污染底泥修复治理技术

我国目前有90%的城市河流受到严重污染,河道治理问题已提上日程。而随着截污工程的引入,底泥的二次污染问题就成为影响河水水质的一个重要原因。本文简要分析了底泥中的主要污染物及其危害性,并总结了近年来国内外环境学者对底泥中有机物污染修复治理技术研究的主要成果。     

底泥疏浚与水环境修复

底泥疏浚是清除江河湖库内源污染的重要措施，其疏浚方案的制定有其重要的内涵，应对疏挖深度、疏挖形式、疏浚设备、底泥处置等问题给予科学的分析，真正实现通过疏浚改善水环境的目标，并能为进一步修复和重建良好的水生态系统创造条件。对疏浚可能带来的不利影响及疏浚效果欠佳的可能原因等进行了一定的分析。     

污染底泥掩蔽材料筛选综述

随着经济的高速发展,水体底泥污染已成为世界性的一个环境问题。掩蔽修复是一种修复效果明显,且工程造价较低的水体底泥修复技术,而掩蔽技术的关键在于掩蔽材料的选择。本文主要介绍了水泥、粉煤灰、沸石、方解石、铝盐等研究较为成熟的且具有应用前景的掩蔽材料,分析其各自的原理及优缺点。同时作者在文章中提出了一种新的掩蔽剂——净水厂改性污泥,对其的可行性进行了分析。并就掩蔽材料的选择的技术要求以及原则作出分析。     

复合酶生物促进剂在底泥生物修复中的应用

通过测定河道底泥中微生物的生化呼吸线来表征复合酶生物促进剂对河道自净过程的影响。研究结果表明复合酶生物促进剂对微生物具有激活作用,使微生物的累积耗氧量明显增加,有效地提升了水体的自净能力。复合酶生物促进剂能够有效地修复受萘污染的底泥,修复后底泥中多环芳烃萘的释放量和有机质的含量均明显低于对照样,并可显著降低底泥对上覆水...     

污染场地修复技术的种类

本文旨在归纳总结目前国内外对污染场地的修复的各种技术。认为场地修复通常包括污染土修复和含水层净化等2个方面。污染土常见的处理技术目前大致可归纳为6类,即微生物修复技术、化学处理技术、物理分离技术、固化／安定化技术、高温处理技术、植物修复技术等。而污染地下水的修复方法主要有5项：注气法、原位微生物修复技术、两相蒸气提取法、原位氧化法、原位反应墙技术等。     

石油污染土壤修复技术研究进展

研究高效、环保、低成本的石油污染土壤修复技术对石油开发场地修复具有重要的现实应用意义。从工艺和原理两个方面介绍和总结了焚烧法、洗涤法、气相抽提法、化学氧化法、微生物和植物法修复的研究现状及发展趋势。对上述工艺进行比较,总结出各类工艺的优缺点及使用范围。由于污染场地的地质结构、气候条件和污染程度等情况复杂,仅靠单一工艺很难达到预期目标,有必要对已有技术进行完善并开发组合土壤修复技术及设备,满足实际工程的需求。     

污染场地修复技术效能比较

日益严重的环境污染,造成大片污染场地亟待进行修复。通过分析污染场地的主要污染物及来源,综述了应用于污染场地土壤修复的主要技术及优缺点;通过对国内外主要污染场地土壤修复技术特点及其效能的比较,探讨了我国污染场地修复技术的发展趋势。     

株洲市清水塘工业区地表水底泥重金属污染评价

对株洲市清水塘工业区地表水底泥重金属含量进行了检测,并采用地积累指数法进行了评价.结果表明,该区底泥受到重金属极强污染,各溪港污染程度为老霞湾港铜塘港>霞湾港,各元素污染程度为CAHgPbAs;霞湾港由于底泥量最大,其重金属含量最大,Cd、Hg、Pb、As分别占总量的69.45%、80.62%、66.46%和86.56%;霞湾港中污水厂～河口段重金属含量最大,CA、Hg、Pb、As分别占该港总量的98.50%、56.06%、18.14%和52.09%.     

深圳茅洲河（宝安片区）底泥氮磷污染特征解析

针对深圳茅洲河（宝安片区）底泥污染现状,对茅洲河底泥采集底泥柱状样进行氮磷污染物测试,进而分析茅洲河底泥氮磷的污染特征。为了便于底泥柱状采样及编号,将茅洲河划分为A,B,C 3个区。其中,茅洲河的上游为A区,支流与沙井河交汇处为B区,下游入江口为C区。根据茅洲河底泥污染情况将柱状样划分为污染层、污染过渡层、建筑垃圾层、过渡层以及健康层,共计5层。茅洲河底泥氮磷分区分层的数据解析发现,茅洲河B区底泥表层5～100 cm之间的总氮与总磷含量平均值最高,污染也最为严重。     

石油污染土壤修复技术研究进展

概述了目前国内外石油污染土壤常用的修复技术及其研究进展,综述了物理修复、化学修复,特别是生物修复技术的优越性,并针对国内外石油污染土壤修复技术研发和实际应用过程中存在的问题,提出加强研发污染土壤综合修复技术、完善修复工程设计、加大新型功能材料的开发和应用力度、加强分子生态学技术在污染土壤修复中的应用4项建议。     

Investigations of Contaminated Fluvial Sediment Deposits: Merging of Statistical and Geomorphic Approaches

Concentrations of contaminants in sediment deposits can have large spatial variability resulting from geomorphic processes acting over long time periods. Thus, systematic (e.g., regularly spaced sample locations) or random sampling approaches might be inefficient and/or lead to highly biased results. We demonstrate the bias associated with systematic sampling and compare these results to those achieved by methods that merge a geomorphic approach to evaluating the physical system and stratified random sampling concepts. By combining these approaches, we achieve a more efficient and less biased characterization of sediment contamination in fluvial systems. These methods are applied using a phased sampling approach to characterize radiological contamination in sediment deposits in two semiarid canyons that have received historical releases from the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Uncertainty in contaminant inventory was used as a metric to evaluate the adequacy of sampling during these phased investigations. Simple, one-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate uncertainty in contaminant inventory. We also show how one can use stratified random sampling theory to help estimate uncertainty in mean contaminant concentrations.     

土壤综合治理技术─—空气抽取法和堆肥法结合使用治理土壤污染

文中介绍了国外用土壤空气抽取法和堆肥法清除土壤中有机溶剂、芳香烃类和石油污染物的技术及其应用。这两种方法单独使用均可成功地治理有害废弃物。实践证明，将这两种技术串联使用可更有效地处理土壤中污染物及加速生物降解过程。根据现场特点，利用多种治理技术综合治理土壤污染物是治理污染物的发展方向。     

土壤综合治理技术─—空气抽取法和堆肥法结合使用治理土壤污染

文中介绍了国外用土壤空气抽取法和堆肥法清除土壤中有机溶剂、芳香烃类和石油污染物的技术及其应用。这两种方法单独使用均可成功地治理有害废弃物。实践证明，将这两种技术串联使用可更有效地处理土壤中污染物及加速生物降解过程。根据现场特点，利用多种治理技术综合治理土壤污染物是治理污染物的发展方向。     

Application of Sediment Quality Guidelines in the Assessment and Management of Contaminated Surficial Sediments in Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), Australia

Sediments in the Port Jackson estuary are polluted by a wide range of toxicants and concentrations are among the highest reported for any major harbor in the world. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), developed by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the United States are used to estimate possible adverse biological effects of sedimentary contaminants in Port Jackson to benthic animals. The NOAA guidelines indicate that Pb, Zn, DDD, and DDE are the most likely contaminants to cause adverse biological effects in Port Jackson. On an individual chemical basis, the detrimental effects due to these toxicants may occur over extensive areas of the harbor, i.e., about 40%, 30%, 15% and 50%, respectively. The NOAA SQGs can also be used to estimate the probability of sediment toxicity for contaminant mixtures by determining the number of contaminants exceeding an upper guideline value (effects range medium, or ERM), which predicts probable adverse biological effects. The exceedence approach is used in the current study to estimate the probability of sediment toxicity and to prioritize the harbour in terms of possible adverse effects on sediment-dwelling animals. Approximately 1% of the harbor is mantled with sediment containing more than ten contaminants exceeding their respective ERM concentrations and, based on NOAA data, these sediments have an 80% probability of being toxic. Sediment with six to ten contaminants exceeding their respective ERM guidelines extend over approximately 4% of the harbor and have a 57% probability of toxicity. These areas are located in the landward reaches of embayments in the upper and central harbor in proximity to the most industrialised and urbanized part of the catchment. Sediment in a further 17% of the harbor has between one and five exceedences and has a 32% probability of being toxic. The application of SQGs developed by NOAA has not been tested outside North America, and the validity of using them in Port Jackson has yet to be demonstrated. The screening approach adopted here is to use SQGs to identify contaminants of concern and to determine areas of environmental risk. The practical application and management implications of the results of this investigation are discussed.     

放射性核素污染土壤的植物修复

某些植物在生长过程中能从土壤中吸收特定的重金属（包括放射性核素）,并在可被收割的部位富集,人们通过将植物富集部位的收割处理,达到处理污染土壤的目的,这就是植物修复法。利用植物修复法来治理土壤放射性污染问题具有绿色、廉价、清洁、环保的独特优点。本文着重介绍植物修复的机理、超积累植物的概念和研究进展以及影响植物富集效率的因素等。     

Risk Management of Sediment Stress: A Framework for Sediment Risk Management Research

Research related to the ecological risk management of sediment stress in watersheds is placed under a common conceptual framework in order to help promote the timely advance of decision support methods for aquatic resource managers and watershed-level planning. The proposed risk management research program relies heavily on model development and verification, and should be applied under an adaptive management approach. The framework is centered on using best management practices (BMPs), including eco-restoration. It is designed to encourage the development of numerical representations of the performance of these management options, the integration of this information into sediment transport simulation models that account for uncertainty in both input and output, and would use strategic environmental monitoring to guide sediment-related risk management decisions for mixed land use watersheds. The goal of this project was to provide a sound scientific framework based on recent state of the practice in sediment-related risk assessment and management for research and regulatory activities. As a result, shortcomings in the extant data and measurement and modeling tools were identified that can help determine future research direction. The compilation of information is beneficial to the coordination of related work being conducted within and across entities responsible for managing watershed-scale risks to aquatic ecosystems.     

用生物法治理大庆油田地表油污土壤

多年来采油作业中常发生各种漏油事件,导致油井周围土壤污染严重,如何在发展生产的同时有效地保护环境是目前迫切需要解决的一个重要课题。大庆油田将微生物处理和植物处理等生物方法用于土壤原油污染的治理。微生物处理法利用存在能够降解污染物的有效微生物等条件,处理原油污染物。植物处理法利用植物的生长发育将土壤中的石油污染物吸收、转化,达到净化土壤的目的。大庆油田比较适宜采用生物处理技术进行地表土壤石油污染的治理。利用生物技术进行油污土壤治理具有广阔的应用前景。     

利用标准化法评价污染源

大连石化公司运用标准化法对该厂污染源进行了普查,进而对污染源做出了评价。以二蒸馏装置为例,对总排放口污染源的监测数据进行了标化处理,确定了主要的污染因子及污染源:石油类主要来自减压塔顶分离器;硫化物主要来自减压塔顶油、水分离器和常压塔顶油、水分离器;挥发酚主要来自减压塔顶油、水分离器。     

Pleasure Boatyard Soils are Often Highly Contaminated

The contamination in pleasure boatyards has been investigated. Measured concentrations of copper, zinc, lead, mercury, cadmium, tributyltin (TBT), the 16 most common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑16 PAHs), and the seven most common polychlorinated biphenyls (∑7 PCBs) from investigations at 34 boatyards along the Swedish coast have been compiled. The maximum concentrations were 7,700 for Cu, 10,200, for Zn, 40,100 for Pb, 188 for Hg, 18 for Cd, 107 for TBT, 630 for carcinogenic PAHs, 1,480 for ∑16 PAHs, and 3.8 mg/kg DW for ∑7 PCB; all 10–2,000 higher than the Swedish environmental qualitative guidelines. In addition, the mean of the median values found at the 34 places shows that the lower guidance value for sensitive use of land was exceeded for the ∑7 PCBs, carcinogenic PAHs, TBT, Pb, Hg, and Cu by a factor of 380, 6.8, 3.6, 2.9, 2.2 and 1.7, respectively. The even higher guideline value for industrial use was exceeded for the ∑7 PCBs and TBT by a factor of 15 and 1.8, respectively. TBT, PAHs, Pb, Cd, and Hg are prioritized substances in the European Water Framework Directive and should be phased out as quickly as possible. Because of the risk of leakage from boatyards, precautions should be taken. The high concentrations measured are considered to be dangerous for the environment and human health and highlight the urgent need for developing and enforcing pleasure boat maintenance guidelines to minimize further soil and nearby water contamination.