aerosol sampling at small angles. These can be used in the field to determine the overall sampling efficiency of inlets at several operating conditions and the operating conditions that results in an acceptable sampling error. Pitch and diameter factors have been introduced for relating the efficiency values over a wide range of operating conditions to those of a reference condition. The pitch factor determines the overall sampling efficiency at pitch from yaw values, and the diameter factor determines the overall sampling efficiency at different inlet diameters.     

Application of a directional dust gauge to measurement of impaction at atmospheric salt

The potential for practical application of directional dust gauges to estimate inertial impaction of natural salt aerosols on obstacles the size of leaves was investigated at several centres in the south-west of Western Australia.The amounts and size distributions of aerosol particles varied with weather conditions but were similar to those measured at near-coastal locations elsewhere in the world. Results of measurements of salt impaction collected in dust gauges were resolved into a measure of the strength and direction for the directional components and an average value for all directions. The direction and strength components clearly showed that the greatest impaction was from strong (> 7.5 ms⁻¹) north-westerly to south-westerly winds from the ocean.Dust gauges were found to be useful standard collectors giving reproducible results in monitoring salt impaction. However relating the amount of impaction on different obstacles is complex. Therefore we suggest that if estimates of inertial impaction are required the best compromise would be to match the size of the dust gauge to be used for monitoring to the size (characteristics dimension) of the obstacle.     

用磁稳流化床过滤含尘气体的实验研究

研究磁场强度、气体表观流速比、铁磁性颗粒平均粒径、床层厚度、粉尘在滤料中的积累等因素对除尘效率的影响．结果表明,在磁稳状态,磁稳流化床的过滤效率大于９９％,且随床层厚度的增加和铁磁颗粒粒径的减小而增大．另一方面,随着床内粉尘的积累,磁稳流化床将退出磁稳状态,使过滤效率下降．退出磁稳状态的临界饱和点粉尘量与磁场强度有关,当磁场强度为４３００Ａ／ｍ,临界饱和点粉尘与铁磁颗粒的质量百分比约为６．７％．