Ag(I)对大肠杆菌抑制作用影响因素的分析

通过测定在各种条件下Ag(I)对大肠杆菌Escherichia coli的生长的抑制作用,系统分析了各参数对Ag(I)毒性的影响.结果表明:好氧、厌氧状态下,Ag(I)对E.coli的抑制能力基本相同;在LB培养基、氨基酸基本培养基和标准基本培养基中Ag(I)开始抑制E.coli生长的浓度差异较大,分别为10、0.5、0.1μmol/L; LB组分中的酵母粉的加入完全消除了Ag(I)对E.coli的抑制作用;此外,菌体浓度越高抑制其生长所需的Ag(I)浓度也越高.因此Ag(I)对E.coli生长的抑制作用与氧化应激无关,而与培养基种类、培养基组分及菌体浓度高度相关.     

Ag（Ⅰ）对大肠杆菌抑制作用影响因素的分析

通过测定在各种条件下Ag（Ⅰ）对大肠杆菌Escherichia coli的生长的抑制作用,系统分析了各参数对Ag（Ⅰ）毒性的影响。结果表明：好氧、厌氧状态下,Ag（Ⅰ）对E.coli的抑制能力基本相同;在LB培养基、氨基酸基本培养基和标准基本培养基中Ag（Ⅰ）开始抑制E.coli生长的浓度差异较大,分别为10、0.5、0.1μmol/L;LB组分中的酵母粉的加入完全消除了Ag（I）对E.coli的抑制作用;此外,菌体浓度越高抑制其生长所需的Ag（Ⅰ）浓度也越高。因此Ag（I）对E.coli生长的抑制作用与氧化应激无关,而与培养基种类、培养基组分及菌体浓度高度相关。     

NaCl与Cd对小球藻光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)活性的影响

运用叶绿素荧光技术分析了盐胁迫和重金属镉(Cd)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的影响理.实验中小球藻培养基设置NaCl浓度梯度分别为0、25、100 mmol/L,然后在不同NaCl浓度的培养基中再加入CdCl2溶液,使培养基中Cd2+的浓度分别为0、1、25、100μmol/L.在处理后的1、3、6、12、24 h测定其快速上升荧光曲线和荧光参数.实验发现,高浓度的NaCl(≥25 mmol/L)和Cd(≥25μmol/L)会降低PS的活性,降低应中度.NaCl抑制了依赖于光的应,降低了光能捕获和用于电子传递的量子产额.Cd作用于应中,增加了单应中吸收的光能和用于热耗散的能量.较低浓度(1μmol/L)的Cd处理对小球藻PS活性有作用.NaCl和Cd的处理均体现了时间和浓度的依赖性.盐胁迫和Cd胁迫体现了随浓度增高加重彼此胁迫强度的协同作用的特点.     

一株Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌的筛选及培养条件

甲烷氧化菌能够以甲烷作为唯一碳源和能源物质生存.在甲烷氧化、氯代烃类污染物降解、相关化学品生产等方面具有重要的潜力.利用甲烷作为唯一碳源物质筛选分离得到一株甲烷氧化菌,并对其进行初步鉴定.在此基础上,利用单因子实验和Plackett_Burman实验等方法对获得菌株的培养条件:包括培养基条件(无机氮源种类和浓度、影响显著的金属离子及其浓度、p H值)以及培养温度进行优化.结果表明:经过16S r DNA鉴定,获得菌株与Methylocystis sp.SC2、Methylocystis hiersuta strain SV97等菌株的相似性达到99%,所以确定该菌株属于Methylocystis菌属(Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌,甲基孢囊菌属),将本菌株命名为Methylocystis sp.M16.以1.0 g/L NH4NO3作氮源,1.0μmol/L铜离子,p H 7.00,温度30℃的条件下,甲烷去除率和菌体生物量最大.在各个因素的最优条件下,Methylocystis sp.M16菌液吸光值(A600 nm)均在0.5以上,甲烷去除率在95%以上.本研究分离得到一株Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌Methylocystis sp.M16,并获得优化的培养基和培养条件,有望为M16菌应用提供理论参考.     

产类胡萝卜素菌株的筛选及其培养条件初探

从土壤、植物落花、细菌污染的组织培养二三角瓶里的培养基上及被细菌污染的LB琼脂平板上分离筛选出十几株产类胡萝卜素的菌株，其中从污染的LB琼脂平板上分离的一株菌落颜色为黄色的菌株PBH，分类鉴定为库特氏菌属(Kurthia sp.)．菌株在以葡萄糖为碳源，添加番茄汁(3．6mL／L)、芝麻油(1．6mL／L)、Na2CO3(6g/L)和磷酸缓冲盐的液体培养基中28℃振荡培养5d，每mL培养液细胞生物量湿重达到65．57mg，类胡萝卜素产量达到9．896μg，菌体每g湿重细胞胡萝卜素含量为150．9μg．图10参13     

以表面处理大肠杆菌为模型的电化学微生物传感器在毒性检测领域的应用

本文以铁氰化钾为探针,采用电化学方法监测铁氰化钾还原产物的量的变化,进而考察经不同时间、不同浓度的Triton X-100预处理表面的大肠杆菌(E.coli)活性及对毒物毒性灵敏度的变化.同时,结合扫描电镜(SEM)及生长曲线实验考察E.coli形貌及繁殖能力的变化,确定最优预处理条件.电化学分析结果表明,Triton X-100的使用量和作用时间分别为2%和1 h时,E.coli因呼吸作用而产生的电信号值最高;随着Triton X-100作用时间的增加,E.coli细胞活性逐渐减弱,当处理时间达到4 h,E.coli的细胞活性甚至低于未处理细胞.SEM结果表明,相对于未处理的细胞,经2%Triton X-100处理1 h时的E.coli的细胞壁通透性增加.此外,E.coli生长曲线实验结果证明,经2%Triton X-100处理1 h后,E.coli亲代细胞的繁殖活性有所下降,但子代的繁殖活性未受明显影响.根据条件优化的结果,经2%Triton X-100处理1 h的E.coli被用于3,5-二氯苯酚(DCP)的毒性检测,作用1 h后的半数抑制率(IC50)为6.60 mg·L-1.而采用未经处理的E.coli与6.60 mg·L-1的DCP作用1 h后产生的抑制率仅为34.4%.同时,优化菌株及对照菌株分别被应用于7份实际水样的毒性检测,其抑制率范围分别为4.37%—5.90%及2.24%—3.69%.可见,经2%Triton X-100预处理1h的E.coli活性及对毒物毒性灵敏度均有所提高,更加适用于水质毒性检测.     

外加碳源对抗生素诱导大肠杆菌Hormesis效应的调控作用

抗生素对细菌通常表现出“低促高抑”的Hormesis效应,这显著影响了抗生素的生态风险评估。目前关于抗生素诱导细菌Hormesis效应的研究多集中于单一碳源条件,针对多种碳源共存条件的相关研究还十分有限。因此,为进一步探究外加碳源对抗生素诱导细菌Hormesis效应的影响,本文以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,E.coli)为受试生物,在外加不同浓度葡萄糖的Mueller-Hinton培养基中测定了盐酸四环素(tetracycline hydrochloride,TCH)和2(5H)-呋喃酮(2(5H)-furanone, 2F)2种抗生素单一及联合暴露对E.coli生长的毒性效应,并分析了外加葡萄糖与抗生素对E.coli生长的交互效应。结果表明,TCH和2F单一及联合暴露均能诱导E.coli产生Hormesis效应,随着外加葡萄糖浓度的升高,TCH、2F和TCH+2F在低浓度下对E.coli生长的促进作用逐渐增强,最大促进率分别由47.66%、9.08%、5.63%增加到158.65%、40.20%、21.30%;在高浓度下对E.coli生长的抑制作用逐渐减弱,EC     

测定环境污染物对青海弧菌发光强度抑制的微板发光法研究

以新型淡水发光菌——青海弧菌Q67(Vibrio-qinghaiensissp.—Q67)为检测生物,以VeritasTM微孔板光度计为发光强度测试设备,建立了测定环境污染物对发光菌发光强度抑制毒性的微板发光测试新方法.系统地研究了pH值、菌密度、反应时间等实验条件对发光强度的影响.应用该方法成功地测定了7种取代酚环境污染物对Q67的发光抑制毒性效应.提出应用非线性迭代最小二乘拟合法模拟环境污染物对Q67毒性的剂量-效应曲线(DRC),拟合效应与实验结果之间的相关系数均大于0.99.通过拟合的DRC参数,准确地计算了污染物的半数效应浓度EC50.对比有关文献方法,微板发光法具有更简便快捷,节省试剂药品,便于多次平行测定从而提高准确度等优点.     

北黄海近岸海域磺胺类抗生素及其抗性Escherichia coli分布

致病菌耐药性的增加和扩散目前已成为全球公共安全问题,为提供解决该问题的重要理论数据,在我国北黄海近岸海域采集排污口、海水养殖区和海滨浴场等水样和沉积物样品,利用HPLC-MS/MS分析水体样品中14种磺胺类(SAs)抗生素浓度含量,同时根据EPA方法(Method 1604)对水和沉积物中Escherichia coli(E.coli)和磺胺抗性E.coli(Re-E.coli)总量进行测定,计算出E.coli磺胺抗性水平,进而探讨该区域水体中E.coli磺胺抗性率与磺胺类抗生素浓度含量的相关性以及E.coli磺胺抗性菌株的分布特点及来源.结果显示,北黄海近岸海域水体中抗生素检出浓度差异性较大,磺胺浓度含量范围为ND-584.32 ng/L;E.coli和Re-E.coli每100 mL总量范围在27×104-5.5×104和8×104-1.6×104株,在每克沉积物中分别为0-1 363和0-320株;E.coli磺胺抗性率范围为18.18%-66.91%.研究表明,E.coli磺胺抗性率与磺胺类抗生素浓度含量存在显著相关性(P=0.846),说明环境残留抗生素可诱导抗性微生物;E.coli和Re-E.coli分布和抗性水平显示,抗性基因之间存在水平转移,且其主要来源是渔业养殖.     

亚抑菌浓度氟苯尼考作用下质粒pSD11对大肠杆菌适应性的影响

通过分析cfr阳性质粒pSD11对大肠杆菌的适应性影响,并测定氟苯尼考对携带质粒pSD11的大肠杆菌MG1655(Escherichia col MG1655)的最低筛选浓度(MSC),评价亚抑菌浓度氟苯尼考作用下多重耐药基因cfr在大肠杆菌中的持续存在和扩散传播的风险.通过电转化的方法将质粒pSD11导入模式菌E.coli MG1655中,获得耐药菌株E.coli MG1655/pSD11.通过测定生长曲线,比较无抗生素作用下耐药菌株E.coli MG1655/pSD11与同源敏感菌株E.coli MG1655的生长动力学参数,评价质粒pSD11对宿主菌适应性的影响.并通过比较分析不同亚抑菌浓度(0.031 25,0.062 5,0.125,0.25,0.5,1.0和2.0μg/mL)氟苯尼考作用下的生长速率,测定氟苯尼考对携带质粒pSD11的宿主菌最小筛选浓度(MSC).携带质粒pSD11的耐药菌E.coli MG1655/pSD11的延滞时间(2.853 3±0.031 8 h/λ)相对于同源敏感菌E.coli MG1655极显著延长(2.825 3±0.024 4 h/λ),且世代时间也显著延长(分别为:1.705 7±0.006 4 h/G和1.526 9±0.007 8 h/G).氟苯尼考对耐药菌E.coli MG1655/pSD11的MSC为0.042 5μg/mL约为相应敏感菌的MICsus的1/100.本研究表明携带cfr基因的质粒pSD11在无抗生素选择下对宿主菌有明显的适应性影响,但是在极低的氟苯尼考浓度的作用下存在选择优势,能够平衡适应性成本使宿主菌得到富集与传播,以期为对该质粒在环境中的传播风险评估及氟苯尼考的临床应用提供的参考.(图2表2参18)     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Comparative study of the effects of temperature,salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of nauplii of different strains of Artemia

The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of three different strains of Artemia nauplii have been studied. When acclimated to a salinity of 30, nauplii from each of the three strains were able to maintain approximately constant rates of oxygen consumption over a wide range of oxygen tension. The ability to maintain respiratory independence during hypoxia was reduced, however, with an increase in either temperature or salinity. Nauplii of two of the strains (parthenogenetic diploid and tetraploid) showed a progressive increase in the rate of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature up to 35°C. Nauplii of the bisexual strain appeared to be less tolerant of exposure to temperatures >30°C, since at higher temperatures their oxygen consumption declined slightly. The differences between the nauplii of the different strains in their physiological responses to changing environmental conditions appear to correlate well with their seasonal occurrence in the field.