光污染的立法思考

光污染作为一种新型的环境污染,对环境的危害和人类的影响越来越明显。我国在光污染防治方面的法律法规明显滞后,制定一部符合国情的《光污染防治法》和相应的光污染环境标准势在必行。     

人与居室环境

本文通过对居室环境概念的阐述,剖析了人与居室环境功能的关系,并指出了居室环境对人行为的规范作用及营造良好居室环境的重要性。     

动物权利思想历史考察

动物权利问题是西方环境伦理学中的一个重要问题,本文根据人类历史过程中自然观的变化及生产方式的变化对人与动物关系的影响,把动物权利思想观念分为古代朴素的动物权利思想、近代动物权利思想以及现代动物权利观三种理论形态.     

Toxic mercury versus appropriate technology: Artisanal gold miners’ retort aversion

Mercury-usage in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has accelerated in developing countries during the last thirty years resulting in negative environmental and health impacts. As awareness of mercury contamination from ASGM has grown, a number of strategic initiatives have been introduced to reduce the impact of the toxic substance. The adoption of the retort, a device capable of recycling up to 95 per cent of mercury in gold extraction, constitutes a broadly recognized approach. Based on case-study research in Tanzania, this paper examines an ASGM area, which has been targeted by several mercury-reducing efforts. Based on survey data, key informants interviews, and visitor observations, the paper examines the impact of these efforts on mining techniques and residents’ attitudes towards the use of mercury. Despite the seemingly obvious advantages from adopting retorts or other mercury-reducing techniques – economic, environmental, and health-wise – miners continue to use mercury haphazardly, while demonstrating an only limited awareness of the toxicity of the substance. The paper discusses the possible explanations behind this as well as possible ways forward in facilitating the reduction of mercury in ASGM operations.     

Managing mercury in the great lakes: an analytical review of abatement policies

Mercury, a toxic metal known to have several deleterious affects on human health, has been one of the principal contaminants of concern in the Great Lakes basin. There are numerous anthropogenic sources of mercury to the Great Lakes area. Combustion of coal, smelting of non ferrous metals, and incineration of municipal and medical waste are major sources of mercury emissions in the region. In addition to North American anthropogenic emissions, global atmospheric emissions also significantly contribute to the deposition of mercury in the Great Lakes basin. Both the USA and Canada have agreed to reduce human exposure to mercury in the Great Lakes basin and have significantly curtailed mercury load to this region through individual and joint efforts. However, many important mercury sources, such as coal-fired power plants, still exist in the vicinity of the Great Lakes. More serious actions to drastically reduce mercury sources by employing alternative energy sources, restricting mercury trade and banning various mercury containing consumer products, such as dental amalgam are as essential as cleaning up the historical deposits of mercury in the basin. A strong political will and mass momentum are crucial for efficient mercury management. International cooperation is equally important. In the present paper, we have analyzed existing policies in respective jurisdictions to reduce mercury concentration in the Great Lakes environment. A brief review of the sources, occurrence in the Great Lakes, and the health effects of mercury is also included.     

环境监测数据处理与分析

环境监测是保护环境的重要手段。随着科技发展,监测数据的处理与分析也有了很大的进步,为人类的生活提供了有力的保障。本文从数据获取出发,从多个角度对环境监测数据处理进行分析和研究,同时探讨新型方法在监测数据领域的应用。     

Economic performance and carbon intensity of human well-being: empirical evidence from the MENA region

Our paper explores the effect of economic performance variables on the carbon intensity of human well-being (CIWB) for 13 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region over the period (1995–2013). We use a time-series cross-sectional Prais–Winsten regression model with panel-corrected standard errors (PCSEs). We find that economic performance has a statistically significant positive influence on CIWB over the period in question; thus, economic performance harms the environment, but the final effect deviates to a constant level after a while. This finding is not encouraging from the economic sustainability point of view. On the contrary, we find that total health expenditure has a statistically significant negative impact on CIWB by increasing life expectancy, which means less stress on the environment.     

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN: CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS, MEASUREMENT METHODS, AND RESEARCH FINDINGS

A serious threat to human beings and their environment is the continuous and accelerating overuse and destruction of natural resources. Bearing this in mind, it is unfortunate that efforts to permanently change people's environmentally destructive behaviour through interventions has typically not been met with success. A necessary condition may be an increase in environmental concern and knowledge about the effects and consequences of the ongoing environmental deterioration for future generations. Studies are reviewed that have attempted to show (1) correlations between determinants, such as socio-demographic and/or psychological factors, and environmental concern, and (2) an impact of environmental concern on environmentally responsible behaviour. In general, correlations with background factors are weak. Factors affecting behaviour appear to be knowledge, internal locus of control (positive control beliefs), personal responsibility, and perceived threats to personal health. The need for further research that attempts to specify the process leading to environmentally responsible behaviour is highlighted. A new framework is presented which integrates some of the previous research.     

含汞气田汞污染控制技术研究

痕量组分汞可能出现在大多数天然气气藏中。汞及其化合物均是剧毒物质,在含汞天然气处理过程中可能危害操作人员健康、腐蚀管线设备以及污染环境。针对某气田含汞天然气处理工艺,分析汞在天然气处理过程中分布情况,评价汞对天然气处理工艺及环境的影响,提出了含汞气田汞污染的控制技术以及防护措施,对降低含汞气田开发风险、保护人身健康及防止环境污染具有现实意义。     

文明的衰败与启迪

人类历史上产生了古代埃及、古代两河流域、古代印度、古代希腊、古代印加、古代中国等光辉灿烂的文明,但都出现了由于人为因素引起的生态破坏带来的文明衰败的现象,留下深刻的经验教训和启迪。人类必须尊重自然、善待自然、也必须师法自然、遵循自然规律,还必须保护环境、保护自然、维护生态环境的平衡与和谐,只有如此人类文明将会走向光辉的彼岸。     

辐射环境保护类微机程序包概述

“辐射环境保护类微机程序包”集成了３５个辐射环境影响评价程序,实现了所有这些程序向微机的移植,完成了使用频率较高的程序之间的连接,增添了原有程序的报表输出和图形化处理功能,并且,结合我国辐射环境影响评价的规范,评价了这些程序在辐射环境影响评价中的适用性。辐射环境类微机程序包由正常气载、正常液载、放射性货包运输、核事故应急、废物处置、事故放射性后果、剂量转换因子七大功能块组成,基本覆盖了辐射环境影响的所有方面     

全球变暖对人类健康的影响与对策研究

全球变暖是当前人类所面临的一个非常严重的环境问题。全球变暖等环境问题的产生是与人类的各种活动息息相关的，环境的恶化必将给人类的健康带来严重的后果。本文吸收了较新的科学发现对全球变暖成因进行了阐述；综合该领域近年的研究进展，将全球变暖对人类健康的影响纳为三个方面，并作了比较详尽的分析；从多个方面探讨了应对策略。     

区域生态环境经济价值评估方法述评

阐述了区域生态环境经济价值评估的意义,对区域生态环境经济价值评估方法进行了述评,介绍了国内外有关区域生态环境经济价值研究的主要进展,探讨了目前研究中存在的主要问题、难点和研究的主要趋势.认为区域生态环境经济价值研究对于实现我国区域生态环境与人类可持续发展具有重要意义,研究完善价值评估理论与技术方法是亟待解决的问题.     

Preconceptions of students about the natural urban environment in a small Spanish city

Summary The preconceptions of secondary students from a small Spanish city, mainly about natural aspects, have been studied. The main characteristic of their conceptions about the urban natural environment was that it was always linked to negative aspects and was generally seen as something essentially problematic. Moreover, it seems that their knowledge of smaller living beings, of wild animals, plants and fungi, was worse than for other urban living beings. The analysis of these alternative conceptions has led the authors to propose some recommendations for curricular design and development for schools in urban environments.Dr Mercedes Suárez is an educationalist and Professor of Curriculum in the Faculty of Humanities in the University. Emilia Nogueiras has a degree in Biology and Education and is a science teacher in the High School in Orense.     

加强中学生环境保护知识教育在教学中的实践

日趋严重的环境问题已成为世界性的问题,环境污染与人类生存、社会的发展和进步出现了尖锐的矛盾,已引起世界各国政府的高度关注。要解决环境问题,必须从教育入手,特别是在中小学中加强环境教育。怎样对学生进行环境教育呢？本文从三个方面进行了探讨,一是以讲座形式对学生进行环境教育;二是组织学生进行课外活动或参观;三是请有关专家对学生进行专题报告。学生通过这些活动可了解到化学物质对环境污染所造成的严重后果,了解到环境问题是和每个人息息相关的,保护环境是每个人义不容辞的责任,这将使中学化学教育在加强环境保护教育中起到应有的作用。     

风水与环境

“风水”的基本思想是“天人合一”，它重视人与自然的内在联系，崇尚自然，尊重环境。本文旨在通过现代科学的阐述，从环境学的角度来看待风水与人的关系，挖掘风水中的科学精髓，让其能更好的为时所用。     

基于熏烟扩散模式的大气环境影响预测和评价——以湘潭县某新建炼锌厂为例

近年来,工业的快速发展导致我国环境污染不断加剧.大气环境污染是影响面最广,对人群的损害也是最直接和不可避免的污染类型.以湘潭县某新建炼锌厂工程项目为例,根据该项目区的气象环境概况,依据环评导则选取对应的大气扩散模式及恰当的有关参数,预测分析工程运营后污染源薰烟小时地面的贡献浓度,并利用预测结果分析了在熏烟情况下各污染物异常排污时,氨气对2000m处居民有严重影响,粉尘、SO2、烟尘主要表现在对工业区周围100m的影响,可见对工业区的大气环境影响预测与评价的研究具有积极的理论意义和现实意义.     

中美欧跨区域大气环境监管比较研究及启示

近年来,酸雨、灰霾和光化学烟雾等跨区域大气环境问题日益突出,严重威胁广大人民群众的健康和环境安全。美国和欧盟在跨区域大气环境监管中都取得了丰富的经验。本文通过对中美欧跨区域大气环境监管在组织机制、法律法规、机构建设和监管手段等4个方面比较分析,结合我国国情,试图为我国跨区域大气环境监管的完善提供一些有益的启示。     

大气污染：危害人类健康的“无形杀手”

环境保护是事关人类生存发展的战略性、全球性、世纪性的大课题,而大气污染则城市环境问题的首要问题,作者站在创建“生态环境医学”的制高点上,引证了大量翔实的例症,剖析了大气污染给人类生态环境身健康所带来的种种危害和机理,并从多角度提示了标本兼治大气污染的应急措施,从而疾呼“地球人”要确立科学的发展,坚定地走经济发展、环境保护、生态文明的可持续发展之路,这才是“依法治气”的根本之策。     

Spatial and temporal variation of mercury load in surface water and sediments around an integrated steel plant in India

Coal burning in the steel industry is the chief source of mercury presence in surrounding environment. About 20 water-storage ponds and three natural water streams are located in adjoining areas of an integrated steel plant in Bhilai, India. Hundreds of hospital admissions with chronic ailments due to hazardous emissions from the steel industry are frequently reported. Many of these ailments are related to reported mercury-poisoning diseases. Measurements of mercury levels in various environmental matrices around this industrial area was started early in the 1990s. From 1990–1995, few environmental samples were analyzed for mercury content but from 1995 onwards, comprehensive assessment of mercury load along with other toxic metals in various environmental matrices were begun. This work synthesizes and compares data of mercury in the surface water from three major field programs, in 1997, 2002, and 2006. The focus is on both spatial and temporal variation. In the present survey (2006), mercury levels are significantly higher compared to subsequent surveys and have shown 10–18 times higher values compared to 2001 and 1997 surveys. The differences in Hg levels between downwind and other sites in three survey programs are found to be in order: 1997 > 2001 > 2006. Regression between water and sediment mercury levels has shown variation in correlation values and higher in winter season.