荧光光谱法研究草甘膦与腐殖酸的相互作用

应用荧光光谱法研究了草甘膦(PMG)与腐殖酸(HA)的相互作用.荧光猝灭实验表明,PMG对HA的荧光产生静态猝灭;通过对不同温度下反应热力学参数的计算,发现二者相互间作用力主要是氢键和范德华力.受到PMG作用的影响,HA的同步荧光光谱出现了蓝移现象,初步说明HA在作用后共轭度降低.采用平行因子分析技术对加入PMG前后的HA三维荧光光谱进行解析,发现加入PMG后HA荧光组分不仅出现在区域Ⅴ(难降解有机物荧光区)中,而且有部分出现在了区域Ⅲ(可降解有机物荧光区)中,总荧光强度明显减弱,而且组分C3、C4有明显的蓝移现象.三维荧光光谱分析验证了荧光猝灭及同步荧光的研究结果,并进一步表明,PMG与HA的相互作用使HA共轭度降低,并且可能有可降解物质生成.     

嗜铁细菌枯草芽胞杆菌Bs-15对辛硫磷的降解特性

为探讨嗜铁细菌对农药辛硫磷的降解及其土壤修复的潜能,采用改良定向培育法,对嗜铁细菌枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)Bs-15进行驯化,摸索其降解条件,并测定其土壤修复能力.结果显示,菌株Bs-15对辛硫磷有较高的耐受性,在辛硫磷浓度达到800 mg L-1时仍可生长;可以以辛硫磷为唯一碳源生长,适合其降解的最佳外加营养物质为酵母粉,无机盐为MgCl2.最适辛硫磷降解浓度为≤100 mg L-1,浓度继续升高时降解效能明显降低;最适降解温度为35℃;对pH值有较广的适应范围,在pH 5-9时降解率较高;最适降解时间为24 h,振荡速率为150 r min-1,接种量为8%;土壤修复试验表明,此菌株在第20天时对土壤中辛硫磷的降解率接近50%.本研究结果说明枯草芽胞杆Bs-15对辛硫磷具有较好的降解作用,对辛硫磷污染的土壤具有良好的修复潜能.     

絮凝剂对饮用水消毒副产物与人血丙种球蛋白作用的影响研究

采用荧光光谱分析法,研究了饮用水消毒副产物三氯甲烷、三溴甲烷与人血丙种球蛋白之间的相互作用.结果表明,三氯甲烷对人血球蛋白产生动态荧光猝灭,而三溴甲烷对人血球蛋白的内源荧光有静态猝灭作用.Fe3+、Al3+和聚丙烯酰胺的加入也使人血丙种球蛋白的荧光强度降低,结合的强弱依次为:聚丙烯酰胺＞Fe3+＞Al3+.在二元体系的基础上,进一步研究了Fe3+、Al3+和聚丙烯酰胺对CHBr3-人血丙种球蛋白结合作用的影响.结果表明,Fe3+、Al3+的存在使CHBr3-人血丙种球蛋白的结合常数呈现降低的趋势,聚丙烯酰胺对其基本无影响.     

气相色谱快速检测双孢菇及其培养基质中的辛硫磷残留

正辛硫磷属高效低毒有机磷杀虫剂,以触杀和胃毒作用为主,无内吸作用,杀虫谱广,对鳞翅目大龄幼虫和地下害虫以及仓库和卫生害虫有较好效果[1].本文采用气相色谱法建立了快速、准确测定在双孢菇及其培养基质中辛硫磷残留的分析方法,为建立食用菌上辛硫磷的残留限量、例行监测提供基础数据,对保证食品和环境安全具有重要意义.1材料与方法 1.1供试材料与仪器辛硫磷(Phoxim)标准品,乙腈、正己烷为分析纯;乙二胺-N丙基硅烷吸附剂(PSA)、十八烷基硅烷(C18)粉末制剂.     

辛硫磷和敌百虫协同抑制斑马鱼乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性

以辛硫磷和敌百虫为供试毒物,研究其对斑马鱼的单一和联合毒性效应。结果显示,辛硫磷和敌百虫对斑马鱼的96 h半致死浓度(96 h-LC_(50))值分别为6.482 mg·L~(-1)和27.877 mg·L~(-1);按照农药毒性分级标准,辛硫磷对斑马鱼是高毒,敌百虫对斑马鱼是中毒。在辛硫磷和敌百虫联合急性毒性实验中,24、48、72和96 h的相加指数均大于0,表明辛硫磷和敌百虫对斑马鱼的联合毒性为协同效应。采用生化法测定乙酰胆碱酯酶活性发现,乙酰胆碱酯酶活性与辛硫磷、敌百虫以及辛硫磷+敌百虫之间有显著的剂量-效应关系,而且联合作用毒性均大于单一作用毒性。     

絮凝剂对饮用水消毒副产物与血清白蛋白作用的影响

通过体系紫外吸收和荧光强度的变化,研究了饮用水消毒副产物三溴甲烷(CHBr3)、三氯甲烷(CHCl3)与牛血清蛋白(BSA)之间的相互作用.结果表明,CHBr3和CHCl3均对BSA的内源荧光具有静态猝灭作用,其中CHBr3与BSA的结合强于CHCl3.Fe3+,Al3+和聚丙烯酰胺的加入也使BSA的荧光强度降低,与BSA的结合的强弱依次为:聚丙烯酰胺Fe3+Al3+.在二元体系的基础上,进一步研究了Fe3+,Al3+和聚丙烯酰胺对BSA-CHBr3(CHCl3)结合作用的影响.结果表明,Fe3+,Al3+和聚丙烯酰胺的存在使BSA-CHCl3、BSA-CHBr3的结合常数呈现降低的趋势,降低的趋势为Al3+聚丙烯酰胺Fe3+.     

淡紫拟青霉对辛硫磷的降解效应

采用菌、药混合培养的方式研究淡紫拟青霉对降解辛硫磷的降解作用,并探讨不同培养基、不同加药量及继代培养对降解效能的影响.结果表明:菌、药混合培养5d,辛硫磷的降解率可达96%以上.降解率随加药浓度的升高而下降,摇瓶培养液中的加药量达到8000μg/mL时,辛硫磷的降解率明显下降为25.51%.察氏、孟加拉红、PDA培养液降解力最强,在辛硫磷添加量达400μg/mL的摇瓶培养液中,菌、药混合培养5d,降解率可达98%以上.短期内继代培养对淡紫拟青霉菌的降解能力没有明显影响,所有继代培养处理对辛硫磷的校正降解率均在94%左右,且无显著差异.以上结果初步证实,淡紫拟青霉对有机磷农药具有显著的生物降解活性.图2表3参19     

盐酸胍诱导的apo-CP43去折叠过程

膜蛋白生物合成与色素组装中蛋白的稳定性可以通过去折叠条件与过程分析得到.利用色氨酸荧光光谱和ANS荧光光谱研究了apo-CP43在盐酸胍条件下的稳定性.色氨酸荧光光谱观测到apo-CP43在盐酸胍作用下去折叠进程的主要特征:荧光强度先是逐渐降低,之后再逐渐升高,而最大荧光发射峰位置则一直持续红移.盐酸胍处理后apo-CP43的F360 nm/F335 nm比值逐渐增大,表明荧光最大发射峰逐步红移.当盐酸胍浓度约为5.5 mol/L时,去折叠比例趋于相对稳定状态,说明此时apo-CP43已经基本完成去折叠.荧光相图法结果显示盐酸胍诱导apo-CP43变性的过程符合三态模型.ANS荧光测定数据显示盐酸胍处理之后最大ANS荧光发射峰位置红移,并且荧光强度逐渐降低.以上数据表明在盐酸胍条件下apo-CP43是一个相对比较稳定的蛋白.     

生石灰与微波协同作用对污泥脱水的影响

采用生石厌与微波协同作用,对广州市猎德污水厂浓缩污泥脱水的影响进行了实验研究.结果表明,单独投加生石灰,加入量为40 g·L-1时,污泥比阻由原来的4.72×1013m·kg-1降至1.9×1013m·kg-1,降低了约96%;单独使用微波调理污泥,在800W功率微波下辐射100s,可使污泥比阻由原来的4.72×101...     

辛硫磷农药在青菜和土壤中的残留动态

辛硫磷是一种高效广谱杀虫剂,具有触杀和胃毒作用,对鳞翅目幼虫击倒尤快,适用于防治菜青虫、小莱蛾等青菜害虫。它对哺乳动物毒性甚低。紫外光对该农药有分解作用。 国务院决定停止生产六六六后,化工部提出辛硫磷等12种农药为取代农药。本课题按农牧渔业部农药残留协作组统一分工,研究辛硫磷在青菜和土壤中的残留动态,为制定辛硫磷在青菜上的安全使用标准提供依据。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).