旱涝灾害的一些基本问题初探

首先就旱涝灾害对人类的作用进行了分析，认为它影响范围最大，危害程度最深．其次．对旱涝灾害的成因、确定旱涝灾害的定量指标以及评估旱涝灾害的指标体系进行分析探讨；最后对国内防御旱涝灾害的能力做了总体评价，并对其所采取的预防，救抗灾措施等进行分析．     

我国西部大开发中的沙漠化灾害防治研究

利用最新的沙漠化普查数据，分析了我国西部地区沙漠化灾害的现状，包括我国西部地区沙漠化灾害的面积与分布、沙漠化灾害的程度以及沙漠化灾害的主要危害等，探讨了在西部大开发中进行沙漠化灾害防治的原则，对策与措施等问题。     

地质灾害危害程度分级标准优化研究

在地质灾害防治资源配置决策中，危害程度是重要依据。我国自2004年建立地质灾害灾情险情分级标准以来，灾害风险与防范能力均发生明显变化。该文基于历史灾情和已知隐患信息，通过抽样调查、聚类分析、相关分析和归因分析，提出灾情险情分级标准优化建议：由于历史灾情险情数据分布不存在自然间断点、目前政府分级防治责任也无标准可依，制定危害程度分级标准仍需采用多因素定性分析法；为反映生态损害及次生危害，宜增加社会影响指标；在险情分级中，威胁人数指标分界值宜调减；在灾情分级中，直接经济损失指标宜调增。     

灾害生态学问题研究

灾害生态学是从生态进化的角度上研究灾害问题，其目的在于通过对生态灾害的界定，生态灾害成因分析，来寻求防止或减轻生态灾害的有效途径．文章从灾害与生态进化的关系入手，阐述了研究灾害生态学问题的重要意义，提出了当前灾害生态学研究的主要问题，为灾害生态学的研究提供了一条新的思路。     

小江流域生态环境灾害与治理对策

小江流域生态环境长期受到严重破坏,引发并加剧了生态环境灾害,使其成为长江流域环境最恶劣、侵蚀最强烈、灾害最严重、输沙率最大的河流.大量的泥沙输入小江,造成严重的土地沙石化和堵江灾害.同时,小江又将泥沙输移至金沙江,危害和威胁金沙江干流水利水电梯级开发工程建设和运行安全.鉴于泥石流已成为该流域生态环境和灾害间恶性循环的关键环节,提出了从泥石流治理入手,控制泥石流灾害和泥沙输移,在恢复生态系统功能和治理灾害的同时,发展生态产业的综合治理对策,使生态环境与减轻灾害间形成良性循环,并促进生态环境建设与区域经济的协调发展.     

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲农业气象灾害及减灾对策分析

渭干河－库车河三角洲绿洲生态环境脆弱，各种农业气象灾害频繁，经常发生的风沙，春旱，霜冻，冰雹，洪灾和干热风等气象灾害严重困扰着该三角洲绿洲农业经济的可持续发展，本文通过探讨灾害的胁迫伤脑筋航其危害程度，分析灾害的成因，发生机理及发展规律，提出了有效的减灾措施。     

河北省沿海风暴潮的发生规律研究

风暴潮是河北省沿海最主要的灾害之一。本文收集整理了最近２０４４年的史料，分析了河北省风暴潮的成因，讨论了风暴潮的时空分布特征、危害程度及区域评价，提出了河北省风暴潮的预警要点。     

河南小麦生产农业气象灾害风险分析及区划

根据农业气象灾害风险分析理论，以河南省小麦生产为例，在辨识对小麦产量影响较大的农业气象灾害风险要素和风险源的基础上，通过构造灾度函数，运用EOF和概率等分析方法，分析了河南省小麦生产中的3种主要农业气象灾害——麦播旱涝、晚霜冻、干热风与青枯雨的发生规律及其对小麦产量的定量影响程度与风险概率。在此基础上，运用多因子综合风险指数模型，对河南省小麦生产农业气象灾害风险进行了综合区划，为农业气象灾害风险探讨了一条新的定量分析及区划技术体系。分析发现，干热风与青枯雨是影响河南省大部分地区小麦高产稳产的主要灾害，其次是晚霜冻危害，第三是麦播时旱涝灾害，但总体上河南省小麦生产的农业气象灾害风险并不算太高，只要采取一定的防御措施，不会在根本上影响小麦的高产稳产。     

河北省人为土地灾害及减灾对策

针对河北省人为土地灾害较重的特点，概述了灾害的类型、分布及其危害，分析了致灾原因，提出减轻灾害、谋求可持续发展的对策。     

岩溶区燃气管道灾害系统多因素耦合作用机理研究

基于灾害系统理论，从“孕灾环境-灾害因子-承灾体-灾情”系统性视角出发，结合系统动力学模型，探讨岩溶区燃气管道灾害系统各子系统内部以及子系统间的耦合关系，考虑多因素间的差异化传导路径，深度剖析灾害演化过程中多因素耦合的作用机理和影响规律。研究表明：(1)孕灾环境活跃性与人员、管道、环境不安全状态以及管理漏洞密切相关；灾害因子风险性受到火灾和爆炸危害的概率、强度、范围、持续时间共同作用；承灾体脆弱性受到社会-经济-自然承灾体三者耦合影响；灾情严重性包含人员伤亡程度、经济损失程度及环境破坏程度三个维度。(2)岩溶区燃气管道灾害的孕育和演化是四个子系统共同作用的结果，子系统两两之间以及三者之间的耦合作用表征灾害不同阶段，而四个子系统间的耦合作用是对整个灾害过程的描述。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。