Environmental impact of China''''s village and township industry(1988-1992): a comparison with urban industry

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＶｉｌａｇｅａｎｄｔｏｗｎｓｈｉｐｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ（ＶＴＩ）ｉｓｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇａｖｅｒｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｏｆＣｈｉｎａｓｅｃｏｎｏｍｙａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．Ｉｎ１９９２，ＶＴＩｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ...     

成分法计算钢铁的生态足迹

运用生态足迹成分法,研究了钢铁工业排放废水、废气等的生态足迹占用,并对中国钢铁工业生态足迹及其构成进行实证研究.结果表明,中国钢铁工业总的生态足迹随总产量的增加而增加,由2000年的1.89×108hm2增加到2006年的5.09×108hm2,年均增长率为17.99%,但低于钢铁总产量的年均增长率（21.78%）.单位钢铁产量的生态足迹呈下降趋势,由2000年的1.4685hm2·t-1下降到2006年的1.2150 hm2·t-1.2005年,钢铁工业的生态足迹主要由吸收二氧化碳所需要的林地（27.28%）、铁矿石的生态足迹占用（27.14%）、氮氧化物排放的生态足迹占用（18.94%）和能源地占用（18.70%）组成,四者合计高达92.06%（2005年）.近年来, 中国钢铁工业在节能减排方面取得一定成效, 但钢铁工业高能耗、高污染的特征仍十分明显, 要减少钢铁工业的生态足迹, 关键是要减少能源和铁矿石的消耗, 减少废水和废气的排放.     

种养废弃物协同污染控制现状及发展对策建议

由于秸秆、粪污污染重,严重制约了我国种植业和养殖业的发展,成为流域污染治理的重要难题.区域内种植业和养殖业平衡发展、废弃物协同消纳循环,能有效削减农业面源污染,提升农业生态环境质量.本文基于文献计量学方法筛选美国、荷兰、丹麦等优势国家,在此基础上开展种养平衡综述研究,借鉴欧美发达国家经验,指出我国种养平衡缺乏统筹规划、区域适宜的法律法规和标准不完善、种养废弃物污染防控与高质利用衔接不足等瓶颈问题,并提出顶层设计流域内种植与养殖污染协同控制体系、科学计算种植养殖比例和规模、构建基于大数据的种养废弃物绿色循环市场化应用体系等对策建议,以期为我国种养循环模式的发展提供借鉴意义.     

20年来昆明市环境空气质量变化趋势及影响因素分析

通过昆明市环境空气监测资料,研究昆明市20a来环境空气质量的变化趋势及其影响因素。结果表明,从年际变化看二氧化硫有明显上升趋势;二氧化氮有上升趋势,但不明显;综合污染指数、可吸入颗粒物有明显下降趋势。20a来环境空气质量变化的主要影响因素有：产业结构的变化、重点污染源的整治、节能减排和能源结构调整、清洁能源的使用、机动车尾气的控制等。     

2010~2018年中国交通行业污染排放健康影响分析

以PM_2.5为标志性污染物,构建了交通行业“能源消耗-污染排放-健康影响”评估模型,旨在了解我国交通行业污染排放对居民健康影响的程度和趋势.2010~2018年,我国交通行业PM_2.5排放量在38.4~42.78万t波动,道路和水路部门贡献了97%左右的排放量;历年交通行业污染排放引起的居民健康损失相近,以2018年为例,全因早逝人数为14.9万例,心血管疾病住院15.91万例,呼吸系统疾病住院10.37万例,心血管疾病门诊641.69万例,呼吸系统疾病门诊630.99万例;交通行业污染排放造成的健康经济损失则增长迅速,由2010年的1380.13亿元增长到2018年的3479.42亿元,约占历年全国GDP的0.33%~0.39%.     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity,economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO2 emission sectors, China’s iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO2 emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO2 abatement,investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO2 emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO2 emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO2 abatement in China’s iron and steel industry, while achieving CO2 emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth.This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth.Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO2 abatement.     

化工项目无组织废气评价探讨

化工项目无组织废气具有排放量小、种类多、排放点广、难以量化等特点.无组织废气的评价是化工项目环评的重要组成部分,评价的主要思路是找出排放源、筛选出主要的排污环节和污染因子、确定排放源强、科学公正地作出评价结论.通过实例说明了做好无组织废气评价在实践环评工作中的重要性.     

生态文明建设中西青区资源环境与经济协调性趋势分析研究

经过近10年的生态示范建设,西青区逐步改善了经济发展与资源环境的协调关系,并迈入生态文明建设的新阶段。本文对西青区2005年至2012年经济增长、资源消耗及环境污染的相关数据进行分析,找出三者间关系的变化趋势。分析得出,西青区水资源、能源消耗及主要污染物排放强度随经济增长开始出现下降趋势,这表明经济增长对资源及环境的依赖程度正逐步降低;同时也指出随着社会经济的高速发展,未来该区的资源环境仍可能面临巨大压力,并为其开展生态文明建设提出建议。     

典型胶合板制造企业VOCs排放特征

通过苏玛罐采样和GC-MS/FID分析系统,测定了山东地区典型胶合板制造企业的VOCs排放特征.结果表明,烷烃（13.81%~39.16%）、含氧VOCs（5.68%~36.06%）和芳香烃（3.58%~48.12%）是热压和涂胶工艺主要排放成分,废气排口以含氧VOCs（6.49%~83.88%）排放为主,不同工艺环节的特征VOCs组分各有不同;烯炔烃（27.12%~39.38%）和芳香烃（32.47%~45.63%）是热压工艺和涂胶工艺的高OFP组分,废气排口则以含氧VOCs（52.82%）对O₃生成贡献最大;基于SOAP评估,各环节均以芳香烃类化合物（97.08%~98.03%）为主要活性组分;测得山东地区胶合板制造行业VOCs排放因子为0.89g VOCs/m³胶合板.     

化工项目无组织废气评价探讨

化工项目无组织废气具有排放量小、种类多、排放点广、难以量化等特点。无组织废气的评价是化工项目环评的重要组成部分，评价的主要思路是找出排放源、筛选出主要的排污环节和污染因子、确定排放源强、科学公正地作出评价结论。通过实例说明了做好无组织废气评价在实践环评工作中的重要性。     

我国废钢产业发展概况及前景展望

对我国2009年废钢供求状况、行情及我国废钢产业的发展进行回顾,展望了2010年国内废钢市场的发展前景,指出2010年我国废钢资源依然紧缺,不利于钢铁产业节能减排;新税收政策的实施以及中小钢铁企业的恶性竞争也是造成我国废钢资源紧缺的根本原因。     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity, economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO₂ emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO₂ emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO₂ abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO₂ emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO₂ abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO₂ abatement.     

我国石油天然气行业大气汞排放预测及减排

基于2015年我国不同地区原油及天然气产量和区域分布的统计数据,利用联合国环境署确定的汞输入因子和输出因子,估算了我国石油开采、炼制环节以及天然气开采、燃烧环节中大气汞的排放量.同时,依据国家发改委发布的石油天然气发展"十三五"规划中制定的预测性指标,以2015年为基准年,针对2020~2030年期间的石油天然气生产加工行业大气汞排放量设定了3个阶段的减排目标,在此基础上计算了不同阶段内两大行业大气汞的减排量和排放量,为国家实现履行《水俣公约》提供基础数据支撑和参考.     

热电行业利用软件管理实现节能降耗

热电行业是我国经济体系中的能耗大户、污染大户,如何在热电行业中做到节能减排、清洁生产,关系到我国的可持续发展。利用软件技术在热电行业中实施清洁生产的管理,实践中证明能实现节能降耗,为同行业开展清洁生产工作提供了新思路。     

Ecoprofit-Styria-prepare Thirteen pollution prevention case studies in the Styrian industry

The paper focuses upon the organization of a federal state-funded pollution prevention project in the Styrian industry. The project includes 13 companies from the textile, pulp and paper, machine building, wood working and printed circuit board manufacturing industries, covering most of the sectors and sizes in the Styrian industry. It started in January 1994 and will last for one year. It will demonstrate the possibilities of pollution prevention and the need for further research work. This project will make use of the methods and tools that were refined in the Austrian Prepare project. As a first step, a systematic balance of all the inputs and outputs of a company is made, after which the weak points and inefficiencies of material and energy use are identified and the options for improvements, both economical and ecological, are defined. Consequently, modifications in products and production lead to a situation with less waste and emissions. The preliminary lessons from these projects are presented: as a rule, the utilities (consumption of process materials and water, cleaning, energy, preparatory and finishing steps) are treated as black boxes and usually represent a considerable optimization potential. In these areas especially there is usually a lack of information and coordination as well as a need for a systematic and comprehensive approach. Leadership in the company and creative consultants are needed for starting lasting successful pollution prevention projects.     

中国重化工业资源消耗的社会经济驱动力

基于投入产出模型和中国投入产出表,从需求端分析中国重化工业资源消耗的隐含流在不同行业和不同最终需求中的分配情况,以及五大社会经济驱动力对中国重化工业资源消耗增长的贡献度.结果表明,2012年中国重化工业生产过程所消耗的3种资源隐含在建筑业和其他制造业的最终产品中的比例均超过75%,隐含在形成资本最终产品中的比例均超过55%.2002~2012年期间,产业结构对中国重化工业化石能源和石灰石消耗量增加的贡献度分别为+39%和+237%;资源强度对中国重化工业化石能源和石灰石消耗量减少的贡献度分别为-108%和-265%,对中国重化工业铁矿石消耗量增加的贡献度为+152%;人均最终需求水平对中国重化工业化石能源、铁矿石和石灰石消耗量增加的贡献度分别为+247%,+460%和+291%.     

Pollution prevention in China’s electroplating industry

Pollution prevention holds great promise for China as a strategy for curbing environmental degradation in the face of rapid industrial growth. This potential is demonstrated in the electroplating sector in China, where some firms are pursuing pollution prevention aggressively with results that include increased profits and significant cutbacks in pollution. We conducted research in four Chinese cities to investigate pollution prevention in the electroplating industry. Our study finds that firms with successful pollution prevention programs shared three main characteristics. First, they took a proactive approach towards cutting pollution. Proactive firms in our research employed pollution prevention as an overall environmental management strategy for their companies, and they possessed leaders and managers who demonstrated a strong commitment to pollution reduction goals and activities. Firms with successful pollution prevention programs also employed comprehensive environmental management systems. These systems assigned managers and workers responsibilities for pollution prevention through the use of rules, training, monitoring, and penalties and rewards. Finally, firms that undertook extensive pollution prevention measures employed staff with relatively high levels of technical knowledge and ability. Our results suggest that the aggressive adoption of pollution prevention by Chinese firms can help China address the widespread problems of inefficiency and poor management in Chinese firms, and the rapid spread of industrial pollution in rural areas.     

我国钢铁生产企业氮氧化物减排形势研究

针对国家"十二五"氮氧化物减排的紧迫形势,介绍了我国钢铁企业排放氮氧化物污染现状,提出烧结工序烟气氮氧化物控制是钢铁生产企业氮氧化物减排的重点,在对相关技术优缺点进行分析的基础上,总结了存在的主要问题、困难和发展趋势,提出了钢铁行业氮氧化物减排的对策和建议,为我国氮氧化物污染控制提供支撑。     

标准件行业VOCs排放特征及环境影响分析

为研究标准件行业VOCs排放特征及其环境影响,选取了典型标准件企业进行现场调研与采样,运用GC-MS/FID测定了废气中102种VOCs物种,建立了标准件行业VOCs源成分谱,并估算了行业VOCs的环境污染影响、排放因子及排放量.结果表明,标准件行业各工序VOCs均以烷烃(29.58％～68.94％)为主要排放组分.正...     

中国旅游业基本国情分析

大众旅游时代,中国旅游业已全面融入国家社会经济体系,仅仅从产业视角来研究现阶段中国旅游业发展是不够的,需要从基本国情和国家战略层面予以重新考量。本文以“旅游三体说”为逻辑起点,加入了假日制度变量约束,构建旅游国情研究的基本理论框架,分析中国旅游业基本国情。研究表明：中国旅游业基本国情表现为“超级国家”的“超级旅游”和旅游业发展的“巨国效应”,这种国情同步要求假日制度设计时间的充分保障和游憩空间的有效供给,才能充分释放旅游业综合价值。中国旅游国情分析为认识中国目前旅游业发展提供了一个基本视角。研究结论不仅对中国社会经济发展和和国家旅游业宏观战略有一定决策参考价值,同时对推动中国旅游地理学学科发展具有重要意义和影响。特别是对于旅游地理学而言,这要求中国旅游地理学研究对象从传统景区或旅游目的地研究向以国土游憩空间选择优化方向进行拓展提升,在这一过程中需重新定位思考不同空间维度“旅游地域系统”基本构成要素、系统结构、特征和演化过程与机理、政策制度设计和配套保障措施,完善新时代旅游地理学研究内容、研究方法、研究范式以及与相关学科关系等,进而全面拓展旅游地理学研究领域,提升其学科价值和社会影响。