湖南某植烟土壤重金属含量及其生态风险评价

采集了湖南某植烟区表层土壤样品112份,测定了土壤中6种重金属元素的含量,并采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其污染状况进行评价.结果表明,植烟区土壤重金属平均含量分别为36.25(Cu)、69.78(Zn)、37.66(Pb)、0.36(Cd)、12.71(As)、0.27(Hg)mg·kg-1.6个元素的变异系数在32.57%—59.03%之间,属于中等变异,元素分布不均.污染评价结果表明,植烟区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、As的单因子污染指数平均值小于1,其污染较轻.而重金属Cd和Hg的超标率为54.46%和58.04%,土壤受到Cd和Hg污染.潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示植烟区土壤重金属属于轻度污染.相关性分析结果表明Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd之间呈显著相关性,As和Hg相关性显著,说明其同源性较高.来源分析表明,研究区Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd污染来源东北部主要为矿区污染,西南部主要是人为源,As主要来源为成土母质和生活源,Hg主要为大气污染源.     

土壤重金属空间特征及潜在生态风险评价——以西南某典型毒重石成矿区为例

为了解在典型毒重石成矿区的土壤重金属空间特征、展布规律及污染状况,在成矿区内及周边采集土壤表层样267件,分别测试pH和Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、As、Ni、Zn、Cu这8种重金属含量.采用单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法,评估该区土壤重金属空间规律及潜在生态风险.结果表明,调查区内除了Pb外,其余重金...     

铁路和道路沿线土壤重金属含量及来源解析

以日本新潟县新潟市越后线沿线土壤和道路粉尘为研究对象,在铁路和道路沿线共采集土壤和道路粉尘样品42份,分析铁路及道路对沿线环境重金属含量的影响,对城市中土壤重金属污染来源进行探析,为城市重金属污染防控提供理论依据。经消解实验后,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Sr、Cd、Sn和Pb含量,分析新潟市越后线沿线土壤、道路粉尘重金属含量,以及重金属含量在铁路和城市道路沿线的空间分布特征,并对重金属来源进行判别。结果表明,铁路和公路对土壤中重金属的含量及分布都有影响。越后线土壤样品中Cu、Zn、Sn和Pb均超出日本土壤背景含量值,最大值分别为背景值的26.5、12.4、11.0和52.7倍,且变异系数分别为139%、67.5%、120%和219%,达到了重度变异程度。道路粉尘样品中除Co和Ni外,其他元素在所有采样点的含量都超过了背景值;Cr、Ni、Cu、Sn和Pb含量随着与铁路距离的增加而降低,且最高含量基本出现在距离铁路0~5 m范围内,说明这些元素含量受到铁路运行的影响。Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Sr、Sn和Pb含量随着与道路距离增加而降低,且最高浓度基本出现在道路粉尘中,说明这些元素含量受到城市道路运行的影响。相关分析表明,Cu、Zn、Sn和Pb之间存在显著性正相关,推测其具有共同的污染源。主成分分析表明,Cu、Zn、Sn和Pb在成分1(贡献率42.99%)上正荷载较高,而在成分2(贡献率31.04%)上均为负荷载,在两种成分上的不同荷载表明这4种元素含量同时受到两种因素的影响。系统聚类分析表明,这4种元素在距离为5处被聚为一类,其含量具有明显的相关性。Pb稳定同位素法表明,土壤和粉尘样品中Pb来源为机动车和铁路两种人为源。因此,Cu、Zn、Sn和Pb含量同时受到铁路和城市道路运行的影响。     

克拉玛依市地表灰尘重金属污染及潜在生态风险评估

城市地表灰尘作为城市环境污染物载体,影响城市生态环境和人体健康.为探究绿洲城市地表灰尘重金属污染风险,从新疆克拉玛依市克拉玛依区采集52个地表灰尘样品,分析其中Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Cr和As等6种重金属元素含量,采用内梅罗综合污染指数(NPI)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生态风险预警指数(IER),对地表灰尘重金属污染及生态风险进行评价.结果表明,研究区地表灰尘中As、Cd、Cu、Pb和Hg等元素平均含量分别为新疆土壤背景值的1.61倍、1.75倍、1.50倍、1.23倍和2.94倍,富集较明显;Cr元素平均值没有超出新疆土壤背景值.地表灰尘中Hg处于中度污染水平,Cd、Pb、As和Cu等元素处于轻度污染水平,Cr处于轻微污染水平,NPI平均值为3.07,处于重度污染水平.潜在生态风险评价结果表明,地表灰尘中Hg处于较强生态风险水平,As、Pb、Cr和Cu处于轻微风险水平,Cd处于中等生态风险水平,RI平均值为201.17,处于中等生态风险.生态风险预警结果表明,Hg处于轻警态势,Cr处于无警态势,Cd、Pb、Cu和As等4种元素处于预警态势,IER平均值为4.02,属于中警态势.研究区地表灰尘重金属污染水平与生态风险较高的区域主要分布于研究区西北部.     

雷州半岛土壤-水果作物系统重金属元素潜在生态风险评价及富集特征研究

通过测定雷州半岛土壤及水果作物As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量,分析雷州半岛水果作物表层土壤重金属元素潜在生态风险,并探讨土壤-水果作物系统中重金属元素的富集特征。结果表明,(1)雷州半岛水果作物表层土壤重金属元素含量的平均值除Pb元素之外,其他均超过广东省土壤环境背景值,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn元素分别为广东省土壤环境背景值的1.72、3.26、1.97、5.30、2.77、7.83、0.94和3.61倍,表明雷州半岛表层土壤重金属元素呈现一定程度的富集现象;从变异系数看,Ni元素的变异系数为115%,属于强变异性;其余7种元素的变异系数在10%—100%之间,具中等变异性,表明雷州半岛水果作物表层土壤重金属元素含量受人为活动影响较大。(2)雷州半岛水果作物表层土壤潜在生态风险平均值为267.16,总体上属于中等—强污染风险;其中,徐闻县、雷州市、麻章区为强污染风险,廉江市、霞山区、坡头区和吴川市为中等污染风险。(3)研究区水果重金属元素含量除了草莓外,其他水果的重金属含量均未超过国家食品污染物限量标准,总体上处于安全状态;但不同水果对同一种重金属元素的吸附能力存在差异,以草莓和番石榴对重金属元素的吸附能力最强,与农药化肥的施用有一定的关系。(4)研究区水果作物与土壤的重金属含量总体上为较弱正相关,富集系数平均值均1,表明重金属元素在土壤-水果作物系统中迁移、转化和富集能力较低。     

新疆东天山某铜矿区土壤重金属污染与生态风险评价

选取戈壁荒漠景观生态环境脆弱区典型铜矿区为研究区,采集308个表层土壤样品,对Cu、Ni、Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn、Hg、As等8种重金属元素进行测试分析,综合运用相关性分析、主成分分析和系统聚类等多元统计和地统计学方法分析了矿区土壤重金属的空间分布特征,运用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险评价法评价了重金属累积程度和潜在生态风险危害程度,并对重金属的可能来源进行了解析.结果表明,研究区表层土壤重金属中Cu、Ni累积程度相对较高,超背景值比例分别为17.53%、14.94%.重金属地质累积程度由强至弱依次为:CuZnCrNiHgPbAsCd;0.65%的土壤样品中Pb属重度污染水平,2.92%土壤样品中Cu属重度污染水平.98.38%的土壤样品重金属污染潜在生态风险危害较轻,重金属迁移影响范围有限.重金属Cu、Ni为主要特征污染物,来源于成土母岩风化和矿业活动共同作用;As、Hg、Cd元素污染程度较低,受人为因素影响较小;Pb元素污染呈点状分布,来源主要为矿区交通运输.     

矿区常见乔木叶片重金属特征及其修复应用

对广西河池大厂矿区内的植被和立地条件进行调查分析,旨在寻找一些可用于植物生态修复重金属污染的乔木,并估算其去除重金属的能力。在调查区内设立了3个村屯采样点,对常见树木,如沙梨(pyrus pyrifolia(burm·f.)nakai)、板栗(Castaneamollissima Blume)、拐枣(Hovenia acerba)、柚子树(Citrus maxima)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)、樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)、柿子树(Diospyros kaki)和枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)等8种植物叶片及周围表层土壤进行采样,检测叶片和土壤中重金属总量(Mn、Zn、Cu、As、Cd、Sn、Sb、Pb)。对植物叶片采用ICP-MS及ICP-AES进行测定,土壤的重金属用ICP-AES进行检测。结果发现表土重金属含量均超过广西土壤背景值的5-1200倍,其中Cd污染最严重,为背景值的1200多倍。3个采样点位之间及同一采样点内不同植物叶片对重金属的吸收无显著性差异(Mn除外),8种植物叶片固定重金属的范围如Cu为3.331 9 mg·kg-1-10.885 1 mg kg-1,As为1.7811 mg·kg-1-46.217 8 mg·kg-1,Cd为0.046 55 mg·kg-1-4.989 7 mg·kg-1;其中拐枣树叶对Mn有较高吸收,分别达811.11 mg·kg-1,352.31 mg·kg-1,220.11 mg·kg-1。以生物量估测模式计算的屯一8种植物单株叶片总量对重金属的总吸收量,单株拐枣叶总量可吸收21.25 g Mn、3.003 g Zn、0.20 g Cu、0.28 gAs、0.066 g Cd,、0.014g Sn、0.17 g Sb和1.23 g Pb,而单株樟树叶可吸收1.55 g Mn、0.79 g Zn、0.17 g Cu、0.12 g As、0.011 g Cd、0.017 g Sn、0.14g Sb和0.40 g Pb。但所调查果树中的梨树和板栗树单株叶总量吸收重金属也较高,梨可吸收2.90 g Mn、3.32 g Zn、0.57 g Cu、0.11 g As、0.043 g Cd、0.014 g Sn、0.13 g Sb和0.79 g Pb;而板栗则吸收99.82 g Mn、5.20 g Zn、0.28 g Cu、0.24 g As、0.048g Cd、0.017 g Sn、0.26 g Sb和0.94 g Pb。但这些果树存在食品安全风险,故建议选择拐枣和樟树作为该矿区的植物修复的优选树种。     

典型矿冶周边地区土壤重金属污染及有效性含量

对湖南长沙、株洲、衡阳、郴州等地区的典型矿冶污染土壤进行了采样分析与有效性含量提取,结果表明,土壤中重金属污染严重,矿区土壤主要污染元素为Pb、Zn、As、Cr、Cu,而冶炼业周边污染土壤中主要是Zn、Pb、Cr、As、Cu、Cd,其污染程度均远远高于国家环境质量二级标准;Pb、Cd和Zn污染主要来源于采矿、冶炼活动而As污染可能还与农业生产有关。不同浸提液对土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Cu有效性质量分数的提取能力(设其符号为u)依次为u(NH4NO3)>u(HCl)>u(CaCl2);而对有效性Cr,HCl提取量为最高;盐基离子,尤其是NH4、NO3效应和酸效应(H+)大大促+-进了土壤中重金属离子的环境危害行为。     

密云水库上游金矿区土壤重金属空间分布、来源及污染评价

对北京市密云水库上游金矿区周边土壤重金属(Hg、Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni、Zn和Co)的空间分布、来源及污染现状进行研究与评价.结果表明,土壤中除了Zn和Co外,重金属(Hg、Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni)的平均含量均超过北京市土壤背景值,其中Hg和Cd超标倍数较大.空间分布图显示,重金属含量整个分布趋势为从东北向西南递减,主要富集在金矿区尾矿库.多元统计分析(相关性分析、主成分)表明,Hg和Pb为人为源,可能来源于选矿方法及矿石运输过程;Cu、Cd和Zn来自混合源,来源于矿山开采和岩石矿物的自然风化;Co和Ni为自然源,主要来源于地球化学活动或土壤母质.单因子指数和内梅罗综合指数法及潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明,Hg和Cd的污染比较严重,特别是Hg;Pb的污染程度也应当引起充分关注,Cu、Ni、Zn处于相对安全水平.     

草原区煤矿开采对周边旱作农田土壤养分和重金属的影响

为了解草原区煤矿开采对周边旱作农田土壤养分及重金属含量的影响,选取鄂尔多斯市伊金霍洛旗丁家圪堵煤矿周边旱地为研究对象,测定土壤养分(有机质、全N、全P、全K和pH)与重金属(Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Hg和As)含量,并对土壤养分与重金属含量之间关系以及重金属污染来源进行分析。结果表明,煤矿对矿区周边旱田0～10 cm土壤层养分及重金属含量影响较大,土壤有机质与全N含量明显下降;在距离矿区500 m范围内,土壤Cu和As含量高于对照区(CK);在2 500 m范围内,土壤Pb和Cr含量均高于CK;在1 250 m范围内,土壤有机质和全N含量均低于CK区域,并与区域内土壤Pb、Cr、Cu和As含量呈负相关。重金属来源分析表明,研究区土壤Zn主要来源于交通运输,Ni主要来源于农业生产活动,Cd与Hg来源于自然成土母质的同时还受到矿区范围外的人为活动影响。因此,对研究区旱地土壤进行治理与保护时应重点管控来自煤矿的Pb、Cr、Cu和As污染。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture