污水硝化过程中N2O逸出控制的理论与实践

在污水生物脱氮工艺中,硝化过程是由自养硝化菌和异养硝化菌共同完成的.2类细菌的N2O生成机理及逸出量与系统中溶解氧的高低密切相关.了解硝化系统中的典型菌种自养菌Nitrosomonas europaea和异养菌Alcaligenesfaecalis生成N2O的机理是控制硝化过程中N2O逸出的理论基础,通过筛选优势菌种构建同步硝化-反硝化作用则是控制N2O逸出的新途径.     

A2/O工艺缺氧池中反硝化聚磷菌的比例、特性研究及菌株鉴定

用释磷/聚磷装置和微生物筛选、分离方法研究A2/O工艺缺氧池污泥,确定缺氧池中反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)的比例,筛选、分离得反硝化聚磷单菌株且对单菌株聚磷特性进行研究.结果表明,缺氧池中DPB占聚磷菌(PAO)的比例约为21.5%.从缺氧池分离得到的肠杆菌科、气单胞菌属和假单胞菌属都是DPB,而不动杆菌属仅是好氧PAO,葡萄球菌属和微球菌属仅是一种专职的反硝化菌.反应过程中同时存在O2和NO3时,肠杆菌科优先利用水中的O2进行聚磷;在缺氧环境中,肠杆菌科在COD为30mg/L时的聚磷效果优于COD为180 mg/L时的聚磷效果.可见DPB的反硝化和聚磷的特性与电子受体的存在形式和COD有密切关系.因此,改良传统A2/O工艺和研发同步反硝化聚磷装置时,必须控制缺氧反硝化聚磷单元中混合液的DO和COD.     

内置缺氧区的改良型Pasveer氧化沟工艺脱氮除磷性能研究

针对传统Pasveer氧化沟内缺氧段碳源难以被反硝化菌充分利用的问题,采用内置缺氧区的改良型Pasveer氧化沟工艺,并进行中试规模实验研究,考察了不同内回流比条件下系统的脱氮除磷效果。研究结果表明,在内回流比为200%的情况下,系统的脱氮除磷效果最好,出水TN和TP的浓度分别降至12.7 mg/L和0.34 mg/L,去除率分别达到61.9%和89.2%。内置缺氧区的设置一方面能使有限的碳源充分用于反硝化,另一方面,促使了反硝化吸磷现象的发生,这使得系统在进水碳源较低的情况下仍能够获得上佳的脱氮除磷效果。但是,过高的内回流比会导致好氧区亚硝酸盐的积累,这对生物除磷是不利的。     

一体化生物膜反应器处理生活污水试验研究

根据传统好氧硝化和缺氧反硝化生物脱氮的工艺原理,开发了一体化生物膜反应器,并对其进行了处理生活污水的试验研究。试验结果表明,在有机负荷提高的前提下,通过对进水方式和曝气速率的调节,反应器对COD和TN的去除率达到97％和82％;污泥活性测定表明,硝化反应和反硝化反应分别在反应器的好氧区和缺氧区占优势,但由于生物膜内部微环境的存在,反应器不同区域均有同时硝化和反硝化(SND)现象的发生。     

为置缺氧区的改良型Pasveer氧化沟工艺脱氮除磷性能研究

针对传统Pasveer氧化沟内缺氧段碳源难以被反硝化菌充分利用的问题,采用内置缺氧区的改良型Pasveer氧化沟工艺,并进行中试规模实验研究,考察了不同内回流比条件下系统的脱氮除磷效果。研究结果表明,在内回流比为200％的情况下,系统的脱氮除磷效果最好,出水TN和TP的浓度分别降至12．7mg／L和0．34mg／L,去除率分别达到61．9％和89．2％。内置缺氧区的设置一方面能使有限的碳源充分用于反硝化,另一方面,促使了反硝化吸磷现象的发生,这使得系统在进水碳源较低的情况下仍能够获得上佳的脱氮除磷效果。但是,过高的内回流比会导致好氧区亚硝酸盐的积累,这对生物除磷是不利的。     

Nitrifying genera in activated sludge may influence nitrification rates

Sequencing batch reactors were acclimated under aerobic and alternating anoxic/aerobic conditions. Greater nitrification rates in the alternating reactor were investigated by comparing environmental conditions. In the alternating reactor, pH, alkalinity, oxygen, and nitrite were higher at the onset of aerobic nitrification. Kinetic studies and batch tests, with biomass developed under aerobic and alternating conditions, revealed that these factors were insufficient to explain the divergent nitrification rates. Nitrifying genera vary in nitrification kinetics and sensitivity to environmental conditions. Nitrosospira and Nitrospira spp. could dominate in aerobic reactors, as they are adapted to low nitrite and oxygen conditions. Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter spp. are better competitors with abundant substrates and have higher nitrite tolerance, so they could excel under alternating conditions. This theoretical explanation is consistent with the kinetics and environmental conditions in these reactors and argues for using alternating treatment, because the harsh conditions select for populations with inherently faster nitrification rates.     

Biotransformation of estrogens in nitrifying activated sludge under aerobic and alternating anoxic/aerobic conditions.

Natural and synthetic estrogens present in municipal wastewater can be biodegraded during treatment, particularly in activated sludge. The objective was to assess the extent of transformation of 17-beta-estradiol (E2) and 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) by nitrifying activated sludge and evaluate potential relationships between availability of oxygen, nitrification rate, and estrogen removal. For each batch experiment, two reactors were set up--aerobic and alternating anoxic/aerobic-which were then amended with E2 and EE2 from methanolic stock solutions. The EE2 was persistent under anoxic conditions; under aerobic conditions, the observed level of its removal was 22%. The E2 was readily converted to estrone (El)--faster under aerobic (nitrifying) than anoxic (denitrifying) conditions. During the initial anoxic conditions, a metabolite consistent with 17-alpha-estradiol transiently accumulated and was subsequently removed when the reactor was aerated. Higher removal rates of estrogens were associated with higher nitrification rates, which supports the contention that the nitrifying biomass was responsible for their removal.     

Effect of recycle-to-influent ratio on activities of nitrifiers and denitrifiers in a combined UASB-activated sludge reactor system

A laboratory study using a combined upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB)-activated sludge (AS) reactor system was undertaken to explore the effect of recycle-to-influent ratio (R(e)=1, 2, and 3) on the activities of nitrifiers and denitrifiers. Suspended-solids pre-settled piggery wastewater was used as the substrate-feed wastewater. At the R(e) of 1-3, the combined reactor system achieved efficient removal of COD (96-97%), TKN (100%) and total nitrogen TN (54-77%). Methanogenesis occurred with nearly-complete denitrification in the UASB reactor, whereas complete nitrification took place in the AS reactor. A higher R(e) (i.e., accompanied with a shorter solids retention time) resulted in a larger amount of high-activity denitrifiers and thereby achieved a higher TN removal efficiency. Compact granules and a high biomass concentration in the UASB reactor were observed. At the R(e) of 1-3, the maximum specific reaction rate of nitrifiers (0.45-0.49 NH(4)(+)-NmgVSS(-1)d(-1)) and the specific nitrification rates of mixed culture (0.18-0.22mg NH(4)(+)-NmgVSS(-1)d(-1)) in the AS reactor varied slightly; whereas the maximum specific reaction rate of denitrifiers (0.18-0.27mg NO(x)(-)-NmgVSS(-1)d(-1)) and the specific denitrification and COD removal rates of mixed culture (0.025-0.050mg NO(x)(-)-NmgVSS(-1)d(-1); 0.24-0.31mgCODmgVSS(-1)d(-1)) in the UASB reactor increased with increasing R(e). The primary finding of the study is that the combined UASB-AS reactor system should be operated at a higher R(e) to maintain high-activity denitrifiers to remove organic materials and nitrogen from piggery wastewater.     

Biological nitrification/denitrification of high sodium nitrite (navy shipyard) wastewater

In the hydroblasting of ships' boiler tubes, a wastewater high in nitrite (as high as 1200 mg litre(-1)) is produced by the US Navy. This research has evaluated the use of a suspended-growth biological system to treat this wastewater by denitrification. Two biological treatment configurations were evaluated (direct denitrification versus nitrification/denitrification) with nitrification/denitrification producing better nitrite removal efficiencies (54 to 62% versus 40%, respectively). The introduction of metals (cadmium, chromium, lead, copper and iron) in concentrations typical for this wastewater did not inhibit the nitrite removal efficiencies. The influent metal concentrations ranged from 0.02 mg litre(-1) for cadmium to 22 mg litre(-1) for iron and the metal removal efficiencies ranged from 4.8% for cadmium to 50% for copper. Increasing sludge age resulted in improved nitrite removal efficiencies (52%, 57% and 74% for sludge ages of 4, 6 and 8 days, respectively). The resulting biokinetic constants were similar to those reported by others for lower influent concentrations of nitrite or nitrate (Ygs=0.02 mg/mg; Ygn=0.16 mg/mg; Yb=0.8 mg/mg; and b=0.006 h(-1)).     

Unraveling the source of nitric oxide emission during nitrification.

Nitric oxide production was measured during nitrification in a laboratory-scale bioreactor, operated at conditions relevant to municipal nitrifying wastewater treatment plants. This study aims to determine which type of microorganism and which metabolic pathway is responsible for nitric oxide emission during nitrification. Simulation studies were used to identify which pathway is the main source of nitric oxide emission, based on the following three hypothetical pathways for nitric oxide emission: (a) nitrification, (b) denitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria with ammonium as electron donor, and (c) heterotrophic denitrification. The results of the study suggest that, in a nitrifying reactor treating wastewater containing solely ammonium and nutrients, denitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria is the main nitric-oxide-producing pathway. During the experiments, 0.025% of the treated ammonium is emitted as nitric oxide, independent of the aeration rate imposed. Nitrite presence and oxygen limitation were found to increase the nitric oxide emission.     

SFBR工艺顺序进行硝化和反硝化的动力学研究

采用序半连续式反应器(sequencing fed-batch reactor,简称SFBR)对人工合成废水顺序地进行硝化和反硝化动力学进行了研究.硝化和反硝化所用微生物为活性污泥.反应器在不同的操作条件进行操作,获得了用于确定动力学常数的数据;获得动力学参数um=0.05 h-1,KNO=2.0 mg/L,y=0.47 mg X/mg N,a=0.001 h-1.类似地确定了反硝化动力学参数kD=0.01 h-1和KD,NO=0.4 mg/L.在一定范围内硝化和反硝化速率随着氨浓度和硝酸盐浓度的增加而增加.实验数据表明,硝化和反硝化的动力学符合Monod动力学方程.     

同步硝化反硝化好氧颗粒污泥微生物相和氮去除能力的研究

对颗粒污泥中的微生物菌群进行了分离和鉴定，并确定纯种微生物的脱氮能力。颗粒污泥中含假单胞菌属5株。亚硝化单胞菌属7株，硝化杆菌属4株，气单胞菌属3株，黄单胞菌属2株，孢杆菌属4株，黄色杆菌属2株和产碱菌属2株。这些菌属中包含了参与硝化反应的亚硝化单胞菌属和硝化杆菌属微生物，以及有好氧反硝化能力的Pseudomonas和Alcaligenes菌。29株微生物摇瓶混合培养的脱氮试验结果表明，30h内有机物去除率为75％，氮去除率近50％。     

Landfill leachate management in Istanbul: applications and alternatives

Treatment alternatives for Istanbul, Komurcuoda Landfill (KL) leachate that is currently transported to the nearest central wastewater treatment plant were comprehensively investigated with laboratory scale experiments. As flow rate of leachate increases parallel to increment in landfilled solid waste, an individual treatment will be needed to reduce the transportation cost and pollution load on central treatment. However, if the leachate is separately treated and discharged to a brook, in that case more stringent discharge standards will be valid and therefore advanced processes in addition to conventional ones should be included. In laboratory scale experiments, the young landfill leachate having BOD5/COD ratio above 0.6 was successfully treated with efficiencies above 90% in upflow anaerobic reactors if pH is kept below free ammonia inhibition level. Subsequently, nitrification of anaerobically treated leachate was performed with rates of about 8.5 mg NH4+-Ng-1 VSS h-1 and efficiencies above 99% were provided with automated pH regulation by using sodium bicarbonate. Furthermore, denitrification rates as high as 8.1 mg NOx-N g-1VSS h-1 was obtained when carbon source was externally supplied. In addition to nitrification and denitrification, air stripping and struvite precipitation were also applied to remove ammonia in leachate and in average 94% and 98% efficiencies were achieved, respectively. Finally, in average 85% of biologically inert COD was successfully removed by using either ozone or Fenton's oxidation.     

混合固定化硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌处理焦化废水

对传统的聚乙烯醇(PVA)固定化方法进行了改进,试制了加入麦秸粉末的固定化球和以活性炭纤维膜为载体膜固定化细胞产品。混合固定化硝化细菌和好氧反硝化细菌对经过厌氧折流板反应器酸化后的焦化废水进行脱氮,焦化废水在厌氧折流板反应器中经过18 h的酸化后,pH在8.0左右,开始进入好氧槽进行脱氮。在有效容积为5 L好氧槽中经过12 h的曝气处理,加入麦秸粉末的固定化球对氨氮的去除率高达94.3%;纤维膜固定化细胞产品对氨氮的去除率为85%。整个脱氮过程无NO^-₂-N和NO^-₂-N的积累,实现了好氧条件下的同时硝化和反硝化。     

The population dynamics of nitrifiers in ammonium-rich systems

Non-optimal pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, the presence of toxic substances, or the influence of grazers are known to cause disturbances in nitrification. Because activated sludge is a mixture of different organisms, bacteria, and higher organisms, the stability of processes such as carbon removal, nitrification, denitrification, and dephosphatation depends on a range of interactions. These interactions occur both between and within trophic levels. Understanding of the ecology of microorganisms involved in bioprocesses is essential for effective control of startup and operation of a particular process. The aim of the study was to gain further insight into the dynamics of nitrifiers in activated sludge at various sludge ages while treating higher concentrations of ammonium. The results confirmed the importance of Nitrosococcus mobilis and Nitrobacter sp. as the dominant nitrifiers responsible for nitritation and nitratation, respectively, in the presence of unlimited ammonium. The size of the dominant bacteria colony was larger compared to the other species present and reached 25 microm. Problems with nitrification occurred in all high-ammonium loaded reactors. The dynamics of nitrifier population was monitored by oxygen uptake rate (OUR) using a test enabling the OUR measurement separately for ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The results reveal the hypersensitivity of nitrifiers to the substrate and products of incomplete nitrification.     

A cascade of anoxic and oxic fluidized bed biofilm reactors for treatment of synthetic municipal wastewater

In this study, a cascade of anoxic and oxic fluidized bed biofilm reactors system was carried out to treat synthetic municipal wastewater. The parameters of the influent flow rates and C/N ratios were discussed. System performance was acceptable for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, and total nitrogen removal. A decrease of ammonia and total nitrogen removal efficiencies, however, was observed when the influent flow rates increased to 5.04 and 6.12 1 h(-1). Total nitrogen removal decreased at the influent C/N ratio of 3:1. The measured ratios of COD reduction in the anoxic column to nitrogen removal through nitrification-denitrification were 3.7, 3.5, 3.3, and 3.1 g COD/g(-1) N on average when the influent C/N ratios changed from 6:1 to 3:1. The observed sludge yield (Yobs) was 0.169 g VSS g COD(-1) because of perfect denitrification in the anoxic column and the relatively long solids retention time.     

Micro-electrolysis/retinervus luffae-based simultaneous autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification for low C/N wastewater treatment

Nitrogen bioremediation in organic insufficient wastewater generally requires an extra carbon source. In this study, nitrate-contaminated wastewater was treated effectively through simultaneous autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification based on micro-electrolysis carriers (MECs) and retinervus luffae fructus (RLF), respectively. The average nitrate and total nitrogen removal rates reached 96.3 and 94.0% in the MECs/RLF-based autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification (MRAHD) system without ammonia and nitrite accumulation. The performance of MRAHD was better than that of MEC-based autotrophic denitrification for the wastewater treatment with low carbon nitrogen (COD/N) ratio. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) revealed that the relative abundance of nirS-type denitrifiers attached to MECs (4.9%) and RLF (5.0%) was similar. Illumina sequencing suggested that the dominant genera were Thiobacillus (7.0%) and Denitratisoma (5.7%), which attached to MECs and RLF, respectively. Sulfuritalea was discovered as the dominant genus in the middle of the reactor. The synergistic interaction between autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrifiers played a vital role in the mixotrophic substrate environment.     

Treatment efficiency and stoichiometry of a high-strength graywater.

The transit mission wastewater may represent a future graywater, in which toilet waste is separated from other household waste streams, and dilution water is minimal. A loading rate study indicated that denitrification is stoichiometrically limited, and nitrification was kinetically limited. Denitrification stoichiometry was developed by deriving hypothetical molecular formulas of organic carbon inputs to be represented by the relative proportions of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The derived stoichiometry was validated against experimental data by adjusting the values of fe and fs and multiplying the total dissolved organic carbon loss across the system by the overall R equation and then comparing the total nitrogen removed in the reaction to experimentally observed total nitrogen removal. The nitrification stoichiometry was similarly validated by multiplying the R equation by the ammonium-nitrogen removed and then comparing the NO(x)-N formed in the equation to actual NO(x)-N production values. The fs values for the denitrifying and nitrifying bacteria were 0.33 and 0.15, respectively.     

Determination of the nitrous oxide emission potential of deammonification under anoxic conditions

Various studies have been performed to determine nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from conventional biological nitrogen removal processes in wastewater treatment like nitrification and denitrification in the main stream. However, with respect to the overall emissions of a wastewater treatment plant, part-stream treatment for high-strength wastewater (e.g., sludge liquor) is also expected to hold a significant emission potential because of high concentrations and extreme boundary conditions. This paper presents results from a laboratory-scale study on nitrous oxide production by biomass from a deammonification process (nitritation + anammox) under anoxic conditions. It was discovered that N2O formation results from incomplete endogenous denitrification rather than anammox and is dependent on substrate availability. Based on direct measurements of the dissolved N2O concentrations in a sequencing batch reactor, the dynamic behavior of N2O production is characterized in more detail. The results show that, during anoxic conditions, the N2O emission potential of deammonification is significantly lower than from conventional denitrification.     

一株高效异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及脱氮性能

从经驯化的污泥中筛选出一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌,编号为TN-05,通过形态学特征观察,生理生化特征试验和核酸序列分析鉴定其为门多萨假单胞菌（pseudomonasmendocina）。同时对其进行脱氮性能研究,结果表明,TN-05具有较好的异养硝化能力,菌株在培养至48h时对总氮和氨氮去除率均能达95％以上。通过反硝化能力验证实验发现,菌株对NO3-N和N0f—N也分别具有较好的去除效率。将菌株应用于人工合成废水中,发现对废水中氨氮优先利用并能在24h时使去除率接近100％,对硝态氮和亚硝态氮也具有一定的去除效率。因此,菌株TN-05是一株同时具备异养硝化和好氧反硝化能力的高效菌株。