柳州市2009-2014年空气污染变化

近年来,城市空气污染日益严重,已成为公众广泛关注的环境问题之一。柳州是中国西部的工业重镇、广西有名的工业城市,位列国家划定的113个大气污染防治重点城市之中,是广西第一个开展PM2.5监测的城市。本研究于2009—2014年连续6年对柳州市大气主要污染物SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的浓度进行在线观测,获得了污染物的长期时间和空间分布特征。结果显示,SO2浓度呈逐年下降趋势,并于2011年达标之后显著下降,2014年相比2009年下降了50.0%;NO2浓度一直在低于标准以下波动(24.6~35.1μg/m3);PM10浓度呈逐年增长趋势,并从2011年开始超标,2014年相对于2009年增长了69.3%。各污染物浓度都具有显著的季节变化:冬季秋季春季夏季。SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的浓度冬季相比夏季分别提高82.9%、56.3%、66.9%和133.6%。冬季SO2和秋冬季PM10超标,PM2.5除7月外全线超标。PM2.5/PM10的比值冬季也高于夏季,表明冬季更易富集细颗粒。各污染物浓度也表现出不同的空间分布。九中各污染物的浓度都最高,可能与其离柳州钢铁公司距离较近有关。SO2除九中外,其他站点均达标。NO2全部达标。PM10市监测站和九中超标。PM2.5所有站点超标严重。本研究结果表明,柳州市煤烟型污染得到有效控制,但颗粒物污染,尤其是细颗粒物污染日益严重。     

降水对西宁市城市空气污染的影响分析

文章依据西宁市2001~2009年主要污染因子PM10、SO2、NO2浓度日数据,从月(或季年)平均值、有降水(微量、微量以上)平均值、无降水平均值出发,研究西宁市PM10、SO2、NO2在有降水、无降水等不同情况下月、季节和年度变化特征,同时分析降水对PM10、SO2、NO2浓度变化的影响和关系。统计分析结果表明:西宁市城市PM10、SO2、NO2无降水日浓度均值最大,月均值其次,有降水日浓度值最小。三者浓度值在夏秋季最低。SO2的浓度均值2006年出现最小值,最大值出现在2003年;NO2浓度均值2006~2009年间呈上升趋势;PM10浓度均值2002年最低,2007年达到最高。     

基于SPSS探究鞍山市雾霾影响因素

研究鞍山市雾霾影响因素,对有效控制鞍山市雾霾天气十分重要.以空气质量指数为基础,采用SPSS软件分析鞍山市雾霾污染指数与大气组分因子、气象因子等的相关性.研究发现,雾霾污染指数与PM2.5,PM10,SO2,NO2,CO的相关系数为正数,与03的相关系数为负数,且与PM2.5,PM10的相关系数较大;与气压相关系数为正...     

春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对南宁市环境空气的影响分析

根据2011年春节期间南宁市主要污染物（PM10、SO2、NO2）浓度,分析了燃放烟花爆竹对环境空气的影响。结果表明：除夕和元宵节大量燃放烟花爆竹能导致PM10在短时间内快速上升,但对SO2和NO2浓度的影响不明显。除夕期间23：00-2：00是PM10受燃放烟花爆竹影响最大时段,城市居民居住集中区PM10浓度远高于其他区域。     

燃放烟花爆竹对自贡市环境空气质量的影响分析

利用2016~2019年春节期间自贡市环境空气自动监测系统主要污染物浓度小时及日监测数据,分析燃放烟花爆竹及采取禁燃措施对自贡市空气质量的影响。结果显示:集中燃放烟花爆竹会造成短时空气严重污染,但随着自贡市实行行政辖区内全面禁止销售、燃放烟花爆竹,污染状况明显改善,2019年污染时段在春节期间占比较2016下降45.6%。颗粒物浓度(PM 2.5、PM 10)大幅度下降,2019年春节期间PM 2.5和PM 10均值分别为73μg/m 3和104μg/m 3,2019年春节期间PM 2.5和PM 10均值分别较2016年同期下降了55.2%和51.6%。烟花爆竹对PM 10和PM 2.5浓度影响明显高于SO 2、CO、O 3、NO 2。春节期间有利的气象因素对自贡市污染物的稀释和扩散具有一定的影响,但禁燃烟花爆竹对颗粒物浓度降低起决定性作用。     

四川省大气污染空间分异特征研究

利用GIS空间统计工具分析四川省3项大气污染物SO2、NO2和PM10浓度的空间分异特征。污染物在东北-西南方向上分布最为分散,污染重心与几何中心偏离较多,不均衡性较大。全局来看,NO2和SO2浓度的空间自相关性较强,属于聚集模式;PM10浓度的空间自相关性较弱,属于随机分布模式。局部相关性分析表明,大部分地市的大气污染物之间相关性较弱,SO2和NO2具有相似的自相关分布,PM10局地自相关性与其他两项污染物的差异较大。通过分析2001~2010年间污染重心的变化轨迹,可知10年间污染重心向西南方向偏移,向低纬度、低经度方向移动,其中SO2偏移量最大。2001年和2010年浓度变化率分析,发现全省各地市PM10削减力度明显,SO2局部地区有较大的削减,NO2仅有23.81%的地市有所削减,整体削减程度较小。     

株洲市2013—2018年空气质量时空分布特征

利用2013—2018年株洲市空气自动监测站点PM2.5、PM10、O3、SO2、NO2和CO的逐日监测数据,分析该地区近6 a空气质量的时空变化特征。研究发现:株洲市空气质量整体显著性提高,2018年达标率达到78.9%,重污染日天数逐年降低且持续时间缩短。O3污染问题日益突出,尤其是5月—10月易发生超标。空气质量空间差异明显,郊区达标率较高,工业区和市中心达标率相对较低。污染物超标情况区域特征明显,工业区SO2和NO2超标天数相对较多,市中心O3超标日明显多于其他区域。     

基于空气质量新标准的重庆市大气环境承载力特征研究

基于空气质量新标准,采用承载指数法对2010~2013年重庆市40个区县的SO2、NO2、PM10单要素承载力和大气环境综合承载力进行了测算和评价,分析了空间分布特征及多年变化趋势。结果表明:全市大气环境综合承载力总体上呈增加趋势,渝东南和渝东北地区承载力最好,都市区承载力较弱;SO2、NO2承载力较为乐观,但有近1/2的区县NO_2承载力呈下降趋势,PM_(10)形势严峻,所有区县均处于超载或濒临超载状态。"十三五"时期,重点应进一步强化PM10和NO2污染控制,以环境承载力为基础调整优化产业布局,实施空气质量达标分类指导和精细化管理,建立环境承载力监测预警体系。     

云南省蒙自市大气PM2.5污染特征及来源解析

为了解蒙自市PM2.5的主要化学组分季节变化、来源及贡献,于2017~2018年每季典型月连续10天在蒙自市城区采集样品,对PM2.5的质量浓度及主要化学组成成分进行了测量分析。结果显示:经CMB解析后工艺过程源、二次硫酸盐、煤烟尘、机动车尘、道路扬尘、二次硝酸盐、建筑施工尘和其他源对PM2.5的贡献率分别为23.24%、20.65%、14.11%、13.31%、7.34%、6.32%、5.21%和9.82%;水溶性无机离子质量浓度为19.49μg/m^3,占PM2.5年平均质量浓度的53.09%,是PM2.5的重要组成部分,此外SO2-4、NH+4和NO-3分别占离子总量的41.20%、27.51%、12.85%;PM2.5中NO-3/SO2-4比值在0.20~0.38范围内,说明固定污染源对蒙自地区大气中SO2和NOX的贡献仍然大于机动车的贡献;春季SOC值为3.33大于二次反应生成的有机碳的条件,表明春季受到二次污染源的影响最为严重;蒙自市全年PM2.5浓度平均值为29.72μg/m^3,低于国家环境空气质量标准(GB3095—2012)年均35μg/m^3二级限值,而且风向、风速等气象条件是造成蒙自春季PM2.5浓度高于其它季节20μg/m^3的关键因素,而其关键贡献源是工业源、建筑施工工地和道路扬尘源。     

湘潭市环境空气质量变化趋势分析及对策

本文以湘潭市1996～2003年大气监测资料数据为依据,确定了湘潭市空气中的主要污染物,并利用Spearman相关系数法对湘潭市空气质量变化趋势进行了分析,结果表明：湘潭市大气污染属于煤烟型,主要污染物为PM10、SO2,其次为NO2,三种污染物浓度均呈现上升趋势,PM10和NO2上升趋势更为明显.文章并进一步提出了改善空气质量的防治对策.     

Characteristics of major secondary ions in typical polluted atmospheric aerosols during autumn in central Taiwan

In autumn of 2008, the chemical characteristics of major secondary ionic aerosols at a suburban site in central Taiwan were measured during an annually occurring season of high pollution. The semicontinuous measurement system measured major soluble inorganic species, including NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-), and SO(4)(2-), in PM(10) with a 15 min resolution time. The atmospheric conditions, except for the influences of typhoons, were dominated by the local sea-land breeze with clear diurnal variations of meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations. To evaluate secondary aerosol formation at different ozone levels, daily ozone maximum concentration (O(3,daily max)) was used as an index of photochemical activity for dividing between the heavily polluted period (O(3,daily max) ≧80 ppb) and the lightly polluted period (O(3,daily max)<80 ppb). The concentrations of PM(10), NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-), NH(4)(+) and total major ions during the heavily polluted period were 1.6, 1.9, 2.4, 2.7 and 2.3 times the concentrations during the lightly polluted period, respectively. Results showed that the daily maximum concentrations of PM(10) occurred around midnight and the daily maximum ozone concentration occurred during daytime. The average concentration of SO(2) was higher during daytime, which could be explained by the transportation of coastal industry emissions to the sampling site. In contrast, the high concentration of NO(2) at night was due to the land breeze flow that transport inland urban air masses toward this site. The simulations of breeze circulations and transitions were reflected in transports and distributions of these pollutants. During heavily polluted periods, NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) showed a clear diurnal variations with lower concentrations after midday, possibly due to the thermal volatilization of NH(4)NO(3) during daytime and transport of inland urban plume at night. The diurnal variation of PM(10) showed the similar pattern to that of NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) aerosols. This indicated that the formatted secondary aerosols in the inland urban area could be transported to the coastal area by the weak land breeze and deteriorated the air quality in the coastal area at night.     

Gas dynamics in eutrophic lake sediments affected by oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate

In many freshwater ecosystems, the contents of NO3- and SO4(2-) have increased, whereas O2 has been depleted due to the increased acid and nutrient loads. These changes may affect carbon turnover and the dynamics of the major greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O. We studied the effects of O2, NO3-, and SO4(2-) availability on carbon mineralization, and fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the sediments of hyper-eutrophic Lake Kev?t?n, Finland. Undisturbed sediment cores from the deep (9 m) and shallow (4 m) profundal were incubated in a laboratory microcosm with oxic and anoxic water flows with NO3- or SO4(2-) concentrations of 0, 30, 100, 300, and 2000 microM. The carbon mineralization rate (i.e., the sum of released CO2-C and CH4-C) was not affected by the oxidants. However, the oxidants did change the pathways of carbon degradation and the release of CH4. All of the oxidants depressed CH4 fluxes in the shallow profundal sediments, which had low organic matter content. In the deep profundal sediments rich in organic matter, the CH4 release was reduced by O2 but was not affected by SO4(2-) (the effect of NO3- was not studied). There was an increase in N2O release as the overlying water NO3- concentration increased. Anoxia and highly elevated NO3- concentrations, associated with eutrophication, increased drastically the global warming potential (GWP) of the sedimentary gases in contrast to the SO4(2-) load, which had only minor effects on the GWP.     

Evaluation of the temporal variations of air quality in Taipei City, Taiwan, from 1994 to 2003

Data collected from the five air-quality monitoring stations established by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration in Taipei City from 1994 to 2003 are analyzed to assess the temporal variations of air quality. Principal component analysis (PCA) is adopted to convert the original measuring pollutants into fewer independent components through linear combinations while still retaining the majority of the variance of the original data set. Two principal components (PCs) are retained together explaining 82.73% of the total variance. PC1, which represents primary pollutants such as CO, NO(x), and SO(2), shows an obvious decrease over the last 10 years. PC2, which represents secondary pollutants such as ozone, displays a yearly increase over the time period when a reduction of primary pollutants is obvious. In order to track down the control measures put forth by the authorities, 47 days of high PM(10) concentrations caused by transboundary transport have been eliminated in analyzing the long-term trend of PM(10) in Taipei City. The temporal variations over the past 10 years show that the moderate peak in O(3) demonstrates a significant upward trend even when the local primary pollutants have been well under control. Monthly variations of PC scores demonstrate that primary pollution is significant from January to April, while ozone increases from April to August. The results of the yearly variations of PC scores show that PM(10) has gradually shifted from a strong correlation with PC1 during the early years to become more related to PC2 in recent years. This implies that after a reduction of primary pollutants, the proportion of secondary aerosols in PM(10) may increase. Thus, reducing the precursor concentrations of secondary aerosols will be an effective way to lower PM(10) concentrations.     

长沙城区大气中二氧化碳浓度变化及与其它污染物相关性分析

利用长沙市城区2011年及2012年连续自动监测获得的CO2数据,两年的平均值为412．2×10^-6,高于世界本底站青海瓦里关5．6％,与临安、无锡相当,略高于乌鲁木齐,而低于北京、上海。冬季CO2浓度日小时变化呈现双峰形态,峰值出现在上午9时及晚上19时～21时。夏季日小时变化为单峰形态,峰值出现在上午8时。冬季CO2浓度日均值为420．3×10^-6,比夏季高3．4％。CO2除与O3呈负相关以外,与其它污染物均呈现显著性正相关,特别是与CO、NO、NO2、NOx、SO2的相关性最强,而与颗粒物（PM10、PM25）的相关性稍差。     

南充市城市空气质量变化及达标分析

为了掌握南充市近年来城市空气质量变化及其达标情况,对南充市城区2008～2012年SO2、NO2和PM10的质量浓度数据进行统计分析,并计算各个站点的空气污染指数和空气质量指数。结果表明,3种污染物浓度值都有明显的下降趋势,S02浓度在0．002～0．052mg／m^3之间变化;N02浓度值从0．042mg／m^3下降到0．029mg／m^3;PM10浓度在0．060～0．063mg／m^3之间波动。南充市空气质量冬季较差,夏季较好。在5个监测点中,炼油厂空气质量最差,优良率为92．9％（85．1％）;高坪空气质量最好,优良率为99．1％（98．3％）。相关性分析表明,南充市空气污染源主要是工业燃煤和机动车尾气。     

Impacts of pollution controls on air quality in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games

Air pollution has become one of the main environmental concerns in China since the 1980s due to China's rapid economic growth and resultant pollution. However, it is difficult to directly evaluate the anthropogenic contribution to air pollution in China. The 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing provided a unique opportunity for testing the contribution of anthropogenic pollution because of the clean-up controls on air quality in Beijing enforced over the period of the Games. In this case study, we monitored the concentrations of major air pollutants before, during, and after the Olympics at a suburban site in Beijing. Atmospheric concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NH3, NO2, SO2, and the particulate ions NH4+, NO3-, SO4(2-) Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ all decreased during the Olympic period because of strict emission controls, compared with the same period from 2005 to 2007. For example, the average PM10 concentration (61 microg m(-3)) during the Olympics was only 37% of that (166 microg m(-3)) in the same month (August) from 2005 to 2007. However, just 1 mo and 1 yr after the Games had ended, mean concentrations of these pollutants had increased significantly again. This rapid "recovery' of air pollutant concentrations after the Olympics suggests that China needs to implement long-lasting decreases in its air pollution in Beijing and other major cities.     

Assessment and management of air quality for an opencast coal mining area

A study for the assessment and management of the air quality was carried out at Lakhanpur area of Ib Valley Coalfield in Orissa state in India. The 24-h average concentrations of total suspended particulate (TSP) matter, respirable particulate matter (PM10), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were monitored during 1 year period. Samplings were done at a regular interval through out the year at 13 monitoring stations in the residential areas and four monitoring stations in the mining/industrial areas. The 24-hr average TSP and PM10 concentrations ranged from 338.8 to 799.8 microg m(-3) and 102.5-425.6 microg m(-3) for industrial area, and 72.3-497.1 microg m(-3) and 40.8-171.9 microg m(-3) for residential area, respectively. During the study period 24-hr and annual average TSP and PM10 concentrations exceeded the respective standards set in the national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) protocol at most residential and industrial areas. However, 24-hr and annual average concentrations of SO2 and NOx were well within the prescribed limit of NAAQS both in the residential and industrial areas. The annual and 24-hr average concentrations varied from 23.3 to 36.8 microg m(-3) and 16.0-55.2 microg m(-3) for SO2 and 23.9-41.9 microg m(-3) and 19.0-58.1 microg m(-3) for NOx, respectively. The temporal variations of TSP and PM10 fitted polynomial trend with an average correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.77 (+/-0.17) for TSP and 0.85 (+/-0.10) for PM10. On average the PM10 in the ambient air of the mining area constituted 31.94 (+/-1.76)% of the TSP. The linear regression correlation coefficient (R2) between TSP with PM10 and NOx with SO2 was 0.86 (+/-0.12) and 0.57 (+/-0.20), respectively. Maximal concentrations of TSP and PM10 occurred within the mining site based on the kriging technique. A management strategy is formulated for effective control of air pollution at source and other mitigative measures recommended including implementation of green belts around the sensitive areas where the concentration of air pollutants exceeded the standard limit.     

基于模糊数学的大气环境质量综合评价

鉴于大气环境质量评价中客观存在的不确定性和模糊性,运用模糊数学方法,选用SO2、NO2、PM10作为评价因子,参照大气环境质量标准,通过计算污染因子权重分配系数和隶属度对乌鲁木齐市2004年至2010年大气环境质量给出客观的评价,综合评价结果表明乌鲁木齐市总体大气环境质量为轻度污染(三级),但空气质量在逐年好转,SO2和PM10依然是乌鲁木齐市空气质量的制约因子,且NO2的权重在逐年上升。模糊综合评判考虑环境空气质量评价的模糊性,根据污染物浓度对各级别的贴近度考察污染物的级别,评价结果比较直观,可以细致准确的评价环境质量等级,评价结果基本可以反映环境空气污染的情况。