精确农业发展与农业生态工程创新

分析了西方精确农业研究及实践的主要目标及其技术思想,比较了中国农业生态工程研究与精确农业的异同点,总结了中国农业生态工程研究及实践具有的独特的功能与作用,提出了家伙不管不顾嗅 身发展中存在的问题,指出了吸收精确农业的有效原理及方法     

精确农业发展与我国农业生态工程创新

介绍了西方精确农业的主要目标及技术思想,比较了中国农业生态工程与精确农业的异同点。提出农业生态工程研究应正视自身发展中存在的问题,吸收精确农业有关原理及方法,在理论规范化,手段现代化,过程监测及其控制自动化,增加高新技术含量,与信息技术、机械工程专业有机结合,提高工程设计可操作性等方面的努力,推动农业生态系统设计与管理的信息与知识化,逐步形成基于信息技术,生物技术及机械工程装备的农业生态工程技术体     

精确农业发展与我国农业生态工程创新

介绍了西方精确农业的主要目标及技术思想,比较了中国农业生态工程与精确农业的异同点。提出农业生态工程研究应正视自身发展中存在的问题,吸收精确农业有关原理及方法,在理论规范化,手段现代化,过程监测及其控制自动化,增加高新技术含量,与信息技术、机械工程专业有机结合,提高工程设计可操作性等方面的努力,推动农业生态系统设计与管理的信息化与知识化,逐步形成基于信息技术、生物技术及机械工程装备的农业生态工程技术体系。     

近十近生态工程在中国的进展

我国生态工程近10多年有进一步发展,研究和应用对象扩展为社会－经济－自然复合生态系统,目标明确为可持续发展,从追求一维的经济增长或环境与自然保护,走向富裕、健康、文明三维一体的复合生态繁荣。在充实“整体、协调、循环、自生”的生态工程原理和生态控制论的基础上,总结出生态工程设计的8项原则,方法论发展为从物理过程的量化走向生态过程的序化,从工程结构的优化走向生态格局的进化,从机器的人工智能走向人的生态智能。技术路线发展了硬件、软件、心件耦合;多学科、多技术的系统组合;调控复合生态系统全生态过程;寓环境保护于生产和消费中,寓废弃物处理于利用中;结构和功能纵横耦合成食物链网式、生命周期式、生态系统式等网络结构。     

废水处理与利用生态工程—Ⅰ特征和原理

文章叙述了在生存和可持续发展中废水处理的需要,当前在我国存在的主要问题,废水处理与利用生态工程主要特点,并与传统的污水处理工程比较。较详阐述了生态工程基本原理,整体、协调、自生、循环。     

近十年生态工程在中国的进展

我国生态工程近 1 0多年有进一步发展 ,研究和应用对象扩展为社会 -经济 -自然复合生态系统 ,目标明确为可持续发展 ,从追求一维的经济增长或环境与自然保护 ,走向富裕、健康、文明三维一体的复合生态繁荣。在充实“整体、协调、循环、自生”的生态工程原理和生态控制论的基础上 ,总结出生态工程设计的 8项原则。方法论发展为从物理过程的量化走向生态过程的序化 ,从工程结构的优化走向生态格局的进化 ,从机器的人工智能走向人的生态智能。技术路线发展了硬件、软件、心件耦合 ;多学科、多技术的系统组合 ;调控复合生态系统全生态过程 ;寓环境保护于生产和消费中 ,寓废弃物处理于利用中 ;结构和功能纵横耦合成食物链网式、生命周期式、生态系统式等网络结构     

芦苇制浆废水的生态工程处理

本文主要讨论了生态工程处理芦苇制浆中段废水的工艺流程及其主要组成部分稳定塘和苇田的设计参。通过对工程预期处理效果和生态经济效益分析，认为在可供利用的大片苇田，运用生态工程处理纸浆废水，不仅可以达到控制污染的目的，而且可以取得较好的生态经济效益。     

福州市郊泉头村沼气生态工程建设及其效益分析

应用生态学和系统论的原理，把可利用的生物物质通过沼气厌氧发酵形成良性生态循环系统。这样既解决了农村能源，保护了森林资源和植被，又解决了环境保护等问题。同时，把种植业和养殖业有机地结合起来，取得了综合效益。福州市郊泉头村生态工程建设从１９８６年起经过８年的试点，采用了沼气多级发酵工艺，成功地建造了沼气生态系统工程，促进了生产的发展，１９９３年产值达６８００万元，人均产值９３４００元，成为福州市重点商     

城市生活垃圾处理利用生态工程技术

城市垃圾处置是城市环境管理中的一大难题。后工业化国家普遍采用的末端治理技术不适合我国国情。运用生态工程技术,将城市垃圾处理与利用相结合,寓处理于利用之中,寓环境保护于产业生产之中,发展垃圾处理利用生态产业是解决这一难题的可由之路。在广汉市的研究与探索表明：通过硬件、软件、心件的结合,政府引导、科技支持、企业经营、居民参与,使城市垃圾减量化、无害化、资源化,处理利用产业化、系统化,可以达到环境效益与经济效益、社会效益的统一。论述了城市垃圾处理利用生态工程的原理及具体措施与设计     

中国西部地区城乡建设生态工程学术讨论会纪要

由中国生态学学会生态工程专业委员会主办，国际科联SCOPE中国委员会、中国可持续发展研究会生态环境专业委员会、四川省雅安市畜牧局、雅安市科协、雅安“三九”药业有限公司、四川西雅肉牛发展有限公司=雅安万贯碧峰峡有限公司协办的“中国西部地区城乡建设生态工程学术 讨论会”于2001年3月26-28日在四川省雅安市碧峰峡举行来自全国各地科研院所、大专院校的生态学者、从事生态建设的政府领导、企业家共30余人出席了会议；雅安市委书记魏宏、市人大常务副主任李船深、副市长毛凯等主要领导也出席会议并致词。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.