广东北江流域降水时空分布及其与Niño 3区SST相关性分析

论文选取广东省北江流域18站1965-2007年月降水数据,应用REOF方法将月降水量场划分为4个子区域,利用Mann-Kendall方法进行趋势检验,并采用滑动t检验方法进行变点分析,结果表明:流域东南部年降水量呈减少趋势,西北部呈增加趋势,年降水量增加变点出现在1992、1993年。选取REOF各分区最大特征向量载荷的站作为基准站,采用Morlet小波、交叉小波变换和小波相干分析其周期特征及其与Niño 3区SST相关关系,结果表明:4站月降水量周期变化均与Niño 3区SST相关显著;时滞相关分析表明,南雄、佛冈、连南三站月降水量变化与Niño 3区SST相关性在滞后3、4个月时最强,而三水站在同期相关性最强,这种差别可能与三水附近地区近几十年来受到的人类活动影响较强有关。     

塔里木河干流生态闸洪水漫溢过程分布式水文模拟——以灿木里克生态闸为例

随着人类活动对塔里木河流域水-生态环境的干扰范围不断扩大,闸、堰及堤防等水利工程在流域水资源管理与调控中的作用也日益增强。生态放水是塔里木河特有的一种水资源调配和生态恢复手段,其运行机制需要以生态控制区域水资源运移及空间分布为依据。论文选取塔里木河中游灿木里克生态闸为研究区,利用区域气象、水文及高分辨率地形数据,实现了生态洪水漫溢过程的分布式水文模拟,并通过统计回归分析得到淹没时间与淹没面积、生态放水量与淹没面积之间的定量关系。结果表明,将GIS与现代水文学相结合,建立塔里木河干流小尺度分布式水文模型,模拟生态闸的洪水漫溢过程是可行的;模拟结果与实测淹没范围在空间分布和面积上都实现了较好的拟合,为合理调配生态区域内水资源及制定科学的生态闸运行机制提供了理论基础。     

松嫩流域特大洪灾的醒示:湿地功能的再认识

分析了１９９８年松嫩流域特大洪水发生与湿地丧失和退化的关系,根据湿地所具有的多种功能和效益,提出了松嫩流域水资源管理和防洪体系建设对策。近半个世纪以来,由于人口增长,人水争地,松嫩流域内湿地丧失达７０％,湿地质量也发生明显的退化,使本区湿地具有的抵御洪水、调节径流、蓄洪防旱、控制污染、生物多样性保护等方面功能逐渐降低,生态环境趋于恶化。必须从全流域、大系统的角度出发,全面分析上、中、下游的自然、社会、经济条件与湿地的地位,统筹规划,分步实施,封山育林,保持水土,圈地分洪,保护湿地,加固堤防,疏浚河道,整治环境,合理开发,将区域的社会、经济发展建立在可持续的环境基础上。     

变化环境下北江流域水文极值演变特征、成因及影响

选用8种概率分布函数,系统分析北江上游犁市和下游石角2站的水文极值流量。以极大似然法估计函数参数,采用K-S、A-D、ABS和AIC拟合优度方法选出变化环境前后最优分布函数。并对水文极值流量变化规律及其影响作了有益探讨。结果表明:1991年后流域下垫面植被减少是造成年最大流量显著上升的主要原因。犁市站极值流量厚尾分布拟合最好,石角站薄尾分布拟合最优,变化环境前后洪水频率最优分布线型基本一致,但流量增大造成分布参数改变已导致分布线型高水尾部特性变陡,相应设计流量偏大。用水文情势发生变化前估计的洪水重现期往往不能很好地描述变化后洪水频率特征。北江上游及时修建防洪水利工程对减轻中下游的防洪压力尤为重要。     

Adaptation to changing water resources in the Ganges basin, northern India

An ensemble of regional climate model (RCM) runs from the EU HighNoon project are used to project future air temperatures and precipitation on a 25 km grid for the Ganges basin in northern India, with a view to assessing impact of climate change on water resources and determining what multi-sector adaptation measures and policies might be adopted at different spatial scales.The RCM results suggest an increase in mean annual temperature, averaged over the Ganges basin, in the range 1–4 °C over the period from 2000 to 2050, using the SRES A1B forcing scenario. Projections of precipitation indicate that natural variability dominates the climate change signal and there is considerable uncertainty concerning change in regional annual mean precipitation by 2050. The RCMs do suggest an increase in annual mean precipitation in this region to 2050, but lack significant trend. Glaciers in headwater tributary basins of the Ganges appear to be continuing to decline but it is not clear whether meltwater runoff continues to increase. The predicted changes in precipitation and temperature will probably not lead to significant increase in water availability to 2050, but the timing of runoff from snowmelt will likely occur earlier in spring and summer. Water availability is subject to decadal variability, with much uncertainty in the contribution from climate change.Although global social-economic scenarios show trends to urbanization, locally these trends are less evident and in some districts rural population is increasing. Falling groundwater levels in the Ganges plain may prevent expansion of irrigated areas for food supply. Changes in socio-economic development in combination with projected changes in timing of runoff outside the monsoon period will make difficult choices for water managers.Because of the uncertainty in future water availability trends, decreasing vulnerability by augmenting resilience is the preferred way to adapt to climate change. Adaptive policies are required to increase society's capacity to adapt to both anticipated and unanticipated conditions. Integrated solutions are needed, consistent at various spatial scales, to assure robust and sustainable future use of resources. For water resources this is at the river basin scale. At present adaptation measures in India are planned at national and state level, not taking into account the physical boundaries of water systems. To increase resilience adaptation plans should be made locally specific. However, as it is expected that the partitioning of water over the different sectors and regions will be the biggest constraint, a consistent water use plan at catchment and river basin scale may be the best solution. A policy enabling such river basin planning is essential.     

雅鲁藏布江径流变化趋势及原因分析

论文利用1956-2000 年近45a 的天然径流逐月资料, 1956-2004 年近50a 的气温、降水逐 月资料, 分析了20 世纪下半叶雅鲁藏布江流域径流变化特征及其与气候变化的关系。研究表明: 雅 鲁藏布江流域径流的年际变化较稳定, 年内分配极不平衡, 月最大径流量占全年百分比达30.1%, 而月最小径流量只占全年的2.1%, 枯水季节径流量和洪水季节径流量相差较悬殊; 雅鲁藏布江流 域普遍存在升温的变化趋势, 同时流域内降水增加趋势较明显, 变化周期与径流变化周期较一致。 从雅鲁藏布江流域天然径流代际变化的初步分析来看, 流域来水的增加, 主要受制于降水和气温的 变化, 也受到流域地表状况变化的影响, 同时也可能是河流丰枯长周期变化的表现。这种周期变化 还需相关资料的验证和分析。     

The 1998 Yangtze Floods: The Use of Short-Term Forecasts in the Context of Seasonal to Interannual Water Resource Management

This paper reviews changes in the use of short-term climate information for water management in China after the 1998 Great Flood in the Yangtze River basin. This devastating flood is now believed to have been caused mainly by the 1997–98 El Niño event. Although the short-term climate forecasts and weather forecasts are considered to be useful in planning for flood prevention activities and for making key decisions during combating floods, the gap between the meteorological services (producers of climate forecasts) and water management agencies (users of climate forecasts) has grown in terms of credibility given to climate forecasting: weather services put more efforts on improving the technology for increasing forecast accuracy, whereas water managers put their efforts and investment into upstream ecological restoration and flood control systems. By reviewing the published and gray (unpublished) literature, we found that assessments of the 1998 Great Flood in the Yangtze River basin really helped the central government and water resources agencies to recognize the weaknesses of the existing flood control system, the mismanagement in the ecological systems, and the need for developing a national water resource management plan to deal with the problems of too much water, too little water, and very polluted water.     

岩溶盆地中农业和村镇引起的地下水化学演变

在西南地区有众多大小不等的岩溶盆地,相比于岩溶石山地区,盆地是水、土资源丰富和人类聚集、经济发展较快的地区。岩溶盆地的水资源自成系统,水循环从降雨开始,经过表层岩溶带、河网、包气带、饱水带的调蓄,然后进入到地下河管道,最终通过地下河排泄。在农田面源污染和村镇生活排污的作用下,水循环的各个环节受到不同程度的影响,具体表现在:(1)受人类活动影响的表层岩溶泉K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-和NO3-八种离子的浓度有所升高,并且表层岩溶泉之间K+、Na+和Cl-浓度的离散程度增大;(2)易受影响的或脆弱性高的浅层地下水(包含表层岩溶泉)、地表水和地下河中的K+、Na+和Cl-离子浓度较高且接近,与脆弱性低的饱水带岩溶泉的差别较大,浅层地下水和河流的SO42-浓度较高且接近,而与饱水带岩溶泉和地下河的差别较大;(3)易受污染的浅层地下水的NO3-浓度最高。因此可以认为农田和生活排污首先影响到的是浅层地下水和地表水,然后伴随水循环向深部地下河转移,而饱水带岩溶泉脆弱性低,水化学变化不明显。研究还发现村镇生活排污对表层岩溶泉水质的影响比农田面源污染更显著。     

漓江流域典型岩溶生态系统的自然特征差异

对漓江流域两种典型岩溶生态系统---典型峰林平原与典型峰丛洼地的自然特征研究对比表明,两者的差异集中体现在岩溶形态(包括石峰与洞穴)、地势分布、水文网、土壤与植被、洪水灾害与系统输入输出功能等方面,其中岩溶形态、地势分布、可开发利用的水资源与土地资源是两种系统存在显著差异的关键因素。典型峰林平原地势平坦开阔,外源水来源丰富,地下水分布均匀,土层成因多、分布广,具有城市发展、人群集聚的良好基础条件,但洪水灾害、枯季缺水、地面塌陷是影响社会发展的自然环境问题;典型峰丛洼地山地多,地势高,缺乏外源水,地下水埋藏深,土地资源贫乏,导致生境条件恶劣,不适于人群集聚,自然村落发展条件处于明显劣势。     

南四湖流域产水量空间格局与驱动因素分析

流域生态系统产水服务功能的空间化和定量化评估,对流域水资源管理、优化配置以及提高流域水生态保护效率具有重要意义。以山东省南四湖流域为研究对象,基于1990-2013年土地利用、降水、蒸散以及土壤属性等基础地理数据,以InVEST模型为基础,评估和模拟南四湖流域近25 a的产水量,并采用ArcGIS分析产水量的空间分布格局以及变化趋势,探讨了降水、地形等自然地理要素以及人口、土地利用和国内生产总值（GDP）等社会经济因素与产水量空间格局动态变化之间的关系,并在此基础上划分出南四湖流域生态系统产水功能区。研究结果表明：流域产水量在空间格局上呈现出由东向西递减的趋势,东部、东北部等山区、丘陵地区产水量高,西部平原地区产水相对较低;受自然地理要素影响,流域产水量空间分布与社会经济发展水平即GDP、人口密度的空间分布格局有较大差异。近25 a来,流域产水量呈现减少趋势,且产水量峰值区域由东北部向偏南地区转移,最低值区由西部向中部地区转移。降水、海拔和坡度等地理环境与产水量的空间变化呈显著正相关,其中降水量的相关程度最强;人口、GDP等社会经济数据与产水量变化也呈显著正相关,主要原因在于城市化的发展,城市建设用地等不透水层增加,促进了流域产水量。研究结果可以为流域水资源政策制定以及社会经济发展规划等宏观决策提供科学支撑。     

Climate change/variability implications on hydroelectricity generation in the Zambezi River Basin

The study has analysed the effects of various factors on hydroelectric power generation potential to include climate change/variability, water demand, and installation of proposed hydroelectric power schemes in the Zambezi River Basin. An assessment of historical (1970–2000) power potential in relation to climate change/variability at existing hydro electric power schemes(Cahora Bassa, Kariba, Kafue Gorge and Itezhi-Tezhi) in the Zambezi River Basin was conducted. The correlation of hydroelectric power potential with climate change/variability aimed at observing the link and extent of influence of the latter on the former was investigated. In order to predict the future outlook of hydro electric power potential, General Circulation Models (GCM) were used to generate projected precipitation. The monthly simulated precipitation was extracted from the GCM for every sub basin and used to compute future precipitation. Further, future water demand in the sub basins of the Zambezi River Basin were estimated based on the respective population growth rate in each sub basin. Subsequently, water balance model, with projected precipitation and water demand input was used to determine projected run-offs of sub basins of the Zambezi River Basin. .Based on the projected run-offs of sub basins, reservoir storage capacities at existing hydro electric power schemes were estimated. The baseline assessment revealed a strong relationship between hydroelectric power potential and climate change/variability. The study also revealed that the main climate and other risks associated with current and future hydro electric power generation include projected dry years, floods and increasing water demand. The results indicate that the hydroelectric power potential has a tendency towards gradual reduction in its potential in all existing and proposed hydroelectric power schemes owing to climate change and increasing water demand.     

Climate change impact, mitigation and adaptation strategies for agricultural and water resources, in Ganga Plain (India)

Agriculture consumes more than two-thirds of global fresh water out of which 90 % is used by developing countries. Freshwater consumption worldwide is expected to rise another 25 %by 2030 due to increase in population from 6.6 billion currently to about 8 billion by 2030 and over 9 billion by 2050. Worldwide climate change and variability are affecting water resources and agricultural production and in India Ganga Plain region is one of them. Hydroclimatic changes are very prominent in all the regions of Ganga Plain. Climate change and variability impacts are further drying the semi-arid areas and may cause serious problem of water and food scarcity for about 250 million people of the area. About 80 million ha out of total 141 million ha net cultivated area of India is rainfed, which contributes approximately 44 % of total food production has been severely affected by climate change. Further changing climatic conditions are causing prominent hydrological variations like change in drainage density, river morphology (tectonic control) & geometry, water quality and precipitation. Majority of the river channels seen today in the Ganga Plain has migrated from their historic positions. Large scale changes in land use and land cover pattern, cropping pattern, drainage pattern and over exploitation of water resources are modifying the hydrological cycle in Ganga basin. The frequency of floods and drought and its intensity has increased manifold. Ganga Plain rivers has changed their course with time and the regional hydrological conditions shows full control over the rates and processes by which environments geomorphically evolve. Approximately 47 % of total irrigated area of the country is located in Ganga Plain, which is severely affected by changing climatic conditions. In long run climate change will affect the quantity and quality of the crops and the crop yield is going to be down. This will increase the already high food inflation in the country. The warmer atmospheric temperatures and drought conditions will increase soil salinization, desertification and drying-up of aquifer, while flooding conditions will escalate soil erosion, soil degradation and sedimentation. The aim of this study is to understand the impact of different hydrological changes due to climatic conditions and come up with easily and economically feasible solutions effective in addressing the problem of water and food scarcity in future.     

近50a海河流域降水丰枯遭遇分析

针对海河流域洪水资源利用的迫切需求,基于39 个气象站点近50 a 长系列降水数据(1951—2008 年),利用Copula 连接函数,揭示海河流域内部南北山区与平原区之间的降水丰枯遭遇情况,为缺水的海河流域洪水资源利用与管理提供决策依据。研究表明,海河流域各区受到同一天气状况影响较大,同一水系在山区和平原区的降水同丰、同枯概率均在20%以上,其中同枯的概率更大(北部水系25%,南部水系31%);同一水系内山区丰水与平原区枯水的遭遇概率小于6%,降水丰、枯互补性较差;但不同水系之间的山区与平原区降水丰枯遭遇概率为9%。从全流域的角度,考虑南北水系之间调水,将有助于海河流域洪水资源的开发利用。     

基于统计-FloodArea模型的平原水网区致灾临界雨量研究

论文基于江苏老濉河流域降水、水位和流量观测数据,利用统计-FloodArea模型相结合的方法计算了平原水网区致灾临界雨量。从水位变幅角度构建了流域不同时段累计面雨量-洪水涨幅统计模型,并计算出致灾临界雨量。在修订河道高程的基础上,利用FloodArea模型模拟典型暴雨洪涝事件的动态淹没过程,建立不同时段累计面雨量与模拟水位涨幅之间的幂函数关系,计算出另一组致灾临界雨量。对比发现两组致灾临界雨量基本一致,24 h三个等级致灾临界雨量对应泗洪气象站167 a、17 a和2 a一遇降水量。统计模型能较好地捕捉短时降水与洪水涨幅的关系,FloodArea模型则更好地反映了长历时暴雨洪涝事件的雨洪关系,整合两种方法,可得到更科学的平原水网区暴雨洪涝致灾临界雨量。     

基于SWAT模型定量分析自然因素与人为因素对水文系统的影响——以漳卫南运河流域为例

“干旱”是由大尺度的气候变化所引起的水分亏缺现象,“水资源短缺”则是因人类长期对水资源不可持续利用引起的水资源亏缺现象。前者无法被水资源管理系统规避,后者则受水资源管理方针政策的影响。然而,通常一个地区由干旱与水资源短缺引起的水分亏缺经常同时发生而且难以区分。因此,论文提出了一种可以定量区分自然因素（干旱）和人为因素（水资源短缺）对水文系统影响的框架,并以漳卫南运河流域为研究对象,利用SWAT模型模拟结果（无人为影响情景下）和观测数据（自然因素和人为因素共同作用结果）,对研究区1976—1995年的日径流量序列进行了初步对比和差异性分析。结果表明：1）经率定和验证的SWAT模型能够有效模拟漳卫南运河流域的径流过程;2）无论是丰水年还是枯水年,水资源短缺现象均导致了夏季径流洪峰时期的消失;3）人为因素是引起漳卫南运河流域水文系统发生变化的主要原因,并且人为因素影响造成的径流损失量是自然因素造成径流损失量的4倍。论文提出的框架可以定量化分析自然因素和人为因素对水文系统的相对影响,有助于水资源管理者制定适应干旱与水资源短缺状况的管理政策。     

海河流域水生态功能一级二级分区

水生态功能分区是实现流域水环境"分区、分级、分期和分类"管理的基础.通过分析海河流域的陆地和水生态系统特点,确定了一级二级分区的指标体系,一级分区指标包括地貌类型、径流深、年降水量、年蒸发量,反映水资源供给功能的空间格局特征,共划分了6个一级水生态功能区;二级分区利用植被类型和土壤类型的空间异质性,反映流域生态水文过程及水质净化功能的空间格局特征,共划分了16个二级水生态功能区.最后,通过野外调查各个分区的水生态系统结构和生境差异性(水量、水质、河流生境、水生动植物等),对一级和二级分区结果进行了评价.分区结果能够为海河流域的水质目标管理和区域生态环境建设提供支持,分区方法和指标体系也可以为国内其它类似流域的水生态功能分区提供参考.     

Impacts of climate change on water resources in the Yellow River basin and identification of global adaptation strategies

Climate change is a global environmental issue, which is challenging water resources management and practices. This study investigates the impact of climate change on water resources of the Yellow River basin, a major grain-producing area in China, and provides recommendations on strategies to increase adaptive capacity and resilience in the basin region. Results show that the recorded stream flows of the Yellow River declined from 1951 to 2010 and have decreased significantly in the middle and lower reaches. The variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model performs well as a tool to simulate monthly discharge of both the tributary catchments and the whole Yellow River basin. Temperature across the Yellow River basin over 2021–2050 is expected to continue to rise with an average rates of approximately 0.039–0.056 °C/annum. The average annual precipitation in the basin is projected to increase by 1.28–3.29 % compared with the 1991–2010 baseline. Runoff during 2021–2050 is projected to decrease by 0.53–9.67 % relative to 1991–2010 with high decadal and spatial variability. This is likely due to the model’s projections of a significant rise in temperature and changes in precipitation patterns. Climate change will likely aggravate the severity and frequency of both water shortages and flooding in the basin region. It is therefore essential to devote sufficient attention on structural and non-structural measures for the Yellow River basin to cope with climate change. At the global level, strategies to increase adaptive capacity and build resilience to climate change focus on public education to improve awareness of climate risks, implementing the integrated water resources management and planning based on impact assessments.     

1970-2015年汉江流域多尺度极端降水时空变化特征

基于汉江流域63个气象站点逐日降水数据,辅以超阈值抽样、极端降水集中度（EPCD）和集中期（EPCP）、Mann-Kendall趋势检验等分析方法,对1970-2015年汉江流域多尺度极端降水变化特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）在旬尺度上,汉江流域EPCD较高,呈现出“西高东低”空间特征;汉江EPCP多年均值为七月下旬,空间呈现出“东部早,西部迟”的分布特征,不同流域表现出不同的年代变化规律。（2）在月尺度上,汉江流域极端降水各月分布不均,主要集中在5-9月,同年10月至次年4月为极端降水少发期。（3）在季尺度上,汉江流域极端降水夏季占比50%以上,但近期全流域夏季极端降水比例下降,其中上游主要为春季占比增加,中下游为秋季占比增加,说明夏季是影响汉江极端降水非均匀变化的关键季节。（4）在影响因素上,当东亚季风和南亚II区季风偏强时,汉江流域夏季极端降水量整体减少;当东亚季风偏弱时,夏季极端降水增幅呈南北分异,而南亚II区季风偏弱时,极端降水增幅呈东西分异。     

Assessment of future scenarios of climate and land-use changes in the IMPRINTS test-bed areas

The main objective of this work is to identify and evaluate the potential impacts produced by climate and land-use changes in six European test-bed basins (Llobregat, Guadalhorce, Gardon d’Anduze, Linth, Verzasca and Sambuco). Data to build future scenarios that can modify the different basins’ flash flood and debris flow risk level has been analyzed in this paper. High resolution climate scenarios have been obtained from several European projects and/or National initiatives, depending on each case. Climatic variables have been widely analyzed, with a special focus on extreme precipitation. Typical generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions have been fitted to observed and projected rainfall data to assess impacts in the frequency distributions of extreme rainfall up to 2100. Regarding climate, the main conclusion is the importance of using data at the maximum spatial and temporal resolution applying downscaling methodologies adapted to basin scale (test-bed areas ranging from approx 200 to 5000 km²) and oriented to obtain extreme rainfall values.In general, high variability has been detected, obtaining very different results for the different models and scenarios. Data corrections may lead to better representations of present situations and, therefore, more reliable future projections, but currently some of them are not suitable for extreme precipitation assessment.Regarding land-use changes, a cellular automata-based model has been used (MOLAND) to simulate the 2000–2040 period taking the CORINE land-use dataset as input data. Llobregat, Guadalhorce and Gardon d’Anduze basins have been identified as potentially interesting for simulating urban land-use dynamics due to the existence of important urban areas within their limits. The assessment of the rural land-use changes has been carried out using the results from the EURURALIS project (2000–2030 period), available for all the basins.The results of this paper are framed in the FP7 project IMPRINTS that has the aim of analyzing impacts of future changes to provide guidelines for mitigation and adaptation measures and, in general, to improve the application of the EC Flood Risk Management Directive.     

Attribution assessment and projection of natural runoff change in the Yellow River Basin of China

Climate variability and human activities are two driving factors in the hydrological cycle. The analysis of river basin hydrological response to this change in the past and future is scientifically essential for the improvement of water resource and land management. Using a water balance model based on Fu’ equation, the attribution of climate variability and land-use/land-cover change (LUCC) for natural runoff decrease was quantitatively assessed in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). With five general circulation model (GCM) s’ output provided by The Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP), future runoff in the context of climate change was projected. The results show that (1) compared with other distributed hydrological models, the water balance model in this study has fewer parameters and simpler calculation methods, thus having advantages in hydrological simulation and projection in large scale; (2) during the last 50 years, the annual precipitation and runoff have decreased, while the mean temperature has increased in the YRB. The decrease of natural runoff between natural period (1961 to 1985) and impacted period (1986 to 2011) could be attributed to 27.1–49.8 and 50.2–72.9% from climate variability and LUCC, respectively. As the LUCC is the major driving factor of the decrease in the upper and middle reaches of the YRB, policymakers could focus on water resources management. While climate variability makes more contribution in the middle and lower reaches of the YRB, it is essential to study the impact of future climate change on water resources under different climate change scenarios, for planning and management agencies; (3) temperature and precipitation in the YRB were predicted to increase under RCP4.5. It means that the YRB will become warmer and wetter in the future. If we assume the land-use/land-cover condition during 2011 to 2050 is the same as that during 1986 to 2011, future annual average natural runoff in the YRB will increase by 14.4 to 16.8%. However, future runoff will still be lower than the average value during 1961 to 1985. In other words, although future climate change will cause the increase of natural runoff in the YRB, the negative effect of underlying surface condition variation is stronger. It is necessary to promote the sustainable development and utilization of water resources and to enhance adaptation capacity so as to reduce the vulnerability of the water resources system to climate change and human activities.