Export pumps in Epulopiscium fishelsoni, the symbiotic giant gut bacterium in Acanthurus nigrofuscus

Activity of the potential antixenobiotic efflux pumps of Epulopiscium fishelsoni (epulos), the symbiotic giant gut bacterium of the algivorous surgeonfish Acanthurus nigrofuscus, was studied in vivo using various specific substrates and microfluorometry. Kinetic and inhibitor analyses revealed the following vital efflux activities: (1) verapamil-sensitive efflux of amphiphilic cationic compounds rhodamine B, Hoechst 33342, and ethidium bromide; (2) verapamil-sensitive efflux of hydrophobic neutral fluorescein diacetate; (3) verapamil-insensitive efflux of hydrophilic anionic fluorescein; and (4) verapamil-insensitive efflux of glutathione-S-bimane. Cytosolic enzymes, nonspecific esterase and glutathione S-transferase, were shown to participate in xenobiotic metabolism. The results suggest that the activity of the potential efflux pump in epulos are similar to those described in other bacteria but are kinetically characterized by an unusually high transport rate, probably mediated by hyperplasia of the plasma membrane. Further studies of the export pumps in epulos may unmask their evolutionary adaptation to a xenobiotic-rich host gut content.     

长江口营养元素生物地球化学研究

根据长江口化学海洋学的调查和研究结果,概括并评述了长江口营养盐的生物地球化学研究的主要成果及其最新进 展,包括营养盐入海通量、混合行为、分布特征和运移规律,以及羽状锋区营养盐的生物地球化学特征等;并进一步提出了今后 的探索方向和研究的侧重点。     

柄海鞘中矿物元素含量分析

采用微波消解—火焰原子吸收分光光度法对烟台海域柄海鞘中Mg,Fe,Ca,Mn,Zn,Co,Cu,Ni,Pb,Cr,Cd共11种矿物元素的含量进行了测定。方法的相对标准偏差为0.07%～2.85%,回收率95%～103%。柄海鞘的外背囊和内囊中含有人体必需的矿物元素Cu,Zn,Fe,Mn,Co,Ni,Cr,Ca,Mg和少量的有害元素Cd和Pb,它们的含量顺序依次为:Mg>Mn>Fe>Ni>Ca>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Co>Cd。大规格的海鞘中的各种矿物元素含量均高于中、小规格的海鞘。各种元素在外被囊中的含量要高于内囊。     

中国近海沉积物在生源要素循环中的功能

中国近海沉积物中生源要素的含量与其粒度、河流输入等诸多因素有关。一般沉积物粒度由粗到细 ,有机质含量由低到高 ,OC ,N ,P的含量递增 ,S和Si含量递减。沉积物的生物地球化学环境涉及到Eh ,pH ,温度 ,OC含量 ,Fe3 /Fe2 值 ,水动力条件 ,沉积物的颗粒大小和间隙水的S体系 ,以及生物扰动等因素 ,它们影响着沉积物中生源要素的早期成岩过程和循环。一般而言 ,中国近海沉积物—海水界面S2 -,HS-,H4SiO4,PO43 -,NH4 的扩散通量是从沉积物向上覆水 ,而SO42 -,HCO3 -,NO3 -,NO2 -的扩散通量从上覆水向沉积物中扩散。生物扰动对沉积物—海水界面生源要素的循环起重要作用。     

黄海和东海生源要素的化学海洋学

根据东、黄海地区化学海洋学方面的调查结果,概述了东、黄海海区生源要素的时空分布和迁移转化特征,河流输入和大气沉降对东,黄海生源要素的贡献,以及沉积物与上覆海水的营养盐交换。     

江西鄱阳湖地区不同酸度土壤的重金属元素和有益元素化学形态分布特征研究

通过对江西省鄱阳湖地区樟树-奉新、抚州-九江以及东乡-彭泽三条生态大剖面的表层土壤和农作物根系土的采集和土壤pH值、9个重金属元素全量和化学形态含量、13个营养有益元素有效态含量的分析测试,获得了极为丰富的数据,进而分析研究了土壤中重金属元素形态分布特征、全量与形态含量的相关性、形态随土壤pH变化规律,并提出了防治土壤酸化及其负效应的建议。     

Distribution and dietary regulation of an associated facultative Rhizobiales-related bacterium in the omnivorous giant tropical ant,Paraponera clavata

We document a facultative Bartonella-like Rhizobiales bacterium in the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata. In a lowland tropical rainforest in Costa Rica, 59 colonies were assayed for the prevalence of the Bartonella-like bacterium (BLB), 14 of which were positive. We addressed three questions: First, how does the prevalence of BLB within colonies vary with environmental conditions? Second, how does diet affect the prevalence of BLB in P. clavata? Third, how does the distribution of BLB among colonies reflect ambient differences in food resources and foraging habits? A variety of environmental variables that may be predictive of the presence of BLB were measured, and diet manipulations were conducted to test whether the prevalence of BLB responded to supplemental carbohydrate or prey. The ambient frequency of BLB is much higher in young secondary forests, but is nearly absent from older secondary forests. The prevalence of BLB inside field colonies increased over the duration of a 2-week carbohydrate supplementation; however, water and prey supplementation did not alter the prevalence of BLB. The diets of the colonies located in young secondary forest, compared to other habitats, have a diet richer in carbohydrates and lower in prey. The abundance of carbohydrate, or the relative lack of N, in a colony’s diet influences the occurrence of the BLB microbe in P. clavata. As experimental diet manipulations can affect the facultative presence of an N-cycling microbe, a consistent diet shift in diet may facilitate the emergence of tighter symbioses.     

Modelling of the relationship betwen trace elements and three species of sulfur in coal

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The ontogeny of elements: distinct ontogenetic patterns in the radular tooth mineralization of gastropods

The Science of Nature - Among the termite-associated fauna, rove beetles of the subfamily Aleocharinae are distinguished by exhibiting the majority of convergent evolutions to this lifestyle. This...     

The effect of metapleural gland secretion on the growth of a mutualistic bacterium on the cuticle of leaf-cutting ants

In Acromyrmex octospinosus leaf-cutting ants the metapleural glands produce an array of antibiotic compounds that serve as a general defence against unwanted microbes on the cuticle. Leaf-cutting ants also grow mutualistic Pseudonocardiaceae bacteria on their cuticle that produce antibiotics controlling a microfungal parasite of their fungus gardens. Interaction between this bacterium and gland secretion therefore seems unavoidable. We document the typical development of bacterial growth on the cuticle of young major workers, show that growth starts a few days after eclosion, and that the maximal cover is reached after 2–3 weeks and gradually declines when workers mature. Experimental closure of the metapleural glands had no effect on the initial exponential growth phase of the bacterium, but significantly reduced the cover during the decline phase. The age-dependent abundance of the bacterium and its partial dependence on metapleural gland secretion support the hypothesis that the abundance of this mutualist is actively regulated.     

渤海近海大气颗粒物金属元素的入海通量

采集了渤海近海岛屿1 a的大气TSP样品,利用原子吸收光谱仪测定样品中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Fe、Mn、V等金属元素含量,通过模型计算各元素干湿沉降通量,分析大气颗粒物入海通量的季节性变化,结果显示各元素的干沉降通量年均值分别为:Pb 34.344 μg/(m2·d),Zn 89.273 μg/(m2·d),Cu0....     

Regional apportionment of sulfate and tracer elements in Rhode Island precipitation

Regional receptor modeling methods have been used to estimate the relative contributions of northeastern and midwestern source regions to sulfate wet deposition in southern Rhode Island. Three years' precipitation samples were collected and analyzed for the tracer elements As, Sb, Se, and noncrustal IV, which were used in a ‘chemical element balance’ procedure to determine the relative regional contributions. Careful considerations is given to the possibility of fractionation processes altering the relative proportions of the tracers during precipitation scavenging, with the conclusion that such processes are unlikely. The Midwest is the major source for sulfate in precipitation (75% annually). By contrast, aerosol sulfate is about 50% midwestern, suggesting that distant midwestern sources are more important at cloud level than at the surface. Winter rain is slightly more northeastern than summer rain, while snow is markedly so. Comparison of individual event apportionments with synoptic circulation patterns during those events indicates that the apportionments are reasonable.     

生态文明视域下提升城市规划科学性的关键要素分析

近些年我国城市建成区密度大幅下降,城市低密度蔓延问题突出。本文以城市蔓延为切入点,依据生态文明建设要求,从规划价值取向、组织要素、功能内容、实施执行四个维度分析了城市规划的发展现状及问题,并以问题为导向提出了提升城市规划科学性的关键要素。研究发现:部分城市规划偏离生态文明建设要求,主要表现为价值取向重发展轻保护、组织要素政府主导型突出而约束机制不足、规划功能内容忽视资源环境禀赋及影响、规划实施中政绩工程先行而长效工程滞后。基于此,提出城市规划应以生态文明建设为价值取向,以资源承载能力和环境容量为依据,以空间规划为指南,以规划环评为约束,由扩张性规划转变为优化空间结构的规划,引导城市获得发展与保护的"双重红利"。