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1.
The relationship between adaptation and mitigation in managing climate change risks: a regional response from North Central Victoria,Australia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Roger N. Jones Paul Dettmann Geoff Park Maureen Rogers Terry White 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):685-712
This two-part paper considers the complementarity between adaptation and mitigation in managing the risks associated with
the enhanced greenhouse effect. Part one reviews the application of risk management methods to climate change assessments.
Formal investigations of the enhanced greenhouse effect have produced three generations of risk assessment. The first led
to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), First Assessment Report and subsequent drafting of
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The second investigated the impacts of unmitigated climate change
in the Second and Third IPCC Assessment Reports. The third generation, currently underway, is investigating how risk management
options can be prioritised and implemented. Mitigation and adaptation have two main areas of complementarity. Firstly, they
each manage different components of future climate-related risk. Mitigation reduces the number and magnitude of potential
climate hazards, reducing the most severe changes first. Adaptation increases the ability to cope with climate hazards by
reducing system sensitivity or by reducing the consequent level of harm. Secondly, they manage risks at different extremes
of the potential range of future climate change. Adaptation works best with changes of lesser magnitude at the lower end of
the potential range. Where there is sufficient adaptive capacity, adaptation improves the ability of a system to cope with
increasingly larger changes over time. By moving from uncontrolled emissions towards stabilisation of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere, mitigation limits the upper part of the range. Different activities have various blends of adaptive and mitigative
capacity. In some cases, high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity may lead to large residual climate risks; in other cases,
a large adaptive capacity may mean that residual risks are small or non-existent. Mitigative and adaptive capacity do not
share the same scale: adaptive capacity is expressed locally, whereas mitigative capacity is different for each activity and
location but needs to be aggregated at the global scale to properly assess its potential benefits in reducing climate hazards.
This can be seen as a demand for mitigation, which can be exercised at the local scale through exercising mitigative capacity.
Part two of the paper deals with the situation where regional bodies aim to maximise the benefits of managing climate risks
by integrating adaptation and mitigation measures at their various scales of operation. In north central Victoria, Australia,
adaptation and mitigation are being jointly managed by a greenhouse consortium and a catchment management authority. Several
related studies investigating large-scale revegetation are used to show how climate change impacts and sequestration measures
affect soil, salt and carbon fluxes in the landscape. These studies show that trade-offs between these interactions will have
to be carefully managed to maximise their relative benefits. The paper concludes that when managing climate change risks,
there are many instances where adaptation and mitigation can be integrated at the operational level. However, significant
gaps between our understanding of the benefits of adaptation and mitigation between local and global scales remain. Some of
these may be addressed by matching demands for mitigation (for activities and locations where adaptive capacity will be exceeded)
with the ability to supply that demand through localised mitigative capacity by means of globally integrated mechanisms. 相似文献
2.
Ingrid Christine Koch Coleen Vogel Zarina Patel 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(8):1323-1339
Climate change is a multi-dimensional issue and in terms of adaptation numerous state and non-state actors are involved from
global to national and local scales. The aim of this paper is first to analyse specific institutional networks involved in
climate change predominantly at the national level in South Africa and second to determine how different stakeholders perceive
their role vis-a-vis climate change adaptation. Within the South African context there is a gap in understanding and evaluating
how institutional networks operate and thus the findings of this work may help inform and strengthen such relationships in
the future. Results showed that few institutions fully understand the implications of adaptation and their roles and responsibilities
have not yet been properly defined. Constraints relating to capacity, lack of awareness and poor information flow need to
be addressed. Climate change is perceived as an important issue although problems such as poverty reduction and job creation
remain national priorities. Most importantly this research has demonstrated how adaptation challenges the hierarchical manner
in which government works and a more collaborative approach to climate change adaptation is needed. Adaptation needs to be
mainstreamed and institutional networks need to be strengthened in order for adaptation mechanisms to be effectively implemented.
相似文献
Ingrid Christine KochEmail: |
3.
Manuel R. Guariguata Jonathan P. Cornelius Bruno Locatelli Claudio Forner G. Arturo Sánchez-Azofeifa 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(8):793-808
The relationship between tropical forests and global climate change has so far focused on mitigation, while much less emphasis
has been placed on how management activities may help forest ecosystems adapt to this change. This paper discusses how tropical
forestry practices can contribute to maintaining or enhancing the adaptive capacity of natural and planted forests to global
climate change and considers challenges and opportunities for the integration of tropical forest management in broader climate
change adaptation. In addition to the use of reduced impact logging to maintain ecosystem integrity, other approaches may
be needed, such as fire prevention and management, as well as specific silvicultural options aimed at facilitating genetic
adaptation. In the case of planted forests, the normally higher intensity of management (with respect to natural forest) offers
additional opportunities for implementing adaptation measures, at both industrial and smallholder levels. Although the integration
in forest management of measures aimed at enhancing adaptation to climate change may not involve substantial additional effort
with respect to current practice, little action appears to have been taken to date. Tropical foresters and forest-dependent
communities appear not to appreciate the risks posed by climate change and, for those who are aware of them, practical guidance
on how to respond is largely non-existent. The extent to which forestry research and national policies will promote and adopt
management practices in order to assist production forests adapt to climate change is currently uncertain. Mainstreaming adaptation
into national development and planning programs may represent an initial step towards the incorporation of climate change
considerations into tropical forestry. 相似文献
4.
Recent interest in sustainable forest management planning in the Yukon has coincided with growing public awareness of climate
change, providing an opportunity to explore how forestry plans are incorporating climate change. In this paper, the Strategic
Forest Management Plans for the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations Traditional Territory (CATT) and the Teslin Tlingit Traditional
Territory (TTTT) are examined for evidence of adaptation to climate change. For each plan, management policies and practices
that are also recognized as ways to adapt to climate change are identified to provide information on the incremental costs
and benefits of additional adaptation efforts. A typology for classifying sustainable forest management plans according to
how they address climate change is proposed and applied to the CATT and TTTT plans. This typology, which may be useful to
any future retrospective assessments on how successful these or other sustainable forest management plans have been in addressing
and managing the risks posed by climate change, consists of a matrix that categorizes plans into one of four types; (1) proactive-direct,
(2) proactive-indirect, (3) reactive-direct, and (4) reactive-indirect. Neither of the plans available for the southern Yukon
explicitly identifies climate change vulnerabilities and actions that will be taken to reduce those vulnerabilities and manage
risks. However, both plans have incorporated some examples of ‘best management practices’ for sustainable forest management
that are also consistent with appropriate climate adaptation responses. Even in a jurisdiction facing rapid ecological changes
driven by climate change, where there is a relatively high level of awareness of climate change and its implications, forestry
planning processes have yet to grapple directly with the risks that climate change may pose to the ability of forest managers
to achieve the stated goals and objectives of sustainable forest management plans.
相似文献
J. L. InnesEmail: |
5.
Adaptation and mitigation as complementary tools for reducing the risk of climate impacts 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Gary Yohe Kenneth Strzepek 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):727-739
This paper uses the likelihood of flooding along Brahmaputra and Ganges Rivers in India to explore the hypothesis that adaptation
and mitigation can be viewed as complements rather than sustitutes. For futures where climate change will produce smooth,
monotonic and manageable effects, adopting a mitigation strategy is shown to increase the ability of adaptation to reduce
the likelihood of crossing critical threshold of tolerable climate. For futures where climate change will produce variable
impacts overtime, though, it is possible that mitigation will make adaptation less productive for some time intervals. In
cases of exaggerated climate change, adaptation may fail entirely regardless of how much mitigation is applied. Judging the
degree of complementarity is therefore an empirical question because the relative efficacy of adaptation is site specific
and path dependent. It follows that delibrations over climate policy should rely more on detailed analyses of how the distributions
of possible impacts of climate might change over space and time.
相似文献
Gary YoheEmail: |
6.
Robert McLeman Dick Mayo Earl Strebeck Barry Smit 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(4):379-400
In the mid-1930s, eastern Oklahoma, USA, suffered an unusually harsh mixture of droughts and extreme rainfall events that
led to widespread crop failure over several years. These climatic conditions coincided with low commodity prices, agricultural
restructuring and general economic collapse, creating tremendous hardship in rural and agriculturally dependent areas. Using
a previously developed typology of agricultural adaptation, this paper reports empirical research conducted to identify the
ways by which the rural population of Sequoyah County adapted to such conditions. Particular attention is given to categorizing
the scale at which adaptation occurred, the actors involved and the constraints to implementation. The findings identify successes
and opportunities missed by public policy makers, and suggest possible entry points for developing adaptation strategies for
current and future, analogous situations that may arise as a result of climate change. 相似文献
7.
A decision inventory approach for improving decision support for climate change impact assessment and adaptation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christopher R. Britta G. John Janet Thomas Susan Jordan 《Environmental Science & Policy》2007,10(7-8):610-621
Assessing and adapting to the impacts of climate change requires balancing social, economic, and environmental factors in the context of an ever-expanding range of objectives, uncertainties, and management options. The term decision support describes a diverse class of resources designed to help manage this complexity and assist decision makers in understanding impacts and evaluating management options. Most climate-related decision support resources implicitly assume that decision making is primarily limited by the quantity and quality of available information. However, a wide variety of evidence suggests that institutional, political, and communication processes are also integral to organizational decision making. Decision support resources designed to address these processes are underrepresented in existing tools. These persistent biases in the design and delivery of decision support may undermine efforts to move decision support from research to practice. The development of new approaches to decision support that consider a wider range of relevant issues is limited by the lack of information about the characteristics, context, and alternatives associated with climate-related decisions. We propose a new approach called a decision assessment and decision inventory that will provide systematic information describing the relevant attributes of climate-related decisions. This information can be used to improve the design of decision support resources, as well as to prioritize research and development investments. Application of this approach will help provide more effective decision support based on a balanced foundation of analytical tools, environmental data, and relevant information about decisions and decision makers. 相似文献
8.
气候变化问题日益凸显。应对和适应气候变化刻不容缓。然而,短期内无法有效减缓气候变化产生的不利影响。因此,有必要针对不同领域制定相应的适应措施来提高人们对气候变化的适应能力。北京作为人口众多的大城市及我国的缺水城市之一,气候变化无疑将加剧水资源的供需矛盾。本文针对北京市水资源现状及气候变化对北京市水资源领域已经形成的影响,从自然、工程、政策制度三个角度探讨了北京市水资源领域适应气候变化可采取的对策及保障措施。 相似文献
9.
Thomas J. Wilbanks Jayant Sathaye 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):957-962
Integrating mitigation and adaptation (M&A) is a practical reality for climate change response policy, despite a range of
conceptual and methodological challenges. Based on the papers in this special issue, some preliminary findings about appropriate
integrated portfolios are offered, along with several implications for climate policy. 相似文献
10.
Managing climate change risks in New York City’s water system: assessment and adaptation planning 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Cynthia Rosenzweig David C. Major Kate Demong Christina Stanton Radley Horton Melissa Stults 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(8):1391-1409
Managing risk by adapting long-lived infrastructure to the effects of climate change must become a regular part of planning
for water supply, sewer, wastewater treatment, and other urban infrastructure during this century. The New York City Department
of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP), the agency responsible for managing New York City’s (NYC) water supply, sewer, and wastewater
treatment systems, has developed a climate risk management framework through its Climate Change Task Force, a government-university
collaborative effort. Its purpose is to ensure that NYCDEP’s strategic and capital planning take into account the potential
risks of climate change—sea-level rise, higher temperature, increases in extreme events, changes in drought and flood frequency
and intensity, and changing precipitation patterns—on NYC’s water systems. This approach will enable NYCDEP and other agencies
to incorporate adaptations to the risks of climate change into their management, investment, and policy decisions over the
long term as a regular part of their planning activities. The framework includes a 9-step Adaptation Assessment procedure.
Potential climate change adaptations are divided into management, infrastructure, and policy categories, and are assessed
by their relevance in terms of climate change time-frame (immediate, medium, and long term), the capital cycle, costs, and
other risks. The approach focuses on the water supply, sewer, and wastewater treatment systems of NYC, but has wide application
for other urban areas, especially those in coastal locations. 相似文献
11.
In the wake of the failures to date of well-publicized multilateral and multi-sectoral mitigation efforts to control greenhouse gases, attention is now increasingly focused on the effectiveness and capacity of national and sub-national level sectoral plans, including forestry, to usher in a new era of adaptation efforts. In Canada, the government of British Columbia spent several years developing its Future Forest Ecosystems Initiative as part of a larger climate change response strategy in the forest sector. Similarly, in the United States, wildfire related events have led to climate change inspired efforts by individual states (e.g., Alaska, California) and the US Forest Service has recently undertaken plans to incorporate climate change considerations in national forest planning beginning with the National Road Map for Responding to Climate Change. This paper highlights a number of shortcomings with both these national and sub-national strategies with respect to the relationships existing between governance, forestry and climate change. It proposes incorporating considerations of governance mechanisms directly into forest sector planning and the need to assess not only natural system level changes but also the extent to which new problems can be dealt with by ‘old’ or ‘new’ governance arrangements. 相似文献
12.
Fobissie B. Kalame Johnson Nkem Monica Idinoba Markku Kanninen 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(2):135-151
Many studies have suggested various kinds of forest policies, management planning and practices to help forests adapt to climate
change. These recommendations are often generic, based mostly on case studies from temperate countries and rarely from Africa.
We argue that policy and management recommendations aimed at integrating adaptation into national forest policies and practices
in Africa should start with an inventory and careful examination of existing policies and practices in order to understand
the nature and extent of intervention required to influence the adaptation of forest ecosystems to climate change. This paper
aims to contribute to closing this gap in knowledge detrimental to decision making through the review and analysis of current
forest policies and practices in Burkina Faso and Ghana and highlighting elements that have the potential to influence the
adaptation of forest ecosystems to climate change. The analysis revealed that adaptation (and mitigation) are not part of
current forest policies in Burkina Faso and Ghana, but instead policies contain elements of risk management practices which
are also relevant to the adaptation of forest ecosystems. Some of these elements are found in policies on the management of
forest fires, forest genetic resources, non-timber resources, tree regeneration and silvicultural practices. To facilitate
and enhance the management of these elements, a number of recommendations are suggested. Their implementation will require
experienced and well-trained forestry personnel, financial resources, socio-cultural and political dimensions, and the political
will of decision makers to act appropriately by formulating necessary policies and mainstreaming adaptation into forest policy
and management planning. 相似文献
13.
Shimpei Iwasaki Bam Haja Nirina Razafindrabe Rajib Shaw 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(4):339-355
Climate change combined with human activities poses significant risks to people’s livelihood especially in developing countries.
Adaptation at the community level is of crucial importance in enabling them to respond to the direct and indirect effects
of changes in climate. In a case study of fishing communities in Chilika lagoon, India, the focus is made on understanding
climate change adaptation at the community level and scaling it up into the policy perspective through application of Sustainable
Livelihood Approach. This article challenges the research and policy community to encourage the identification of locally
negative constraints and positive strengths toward climate resilient communities in rural areas.
相似文献
Rajib ShawEmail: |
14.
Amit Kumar Srivastava Thomas Gaiser Frank Ewert 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2016,21(6):955-968
Globally, yam (Dioscorea spp.) is the fifth most important root crop after sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) and the second most important crop in Africa in terms of production after cassava (Manihot esculenta L.) and has long been vital to food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Climate change is expected to have its most severe impact on crops in food insecure regions, yet very little is known about impact of climate change on yam productivity. Therefore, we try estimating the effect of climate change on the yam (variety: Florido) yield and evaluating different adaptation strategies to mitigate its effect. Three regional climate models REgional MOdel (REMO), Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Regional Climate Model (SMHIRCA), and Hadley Regional Model (HADRM3P) were coupled to a crop growth simulation model namely Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) version 3060 to simulate current and future yam yields in the Upper Ouémé basin (Benin Republic). For the future, substantial yield decreases were estimated varying according to the climate scenario. We explored the advantages of specific adaptation strategies suggesting that changing sowing date may be ineffective in counteracting adverse climatic effects. Late maturing cultivars could be effective in offsetting the adverse impacts. Whereas, by coupling irrigation and fertilizer application with late maturing cultivars, highest increase in the yam productivity could be realized which accounted up to 49 % depending upon the projection of the scenarios analyzed. 相似文献
15.
Preety M. Bhandari Suruchi Bhadwal Ulka Kelkar 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):919-933
India occupies 2.4% of the world’s geographical area with a large percentage of its land under agriculture. About 228 Million
hectares (Mha) of its geographical area (nearly 69%) fall within the dryland (arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid) region. Of
the total cultivated area of 142 Mha, major part of agriculture in the country is rainfed, extending to over 97 Mha and constituting
nearly 68% of the net cultivated area, therefore making the agricultural sector vulnerable and exposed to the vagaries of
weather conditions. Climate change adds to this dimension of stress. A strong need is felt for targeting programmes in these
areas that address issues related to employing suitable soil and water conservation measures. In this context this paper seeks
to examine the case for watershed development as an adaptive strategy. An examination of the possibility of fortifying the
existing programme with a view to adapting to expected changes in climate in future is undertaken. Also, the possibility of
watershed development integrating into a suitable mitigation strategy for the country is assessed.
相似文献
Preety M. BhandariEmail: |
16.
Ana Iglesias Luis Garrote Agustin Diz Jeremy Schlickenrieder Francisco Martin-CarrascoAuthor vitae 《Environmental Science & Policy》2011,14(7):744-757
Water is scarce in Mediterranean countries: cities are crowded with increasing demand; food is produced with large amounts of water; ecosystems demand more water that is often available; drought affects all. As climate change impacts become more noticeable and costlier, some current water management strategies will not be useful. According to the findings of CIRCE, the areas with limited water resources will increase in the coming decades with major consequences for the way we produce food and we protect ecosystems. Based on these projections this paper discusses water policy priorities for climate change adaptation in the Mediterranean. We first summarise the main challenges to water resources in Mediterranean countries and outline the risks and opportunities for water under climate change based on previous studies. Recognising the difficulty to go from precipitation to water policy, we then present a framework to evaluate water availability in response to natural and management conditions, with an example of application in the Ebro basin that exemplifies other Mediterranean areas. Then we evaluate adaptive capacity to understand the ability of Mediterranean countries to face, respond and recover from climate change impacts on water resources. Social and economic factors are key drivers of inequality in the adaptive capacity across the region. Based on the assessment of impacts and adaptive capacity we suggest thresholds for water policy to respond to climate change and link water scarcity indicators to relevant potential adaptation strategies. Our results suggest the need to further prioritise socially and economically sensitive policies. 相似文献
17.
This article re-conceptualizes Climate Policy Integration (CPI) in the land use sector to highlight the need to assess the level of integration of mitigation and adaptation objectives and policies to minimize trade-offs and to exploit synergies. It suggests that effective CPI in the land use sector requires i) internal climate policy coherence between mitigation and adaptation objectives and policies; ii) external climate policy coherence between climate change and development objectives; iii) vertical policy integration to mainstream climate change into sectoral policies and; iv) horizontal policy integration by overarching governance structures for cross-sectoral coordination. This framework is used to examine CPI in the land use sector of Indonesia. The findings indicate that adaptation actors and policies are the main advocates of internal policy coherence. External policy coherence between mitigation and development planning is called for, but remains to be operationalized. Bureaucratic politics has in turn undermined vertical and horizontal policy integration. Under these circumstances it is unlikely that the Indonesian bureaucracy can deliver strong coordinated action addressing climate change in the land use sector, unless sectoral ministries internalize a strong mandate on internal and external climate policy coherence and find ways to coordinate policy action effectively. 相似文献
18.
In this paper, consideration has focused mainly on the extent and usefulness of the existing literature available so far on the understanding of the impact of climate change on water resources in Africa, focusing mainly on the Olifants River basin in South Africa. Here, the existing literature on the impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle (particularly the hydrological processes like temperature, precipitation and runoff) has been reviewed. The uncertainties, constraints and limitations in climate change research have been discussed at great length. A detailed discussion has been highlighted on the remaining knowledge gaps in climate change research, especially in Africa. In addition to the research gaps highlighted here, the emphasis on the need of climate change research by African scientists is included as part of lessons learnt. Overall, the importance of conducting further research in climate change, understanding the potential impact of climate change on our lives, and taking actions to effectively meet the adaptation needs of the people, emerge as an important theme in this review. 相似文献
19.
The value of indigenous knowledge in climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in the African Sahel 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
A. Nyong F. Adesina B. Osman Elasha 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):787-797
Past global efforts at dealing with the problem of global warming concentrated on mitigation, with the aim of reducing and
possibly stabilizing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. With the slow progress in achieving this, adaptation
was viewed as a viable option to reduce the vulnerability to the anticipated negative impacts of global warming. It is increasingly
realized that mitigation and adaptation should not be pursued independent of each other but as complements. This has resulted
in the recent calls for the integration of adaptation into mitigation strategies. However, integrating mitigation and adaptation
into climate change concerns is not a completely new idea in the African Sahel. The region is characterized by severe and
frequent droughts with records dating back into centuries. The local populations in this region, through their indigenous
knowledge systems, have developed and implemented extensive mitigation and adaptation strategies that have enabled them reduce
their vulnerability to past climate variability and change, which exceed those predicted by models of future climate change.
However, this knowledge is rarely taken into consideration in the design and implementation of modern mitigation and adaptation
strategies. This paper highlights some indigenous mitigation and adaptation strategies that have been practiced in the Sahel,
and the benefits of integrating indigenous knowledge into formal climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Incorporating
indigenous knowledge can add value to the development of sustainable climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies that
are rich in local content, and planned in conjunction with local people. 相似文献
20.
This article applies a ‘knowledge brokering’ approach to contextualise the development of an integrated computer modelling tool into the real world policy context of adaptation of agriculture to climate change at the EU level. In particular, the article tests a number of knowledge brokering strategies described and theorised in the literature, but seldom empirically tested. The article finds that while the policy context can be used to identify a theoretically informed knowledge brokering strategy, in practice a strategy's ‘success’ is more informed by practical considerations, such as whether the tool development process is knowledge or demand driven. In addition, in practice the knowledge brokering process is found to be dynamic and messy, which is not always apparent in the literature. The article goes on to question the perception that there is always a need (or a desire) to bridge the gap between researchers and policy makers in the tool development process. Rather than a problem of design and communication, the science policy interface may be characterised more by a high level of competition between researchers and research organisations to have their tool legitimised by its use in the policy making process. 相似文献