ORP控制在硫化物生物氧化成单质硫过程中的应用

试验采用气升式反应器,接种实验室自行培养的排硫硫杆菌种,在进水pH值为7.0±0.2,温度控制在30±2℃条件下,研究了以ORP为控制参数在硫化物生物氧化成单质硫过程中的应用,并考察了pH和污泥硫负荷对ORP及硫化物生物氧化的影响.结果表明,硫化物去除率和硫酸根生成率均随ORP的降低而下降,不同容积负荷下,控制合适的ORP均可得到单质硫的最大生成率;当ORP为-380～340 mV,pH为7.85～8.63,污泥硫负荷为8.4 kg S/(kg MLSS·d)时,反应器运行状况良好.     

基于单质硫回收的高含硫废水氧化

采用双氧水在常温常压下对实验室模拟的高浓度含硫废水进行处理,考察了双氧水的浓度、初始pH和反应时间对硫化物去除效果的影响,以及含硫废水去除过程中氧化还原电位(ORP)的控制对氧化产物的影响,分析了固相产物的晶体和表面结构。结果表明,在双氧水浓度为0.147 mol/L、初始pH为6、反应时间为9 min的条件下,废水中硫化物浓度由1985.46 mg/L降至38.37 mg/L,硫化物去除率达到98.07%,去除效果最佳。在初始ORP值不同的条件下,体系中主要的氧化产物为单质硫和硫酸根;当加入的氧化剂不足时,单质硫和硫酸根随ORP值降低而增加,当加入氧化剂过量时,单质硫和硫酸根随ORP值增加而增加;当体系中ORP值控制在60~178 mV时,单质硫的产量都能达到较为理想的值。X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明,体系中固相产物为环状斜方硫(α-硫)。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明,单质硫颗粒为表面不光滑的球状颗粒,粒径呈微米级,越小越易聚集在一起。     

不同温度对SBBR同步短程硝化反硝化处理炼油催化剂废水的影响

采用SBBR在溶解氧1.0 mg/L条件下考察了不同温度对实际炼油催化剂废水脱氮系统效能的影响.结果表明,SBBR容积负荷及同步硝化反硝化(SND)三氮去除率与进水氨氮浓度正相关.不同进水浓度下,反应器SND三氮去除率最高可达40%左右.33、30及28℃条件下,反应器亚硝积累率均可稳定保持在90%以上.不同温度下短程硝化反硝化pH值及ORP变化趋势基本一致,结合在线监控pH值及ORP变化规律调控反应时间,最大限度保证短程硝化的稳定性.     

硫自养与异养混合亚硝酸盐反硝化过程铵生成机制

为研究亚硝酸盐型碳、氮、硫同步脱除系统的特性,采用SBBR,以亚硝酸盐、硫化物及乙酸钠为基质,探索6种进水COD/N及5种进水S/N下碳、硫混合亚硝酸盐反硝化过程铵的生成机制。结果表明:在进水COD/N高于2、S/N高于1时,NO_2~--N去除率高达99%;同时,当氧化还原电位(ORP)低于-400 mV时,会出现铵浓度明显升高现象,在此条件下,进水COD/N不变时,较高的S/N会促进铵的生成;控制进水S/N不变,COD/N为3时铵浓度升高最为明显。微生物分析结果表明,该碳、氮、硫混合体系中同时存在硫自养反硝化、异养反硝化及亚硝酸盐异化还原为铵等过程,碳、硫混合亚硝酸盐反硝化过程铵的生成机制可能是低氧化还原电位和过量电子供体存在的情况下亚硝酸盐异化还原为铵的过程。     

微电场-零价铁-UBF提高有机硫对位酯生产废水同步产甲烷反硝化效能

有机硫化合物对位酯生产废水具有COD高、含硫酸盐和有机硫高以及碳硫比低的特点,针对单一厌氧反应器在处理废水时只能在较低COD容积负荷(OLR)下运行的问题,在提高有机硫对位脂生产废水产甲烷反硝化效能的基础上,采用微电场-零价铁联合方式处理该类废水。实验结果表明:OLR(以COD计)为6.67 g·(L·d)-1,进水COD为20 000 mg·L-1时,复合床的COD去除率为70%,产甲烷率为1.41 L·(L·d)-1,反硝化率为87%,对位脂降解率为74%;在COD/TSO24-(总硫酸盐)为1.57时,COD去除率、产甲烷率和反硝化率可分别能稳定在60%、 1.18 L·(L·d)-1和79%;在COD/TSO24-为0.88时,产甲烷菌受到中等程度的抑制;当COD/TSO24-恢复为1.57时,厌氧系统在7 d后恢复,说明联合系统有很强的恢复能力。综合上述结果,与单一的UBF处理相比,采用微电场-零价铁能显著提高UBF的运行负荷和同步产甲烷反硝化能力,同时也能使反应器承受更低的碳硫比。     

反应沉淀一体式矩形环流反应器处理城市污水的影响因素研究

通过中试研究了不同溶解氧浓度、有机负荷、HRT条件下,反应沉淀一体式矩形环流反应器(RPIR)对深圳市南山污水处理厂低C/N城市污水的处理效果。结果表明,在控制溶解氧浓度为1 mg/L、COD容积负荷小于2.5 kg/m3.d、NH4+-N容积负荷不超过0.2 kg/(m3.d)、HRT为4 h时,COD平均去除率可达90%,NH4+-N平均去除率超过80%。RPIR在处理该城市污水过程中具有良好的抗冲击负荷能力,污染物去除效率高,运行稳定。     

垂直厌氧折流板反应器处理树脂废水的中试研究

介绍了采用垂直厌氧折流板反应器(VABR)处理离子交换树脂生产废水的中试实验装置以及实验研究过程,并着重分析了COD容积负荷和盐分对COD的去除率及出水VFA的影响,并确定了该废水的厌氧产沼气率。研究结果表明,在中温(37±1℃)环境下,容积负荷在9 kg COD/(m3.d)左右时,HRT为24 h的条件下,VABR对COD的平均去除率保持在70%左右,平均每去除1 kg COD约产生沼气0.44 m3,且运行稳定。     

硫和硫化物对垃圾焚烧过程中Pb迁移分布的影响

为考察单质(S)、硫化钠(Na_2S)和硫酸钠(Na_2SO_4)对垃圾焚烧过程中重金属铅(Pb)迁移分布的影响,采用ICP-AES测量重金属浓度,并选用HSC Chemistry软件模拟反应进程以及SEM观察反应后微观形貌。结果表明,硫和硫化物对Pb的挥发具有2个方面的影响。一方面,加入的硫和硫化物能够与Pb发生化学反应生成不易挥发的Pb硫酸盐,降低其挥发;另一方面,硫和硫化物的加入形成钠硫酸盐,具有助熔效果,能够降低灰渣的熔点,易于Pb的挥发。受这2个方面因素的综合影响,加入硫和硫化物后,重金属Pb的挥发率高低依次为Na_2SO_4Na_2S单质硫。同时还发现,当温度从600℃升至900℃时,生成的Pb硫酸盐逐渐分解,助熔效果增强,硫和硫化物降低Pb挥发的效果减弱。     

浓缩消化一体化反应器处理污泥的试验研究

中温条件下,采用浓缩消化一体化反应器处理污泥,考察稳定运行阶段投配率、搅拌和容积负荷对反应器的运行效果的影响。研究结果表明,投配率在10%～20%之间,排泥的含水率有所降低,之后随着投配率的增加,排泥含水率急剧升高;投配率由10%至30%增加过程中,排泥有机物（VS）的去除率和产气量也呈上升的趋势,投配率由30%再增加时,VS的去除率和产气量急剧下降。搅拌对排泥的含水率影响较小,但能够提高VS去除率和产气量。随着进泥容积负荷的增大,反应器排泥含水率逐渐增大;随着容积负荷在一定范围内的增加, VS去除率也随之提高。     

新型侧向流曝气生物滤池处理生活污水

采用以沸石为填料的新型侧向流曝气生物滤池处理生活污水,考察了水力负荷和气水比的影响.结果表明,LBAF在最佳工况气水比10∶1,A、B段曝气量比1∶1,水力负荷0.43 m3/m2·h下,COD、SS、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为88.01%、95.18%、78.97%、52.58%和21.02%;COD去除率随COD容积负荷的增加缓慢下降.氨氮、总氮去除率随COD容积负荷的增大明显下降,氨氮去除率随氨氮容积负荷的增大而明显降低.滤池纳污能力强,不易堵塞,可适当延长反冲周期.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.