地表水中24种有机氯农药和19种多氯联苯的自动SPE-GC-MS/MS分析

有机氯农药和多氯联苯均属于半挥发性的持久性有机污染物,绝大部分都被列入美国EPA优先控制污染物黑名单中.目前国内外测定地表水中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析方法有:气相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱法、高效液相色谱法、核     

叶类蔬菜有机氯农药残留测定过程中的提取和净化

用柱萃取法提取 ,气相色谱 电子捕获检测器 (GC ECD)测定蔬菜中的多种有机氯农药 .比较了不同提取溶剂对蔬菜中有机氯农药的提取效率 .就回收率而言 ,正己烷和丙酮 (V/V ,4∶1 ) >石油醚和丙酮 (V/V ,4∶1 ) >二氯甲烷和丙酮 (V/V ,4∶1 ) >纯正己烷 .用正己烷和丙酮作提取溶剂时 ,1 2种有机氯农药中有 1 0种的回收率在 80 %以上 ,变异系数在 1 %— 1 5 %之间 .不同固相萃取 (SPE)填料对有机氯农药的纯化效率为 :硅胶对目标物质的净化效率要高于硅藻土和氟罗里硅土 ,硅胶做填料时变异系数在 1 5 %以下 .因此 ,本实验认为用正己烷和丙酮 (V/V ,4∶1 )做提取剂、选择硅胶做填料能够对蔬菜中多种有机氯农药有较好的提取和净化效果 ,是一种较理想的蔬菜中有机氯农药的分析方法 .     

微波辅助萃取-气相色谱法检测裙带菜中的多氯联苯和有机氯农药残留

建立微波辅助萃取-气相色谱法同时检测裙带菜中多氯联苯和有机氯农药残留的方法.裙带菜风干、粉碎后,采用微波辅助萃取仪提取粗提液,经净化、脱酸、脱水、浓缩后,用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器进行分析检测.结果表明,本方法多氯联苯和有机氯农药的检出限分别在0.008—0.044 ng.g-1和0.029—0.273 ng.g-1之间,各组分线性相关系数均大于0.996,加标回收率为72%—131%,相对标准偏差在2%—16%之间(n=3).因此,本方法具有节省时间、减少污染、操作简单便捷等特点,可用于裙带菜等海洋藻类中多氯联苯和有机氯农药残留量的检测.     

呼和浩特市近郊蔬菜、土壤有机氯(六六六、DDT)农药污染现状调查

本项调查是以呼和浩特市近郊四个主要蔬菜生产乡为重点,对人们日常生活中必不可少的蔬菜种类进行测定和分析。其目的是了解该市郊区蔬菜田间土壤有机氯(六六六、DDT)污染水平和残留农药降解情况,进而对蔬菜可食部分中有机氯农药含量增加或减少规律的调查和分析。调查结果为,蔬菜、土壤中有机氯农药残留水平低于国家规定的食品卫生标准,而且有下降趋势,这说明有机氯污染随时间的推移,逐年递减,但仍应进行长期监测。     

气相色谱测定水中19种有机氯农药

建立了毛细管色谱柱/电子捕获检测器-气相色谱法测定19种有机氯农药的的方法,相关系数R2均在0.999以上,方法检出限为4.4×10-3—1.0×10-2mg·L-1,空白样品的加标回收率为91%—109%,相对标准偏差RSD在2.8%—6.6%.通过对萃取次数和萃取溶剂体积实验条件进行优化,测试结果均满足实验要求.     

固相萃取小柱净化-气相色谱法测定土壤和沉积物中有机氯和拟除虫菊酯农药残留

建立了毛细管气相色谱法测定土壤和沉积物中α-六六六,β-六六六,γ-六六六,δ-六六六,硫丹,p,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD,o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDT,三氯杀螨醇,甲氰菊酯,氯氰菊酯,联苯菊酯,氟氯氰菊酯,氰戊菊酯,溴氰菊酯等16种农药残留量的方法.16种农药的残留组分在25min内能很好分离.标准加入回收率在81.2%-111.9%之间;方法变异系数2.9%-14.9%(0.01-0.1μg·ml-1,n= 6),检出下限在0.08-0.44μg·kg-1之间.     

长三角地区土壤中有机氯农药残留量及其分布特征

为了解长三角地区的有机氯农药的残留状况及空间分布特征,本研究选取南京、上海、吴江以及启东作为试验区域,采用加速溶剂萃取技术(ASE)和EPA 8081a-有机氯气相色谱法对该区域34个采样点的土壤样品进行检测.结果表明,该区域普遍检测出有机氯农药的残留,且表层土壤为主要残留层,随着深度增加,有机氯农药的残留量逐渐减少.表层土壤中,∑OCPs残留量介于ND—157.66μg·kg~(-1)之间.其中DDTs的检出率为91%,残留范围为ND—119.85μg·kg~(-1),均值为7.6μg·kg~(-1),占∑OCPs的81%.HCHs和六氯苯的检出率分别为60%、44%,残留范围分别为ND—15.79μg·kg~(-1)、ND—22.02μg·kg~(-1).有机氯农药类别中主要的残留物为p,p'-DDE,占OCPs残留总量的45%以上,(DDD+DDE)/DDTs0.5的样点约占样点数的88%.受试点均未检测到七氯、艾氏剂、环氧七氯、氯丹、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂等组分.对于农业区不同利用类型区域,表层土壤中∑OCPs残留均值为:农业区树林、水果林(5.37μg·kg~(-1))农业区菜地(3.93μg·kg~(-1))农业区农田(2.98μg·kg~(-1))农业区稻田(2.48μg·kg~(-1)).对于不同功能区表层土壤中∑OCPs残留均值为:江滩沉积物(37.92μg·kg~(-1))农业区(7.99μg·kg~(-1))工业区(5.03μg·kg~(-1)).本次调查对该地区的污染水平做出初步评价,所得数据可为该地区的生态环境建设及生态风险评价提供理论依据.     

水、土中10种有机氮农药的多残留分析方法的研究

本文采用气相色谱法直接测定水、土中10种有机氮农药的多残留.样品用丙酮振荡或组织捣碎提取,经凝结法净化,净化液用二氯甲烷萃取,干燥,浓缩后用带NPD的气谱仪测定.气谱采用长1m,内径0.2cm的玻璃柱,填充5%OV.17/Chromo.orb Q 80—100目.该柱对10种有机氯农药有较好的分离效果.通过方法回收率及水、土的添加回收率试验,证实些法的可靠性及可行性、其添加回收率为84.21—99.20%,变异系数为1.02—10.33%,最低检测浓度为0.0004—0.0218ppm.     

三油酸甘油酯-醋酸纤维素复合膜萃取水体中痕量有机氯农药的研究

以三油酸甘油酯-醋酸纤维素复合膜(TECAM)萃取作为监测水体中痕量有机氯农药的方法．探讨分析过程中的影响因素和优化条件,结果表明,膜萃取分析方法对17种有机氯农药的平均加标回收率为53％-111％,对强疏水性污染物表现出较高的回收率．利用该方法在南方某自来水厂各工艺段水体中检测出了滴滴涕及其代谢产物、六六六等五种有机氯农药．     

苏南某市春季蔬菜中农药残留调查

2003年3月对苏南某市蔬菜中有机氯、拟除虫菊酯及氨基甲酸酯类农药残留状况的调查结果表明:有机氯农药残留量较低,检出范围为ND～31.7μg·kg-1,蔬菜基地蔬菜中六六六类农药检出量高于传统菜地;蔬菜中滴滴涕类残留物主要组分为p,p′ DDE和p,p′ DDD。拟除虫菊酯类农药检出范围为ND～46.9μg·kg-1,检出量较高的是氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯。氨基甲酸酯类农药检出范围为ND～111.9μg·kg-1,其中灭虫威和3-羟基克百威检出量和检出率最高,且蔬菜基地样品中的检出量低于传统菜地。蔬菜样品中克百威大部分已降解为3-羟基克百威,涕灭威、亚砜涕灭威与砜涕灭威检出量都很低,其中砜涕灭威平均检出量最低。供试区春季蔬菜中所检测的各种农药除克百威和涕灭威外,其余残留量均低于国家无公害蔬菜农药残留量标准。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture