Soil crust formation by dust deposition at Shaartuz,Tadzhik, S.S.R.

The shrub-steppe area near Shaartuz, Tadzhik, S.S.R., is shown to be a net accumulator of dust despite being an occasional source of dust. For the accumulation of the dust to form the observed surface crust, a net deposition of about 290–490 g m⁻² yr⁻¹ of particles smaller than 20 μm is required, depending on the duration of the deposition period. The particles smaller than 20 μm are mixed with particles brought up from the sandy material below the surface crust by bioturbation and are incorporated into the surface crust. Measurements during the 16 and 20 September 1989 dust storms provided a total deposition of 41.1 g m⁻² of particles smaller than 20 μm. Because 10–30 dust storms are observed at Shaartuz, the measured average dust storm deposition would yield 206–617 g m⁻² yr⁻¹. This range of deposition is of the order of that needed to provide a mass balance for the observed crust formation. Cryptogams (including algae, lichen, and moss) and rainwater are the main agents of incorporation of the aeolian dust into a stable soil crust. The role that the vascular plants played at the Shaartuz site was to reduce the rate of soil movement to levels where the cryptogamic crusting was possible. the observed mechanisms of dust deposition followed by crust incorporation are possibly an important processes in loess formation in Central Asia.     

生物可降解的螯合剂EDDS提取城市污泥中Cu，Zn，Pb和Cd

研究了生物可降解的螯合剂EDDS对城市污泥中的Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb的提取效应.EDDS提取动力学研究表明,Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb达到最大提取量的时间分别为12,24,36和36 h.EDDS提取液pH效应研究表明,pH对4种重金属元素的释放没有显著的影响.4种重金属元素的EDDS提取率:Cu为23%～39%,Zn为41%～42%,Cd为18%～24%,Pb为24%～44%.对比EDDS和EDTA对重金属的提取率:Cu为EDDS＞EDTA;Zn为EDDS≈EDTA;Cd和Pb为EDTA＞EDDS.提取之后,用BCR连续提取法研究污泥中残留的重金属元素的形态分布表明,酸溶/可交换态、可还原态和可氧化态金属浓度明显降低.综合考虑运行成本、提取率和城市污泥资源化利用价值,建议EDDS提取城市污泥条件为pH中性、提取时间24 h,从而可以有效地降低城市污泥中有效态重金属元素含量.     

Optical investigations of dust storms during U.S.S.R.-U.S. experiments in Tadzhikistan, 1989

The results of studies on dust aerosol optical properties obtained during the U.S.S.R.-U.S. experiment are discussed. The ground-based and aircraft measurements carried out during the experiment allow the estimation of characteristic values of aerosol optical depth, aerosol light-scattering coefficients, the degree of linear polarization, and aureole phase functions for different atmospheric conditions in Central Soviet Asia. Two dust storms were observed for which the recorded aerosol optical depth at λ = 0.55 μm {τ_a(0.55)} reached 1.5 on 16 and 17 September 1989, and 3.5 on 20 and 21 September 1989. The optical characteristics (spectral dependence of the optical depth, degree of linear polarization) were similar for two dust episodes.     

美国超级基金法之借鉴

中国的土地污染现状 经过数十年的工业化进程,中国社会经济发展取得了巨大进步.然而在此过程中,也付出了巨大的资源与环境代价.近年经媒体曝光的镉米、血铅等环境事件更让历史遗留的污染问题曝光于公众视野.产生这类问题的原因在于,采矿冶炼、石油化工、皮革制造等产业的快速发展,农业生产中农药化肥的大量使用,以及化学品不当储运和城乡固体废物的不当处置等制造了大量污染场地.     

Responses of Sesbania rostrata and S. cannabina to Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd toxicities

Responses of Sesbania rostrata and S. cannabina to Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd toxicities were assessed by a seed-suspending seedbed(SSS) approach. The results showed that the SSS approach was suitable for testing the tolerance of a plant to the stress of toxic metals. The endpoints include seed germination success, straightened radicle and hypocotyl of the seedlings from the seeds. The measurements could be done easily and accurately. It was found that the elongation of radicle was the most sensitive indicator to the stress of heavy metals among the endpoints. When exposure to lower or medium concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd, the development of the lateral roots were favorable. Species of S. rostrata was more tolerant than S. cannabina to the heavy metals, especially to Zn and Cd. The ED50 of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd were 32.90, .5.32, 4.40 and 12.00 μg/ml for S. rostrata,respectively, and they were 30.11, 2.87, 4.0.5 and 4.94 μg/ml respectively for S. cannabina.     

(3R,4S)-Methyl-3-heptanol,the trail pheromone of the ant Leptogenys diminuta

We wish to thank Prof. V. Schurig (Tübingen) for lending us the columns for preliminary studies, and Prof. K. Mori (Tokyo), N. Frighetto and R. T. S. Frighetto (Erlangen) for optically active samples of 4-methyl-3-heptanol. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.