超高效液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定城市污水处理厂污泥中12种抗生素

建立了一种固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定污泥中4类12种抗生素的方法.采用SAX串联Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化富集污泥样品中的抗生素,选定p H 3、洗脱体积8 m L作为最佳前处理条件.采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测抗生素样品,以0.3%的甲酸和乙腈作为流动相,经梯度洗脱进行分离,在多反应检测模式下进行测定.经测定,污泥样品中磺胺类抗生素、脱水红霉素和罗红霉素平均回收率为50%—80%,其余抗生素的平均回收率为82%—119%,12种抗生素在污泥中的定量限为0.001—0.008μg·kg~(-1)dw.并用该法对天津市某污水处理厂污泥样品进行检测,证明该方法可满足实际检测要求.     

利用碱消解-HPLC-ICP-MS系统测定生物样品中的甲基汞与乙基汞

建立了以碱消解为萃取技术,高效液相色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用系统(HPLC-ICP-MS)作为检测手段测定生物样品中甲基汞(MeHg)与乙基汞(EtHg)的分析方法.该方法选择25%(M/V)KOH/CH3OH作为萃取溶剂.在优化的检测条件下,该方法对样品中甲基汞和乙基汞的检出限分别为0.8 ng·ml-1和3ng·ml-1.对标准参考物质(DORM-2)的测定和加标回收实验的结果进一步验证了该方法的可靠性与准确性,并用该方法测定了另外4个生物样品中甲基汞与乙基汞的含量.     

全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛烷羧酸异构体的高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用分析方法

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-HPLC/MS/MS)联用测定全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA)异构体的分析方法.以WAX固相萃取小柱为浓缩柱对样品中目标化合物进行富集浓缩,再用HPLC-MS/MS分离检测各异构体,串联质谱采用负离子扫描和多反应监测模式对样品进行分析检测.色谱分离采用梯度洗脱方式,流动相A相为甲醇,B相为60 mmol·L-1氨水/20 mmol·L-1甲酸水溶液(p H=4);选用AscentisExpress F5型色谱柱为分离柱.将建立的方法应用于河水、底泥和贝类中全氟化合物异构体的分析,对3种环境样品的方法检出限(S/N=3)分别为0.05—1.1 ng·L-1、0.025—0.56 ng·g-1和0.025—0.56 ng·g-1.以加标回收实验对建立的分析方法进行评价,自来水、底泥和贝类中11种PFOS和PFOA异构体的加标回收率平均值分别在90.8%—127%、74.0%—124%和76.7%—113%,相对标准偏差(n=5)分别为5.9%—17.2%、2.5%—17.0%和3.30%—11.5%.     

酸浸提-HPLC-ICP-MS系统测定土壤与底泥样品中的甲基汞、乙基汞

利用酸浸提为萃取方法,建立了高效液相色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用系统(HPLC-ICP-MS)作为检测手段测定土壤与底泥样品中甲基汞(MeHg)与乙基汞(EtHg)的分析方法.萃取溶剂为酸性KBr-CuSO4溶液,在优化的检测条件下,该方法对样品中甲基汞和乙基汞的检出限分别为0.9 ng·ml-1和3.5 ng·ml-1.加标回收实验和对标准参考物质(IAEA-405)的测定结果验证了该方法的精密性与准确性.运用该方法测定了4个土壤与样品中甲基汞与乙基汞的含量.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定贝类组织中硝基呋喃类代谢物残留量

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱法测定贝类产品中硝基呋喃类代谢物残留量的分析方法.贝类组织中残留的硝基呋喃类蛋白结合态代谢物在酸性条件下水解,用2-硝基苯甲醛衍生化,经乙酸乙酯液-液萃取、浓缩及基质分散固相萃取和超滤净化后,采用液相色谱串联质谱仪测定,以电喷雾离子源正离子扫描模式进行质谱分析,内标法定量.硝基呋喃类代谢物在0.5—20μg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,相关系数R20.999.4种硝基呋喃类代谢物添加水平为1.00,2.50、10.0μg·kg~(-1)时,平均回收率在90.1%—99.5%之间,批内和批间变异系数均15%.4种硝基呋喃类代谢物的检出限均为0.50μg·kg~(-1).本方法灵敏、高效、简单、重现性好,满足贝类产品中硝基呋喃类代谢物残留量的检测要求.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法直接测定酱油中的铅

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法直接测定酱油样品中的痕量铅,样品无需前处理与稀释,直接进行测定.外标法绘制工作曲线、在线内标法校准基体效应,方法简便、快速.根据所建立的方法,对实验室间比对实验的酱油考察样品进行了分析,测定值与参考值吻合,相对标准偏差为2.5%.用加标回收实验评价了该方法的准确性,回收率为94.2%-102%,结果令人满意.     

漫反射光谱法测定环境样品中的微量汞

基于Hg^2＋与KI-CuSO4反应生成橙红色Cu2HgI4,用漫反射光谱直接测定汞沉淀物.探讨了该方法的影响因素及测定条件.方法的线性范围0.1-6.0μg,检测限为0.01μg,用于污水及土壤样品中微量汞的测定回收率达96%-102%.     

青岛市售贝类中总汞含量分布及人群健康风险

为了解青岛市售不同种贝类的汞污染情况及居民通过食用贝类引起的汞健康风险,于2012年10月至2013年4月,在青岛8个行政区采集菲律宾蛤仔、鲍鱼、海螺、香螺、牡蛎、缢蛏、文蛤、扇贝,共8种贝类,181份样品.采用F732-V型冷原子吸收测汞仪对贝类中的总汞含量进行测定.所测8种贝类的汞含量范围为0.001—0.098 mg·kg-1,菲律宾蛤仔、扇贝、文蛤、缢蛏、鲍鱼、海螺、牡蛎和香螺的平均汞含量分别为0.020、0.039、0.012、0.013、0.031、0.030、0.021、0.020 mg·kg-1.在青岛市售贝类的各产地中,红岛所产贝类的汞含量最高,为0.046 mg·kg-1,其次是龙口,为0.027 mg·kg-1,产于乳山和日照的贝类汞含量最低,分别为0.002 mg·kg-1和0.003 mg·kg-1.所采集全部贝类样品中的总汞含量均低于我国国家标准.汞摄入量计算结果显示,青岛居民食用贝类导致的汞摄入量远远低于FAO/WHO推荐Hg的日摄入量.采用美国环保署新制定参考剂量计算的目标危险系数(THQ)结果显示,青岛市儿童通过食用贝类产品有非常高的汞暴露健康风险.     

水中痕量个人护理品(PCPs)的检测方法

采用固相萃取技术对样品进行预处理,建立了优化的合成麝香类化合物的GC-MS分析方法.本方法的分析灵敏度高,可对4种合成麝香类化合物同时分析测定,其最低检测限(LOD)在20-125ng·l-1.该方法对替代物的平均回收率是96.4±8.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为9.1%.     

改进的QuEChERS-高效液相色谱法测定水产品中16种多环芳烃

采用改进的QuEChERS,对水产样品进行提取、净化,用高效液相色谱仪-荧光/紫外检测器串联检测,建立了同时测定水产品中16种多环芳烃的高效液相色谱分析方法.样品经乙腈提取,Florisil+C18小柱净化,Waters PAH色谱柱分离,以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,外标法定量.本方法中,16种多环芳烃在各自相应浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数不低于0.999,检出限为0.1—3.6μg·kg-1.采用该方法在鲤鱼、对虾和牡蛎中进行加标回收实验,回收率在75.0%—118.2%范围内,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.6%—13.7%.应用本方法对环渤海湾的水产样品进行了调查分析,发现部分样品中含有PAHs,含量为2.11—147μg·kg-1,为下一步开展相关风险评估工作打下了良好工作基础.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).