双氯芬酸钠水溶液的辐照降解

利用60Coγ射线辐照双氯芬酸钠水溶液,探讨了不同辐照剂量下初始浓度、自由基促进剂和淬灭剂、水体共存物质等因素对降解的影响,研究其降解途径,并和等离子体放电降解效果进行了对比.结果表明,γ辐照可有效降解双氯芬酸钠,但矿化过程要长于降解过程,当初始浓度为20.5、30.4和50.1 mg·L-1时,反应动力学常数分别为2...     

偶氮类染料刚果红水溶液的辐射降解

利用60Co γ射线、电子束辐照刚果红水溶液,研究其降解行为.考察了刚果红水溶液辐照前后紫外可见光谱的变化、刚果红的降解率及溶液总有机碳(TOC)的去除率.通过不同气氛饱和辐照,对比了各种活性粒子对降解效果的影响.初步研究了初始pH值、H2O2和TiO2的加入对刚果红水溶液降解效果的影响.结果表明,60 γ射线、电子束辐照是一种有效的去除水体中刚果红染料的方法,其降解效果在不同体系中均可以达到100%.高剂量下TOC去除率可以达到85.7%.H2O2和TiO2的加入可以有效提高刚果红的降解效率.     

TiO2对水溶液中4-氯酚电子束辐照降解和矿化的影响

以电子加速器为辐照手段,在4-氯酚水溶液中添加TiO2纳米粒子,通过对溶液辐照前后4-氯酚浓度、GC/MS、总有机碳(TOC)、氯离子浓度、辐照前后的紫外-可见光谱过程和溶液pH值的测定分析,研究4-氯酚水溶液在TiO2纳米粒子存在下的辐照降解和矿化特性.结果表明,TiO2纳米粒子的加入对4-氯酚的辐照降解效果没有明显影响,但改变了4-氯酚的降解途径并可以较大地提高4-氯酚的矿化.     

γ-辐照对水中敌草隆的降解研究

以敌草隆作为研究对象,探讨了γ-辐照对敌草隆的降解效果,以及NO3-,NO2-,H2O2和CO32-对降解效果的影响,在初始浓度为18.5mg·l-1时,1.0kGy的辐照剂量即可达到完全去除;随着辐照剂量的增加,敌草隆水溶液在200nm-400nm处的吸光度均逐渐减小,敌草隆的浓度也逐渐减小.NO3-,NO2-,H2O2和CO32-的加入均抑制了敌草隆的降解.辐照降解敌草隆的过程主要是由·OH自由基引起的,并且可以用一级动力学来描述.     

基于微生物电化学技术的萘普生高盐废水处理

制药废水是环境中萘普生的主要来源之一,因废水中含盐量较高,传统生物法对其中萘普生的去除效果有限,因此研究如何快速去除制药废水中的萘普生污染以及如何获得高盐废水中快速降解萘普生的功能菌群对生态环境具有重要意义.本研究基于长期驯化的混菌,研究微生物电化学技术在0.3%—3.0%不同盐度下对萘普生的去除效果.驯化后的混菌在108 h对8 mg·L~(-1)萘普生的去除率达到75%以上,并且在3.0%的高盐度下经过108 h去除率可达98%.通过高通量测序技术分析发现,发现相比于原始接种源,在门水平上,驯化后的微生物群落中厚壁菌门(Firmuicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidales)相对丰度显著增加;而在属水平,在0.3%—1.0%盐度下,真细菌属(Eubacterium spp.)的丰度显著增加至27.9%—50.5%,Bacteroides和Dysgonomonas等也分别从0.05%、0.03%增加至2.7%—6.8%和10.0%—19.9%;值得注意的是,Castellaniella和Pseudomonas在3.0%的高盐度下显著富集至6.9%和37.3%.本研究表明,Eubacterium、Dysgonomonas、Bacteroides等菌属能够耐受较低的盐度(0.3%—1.0%),且可能在降解转化萘普生体系中发挥作用;Castellaniella和Pseudomonas会在3.0%的高盐环境下富集,可能是两类较好耐盐性且具有较强萘普生降解能力的功能微生物.     

三硝基甲苯的γ-辐照降解实验研究

基于三硝基甲苯(TNT)溶液采用常规处理方法难以降解,采用60Co-γ射线对三硝基甲苯溶液进行辐照降解,研究了吸收剂量、初始浓度、溶液初始pH值、双氧水(H2O2)等因素对辐照降解效果的影响.实验结果表明,60Co-γ射线辐照能够有效地降解三硝基甲苯.三硝基甲苯溶液初始浓度为5—50 mg.L-1,当接受不超过15 kGy剂量时,三硝基甲苯的降解率可达100%,化学需氧量(COD)去除率可达55%;弱酸性和碱性环境更有利于三硝基甲苯的降解和COD的去除;加入少量H2O2时,三硝基甲苯降解率和COD去除速率均随之增加,但过高的H2O2加入量将会抑制三硝基甲苯的去除,并且加入H2O2的量愈大其抑制作用愈明显.     

菌株N-1对萘的降解特性研究

从石油污染的土壤中分离到1株能够较好降解萘的菌株N1,它能以萘为唯一碳源生长,初步鉴定为微球菌属(Micrococcussp.),其最适生长条件为35℃,pH8.0.采用HPLC研究了不同转速、氮源和微量元素浓度对N1降解萘的影响,结果表明,转速180rmin-1,氮源NH4NO3(1000mgL-1),微量元素0.1%时为最佳降解条件.最后对不同浓度萘的降解效率进行了比较.图2参8     

新型多金属氧酸盐K_7BiW_(11)O_(39)Sn·11H_2O制备及光催化降解模拟染料废水

本文采用水热合成法首次制备了一种新型多金属氧酸盐,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重-差热分析(TG-DSC)、紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR),电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)等技术对其进行了表征,结果表明,所制备的化合物具有Keggin结构,为非晶体化合物,其分子式为K_7BiW_(11)O_(39)Sn·11H_2O(BiW_(11)Sn).以酸性红299(AR299)为目标降解污染物,研究了自然日光辐照下BiW_(11)Sn均相光催化AR299水溶液脱色降解活性.结果表明,BiW_(11)Sn能有效的光催化AR299脱色降解.AR299溶液的初使pH值、初始浓度、催化剂投加量、光解时间对AR299光催化降解效果均有影响.20 mL,4 mg·L~(-1),初始pH值为5.4的AR299水溶液(溶液中BiW_(11)Sn浓度为0.5 g·L~(-1)),阳光下辐照3 h,其脱色率达到93.1%;其光催化降解反应遵循LangmuirHinshelwood准一级动力学方程;超氧负离子自由基为光催化降解过程中的重要活性物种.     

水化电子e_(aq)~-对乙酰甲胺磷的作用

利用60Co-γ辐射降解有机磷农药乙酰甲胺磷的稀水溶液,以乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制率为指标,研究了不同吸收剂量下水化电子对乙酰甲胺磷稀水溶液辐照前后的毒性变化;并采用高效液相色谱、离子色谱、气-质联用等检测手段对降解产物进行了分析.结合溶液毒性变化和降解率、生成的无机离子浓度、降解产物结构分析等,初步推导了60Co-γ辐射降解过程中水化电子对乙酰甲胺磷的作用机理.     

Z型MoO3/g-C3N4复合催化剂用于可见光降解萘普生的机制研究

使用一种简单的搅拌焙烧方法成功制备了MoO_3/g-C_3N_4复合材料,通过SEM、TEM、XRD、FTIR、UV-vis和PL等技术对材料进行形貌结构和光学性能的表征.结果表明,MoO_3与g-C_3N_4成功复合,使g-C_3N_4吸收发生红移,扩大了g-C_3N_4的可见光吸收范围,有效地抑制了光生载流子的复合.以非甾体抗炎药萘普生(NPX)为目标污染物,对MoO_3/g-C_3N_4复合材料的光催化性能进行研究,实验表明光催化剂MoO_3/g-C_3N_4对萘普生的去除率是相同条件下纯g-C_3N_4的1.75倍.MoO_3负载量、pH值、催化剂MoO_3/g-C_3N_4的使用量和NPX的初始浓度等因素的研究表明,3%的MoO_3复合量和酸性条件更有利于NPX降解,加大MoO_3/g-C_3N_4的使用量和减少NPX的初始浓度也能加快NPX的降解速率.通过猝灭实验确定了单线态氧和超氧自由基是反应的主要活性物种,ESR测定单线态氧的存在验证了Z型MoO_3/g-C_3N_4降解NPX的机制.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).