全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)胁迫对翡翠贻贝抗氧化酶的影响

为了解全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对海洋贝类抗氧化防御系统的毒性效应及致毒机理,在实验室条件下研究了PFOS对翡翠贻贝的96h急性毒性,同时探讨PFOS胁迫和净水恢复过程中翡翠贻贝外套膜和内脏团组织中抗氧化指标(SOD活性、GSH和MDA含量)的变化。结果显示,PFOS对翡翠贻贝的96h半致死浓度(LC50)为68.3mg·L-1,安全浓度为6.83mg·L-1。在PFOS胁迫阶段,1mg·L-1浓度组外套膜SOD活性显著性升高(p<0.05),内脏团SOD酶活性显著降低(p<0.05);而PFOS浓度高于1mg·L-1时,外套膜SOD活性显著性降低(p<0.05),内脏团SOD活性显著升高(p<0.05)。PFOS胁迫对翡翠贻贝外套膜和内脏团中GSH含量均有显著的诱导作用(p<0.05),PFOS胁迫15d后各浓度组GSH含量均受到显著的抑制(p<0.05)。翡翠贻贝外套膜MDA含量受PFOS胁迫后显著升高(p<0.05),内脏团MDA含量的变化呈先降低、后升高的规律。净水释放阶段,翡翠贻贝两组织中SOD活性在释放7d后均恢复至对照组水平,GSH含量和MDA含量呈显著升高的趋势(p<0.05)。研究结果表明,PFOS暴露能够引起翡翠贻贝外套膜和内脏团氧化胁迫,但这种损伤的效果不明显,释放短时间后即可自我恢复。     

锌、镉复合暴露对铜锈环棱螺内脏抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响

本实验以铜锈环棱螺为测试生物,在Zn、Cd复合暴露10d、30d后,研究Zn、Cd在铜锈环棱螺内脏团中的积累以及对生物体内脏团抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明,Zn-Cd复合暴露下,铜锈环棱螺对Zn吸收呈抑制作用,对Cd的吸收有促进作用,说明Zn、Cd之间可能存在拮抗关系.Zn-Cd不同浓度复合,10d暴露下,SOD呈先增高、后降低的变化,CAT活性明显下降;30d后,CAT活性与SOD活性的变化趋势一致.MDA含量在暴露30d后,其含量达到4.86(nmol·mg-1pr).暴露10d时,GST活性没有受到显著诱导,暴露时间延长到30d时,各浓度组显示抑制作用,其中高浓度组抑制作用达到最大.另外,Zn-Cd复合暴露,10dSOD较为敏感,而30dCAT较为敏感,可作为水生生态系统中长期暴露的一种生物检测指标.     

重金属(Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb)在淮南塌陷塘鲫鱼体内的分布特征及健康风险

从淮南煤矿区塌陷塘采集鲫鱼样品,分析重金属元素(Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb)在鲫鱼体内的富集特征,结果发现,Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb在塌陷区鲫鱼(Carassius auratus Gibelio)肌肉中含量均低于《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》(NY5073—2006)、食品中污染物限量(GB2762—2005)和FAO/WHO标准.重金属元素在鲫鱼体内的富集器官主要为内脏和鳃,Cd和Pb主要富集在内脏,Zn主要富集在鱼鳃,Cu的富集器官随着地域变化(对照为鳃,塌陷区为内脏).目标危险系数(THQ)分析发现Cu导致的健康风险较高,Cd最低,单一重金属THQ值和复合重金属的TTHQ值均小于1,说明研究区域内的鱼肉均不产生对人体危害的健康风险.     

我国典型土壤上重金属污染对番茄根伸长的抑制毒性效应

采用盆栽试验观测了我国3种典型土壤——黄泥土、褐土、红壤上不同重金属(铜、锌、铅)作用下敏感植物番茄的根伸长,其中黄泥土和褐土上重金属添加量范围为Cu(0～2000mg·kg-1)、Zn(0～4000mg·kg-1)和Pb(0～5000mg·kg-1),红壤上为Cu(0～400mg·kg-1)、Zn(0～750mg·kg-1)和Pb(0～2000mg·kg-1).对不同土壤上Cu、Zn、Pb对番茄的根伸长抑制率进行了比较,以阐明不同土壤上重金属种类及用量对蔬菜根生长的抑制及毒性效应.结果表明,相同Cu、Zn、Pb污染水平(添加量)下,土壤中重金属对番茄的根伸长抑制率大小顺序基本表现为:红壤>黄泥土>褐土.番茄对红壤中的重金属最敏感,其次是黄泥土,再次是褐土.番茄对不同重金属的毒性响应不同,对Cu最敏感,Zn和Pb次之.土壤中有效态重金属含量与番茄根伸长呈显著(p<0.05)或极显著(p<0.01)负相关,表明有效态重金属含量是影响蔬菜根伸长的重要因素.     

双齿许水蚤(Pseudodiaptomus dubia)对亚热带虾池Cu和Zn富集的研究

重金属污染是对虾养殖环境主要污染现象之一,查明重金属在环境中的迁移规律对养殖水质调控和对虾健康养殖具有重要意义。本文采用火焰原子吸收分光光度计测定在不同暴露时间下双齿许水蚤(Pseudodiaptomus dubia) 对Cu和Zn的富集量,研究了双齿许水蚤对Cu和Zn富集动力学,并探讨了温度和盐度对其富集的影响。结果表明：双齿许水蚤对Cu和Zn的富集过程均经历了快速、慢速和平衡3个阶段,实验24 h达到富集平衡;双齿许水蚤对Cu和Zn的富集动力学参数k_1(Cu)=0.077 < k_1(Zn)=0.272,BCF_(Cu)=0.344 < BCF_(Zn)=2.252,双齿许水蚤对Zn的富集速率和富集能力均大于Cu。温度对双齿许水蚤Cu和Zn富集的影响显著(p <0.05),最适温度范围为15~30 ℃;盐度对双齿许水蚤Zn富集的影响极显著(p <0.01),而对Cu富集的影响不显著(p >0.05),对Cu和Zn适宜的富集盐度范围为5~35。这些研究结果表明,双齿许水蚤对Cu和Zn均具有较强的富集能力。基于以上研究结果,在对虾养殖期间,应通过循环过滤设施去除受到重金属污染池塘中的浮游动物,从而减少幼虾对其摄食和量度体重金属的积累,降低食品安全隐患。     

浑河野生鲫鱼体内重金属污染水平与金属硫蛋白基因表达

为揭示浑河重金属污染的潜在生态风险,分析测定了浑河野生鲫鱼体内重金属的残留水平以及肝和鳃组织中金属硫蛋白基因表达.对鱼体各组织中Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn含量的分析结果显示,各组织重金属含量的排序为肠＞肝＞鳃＞肌肉,且Zn含量最高(17.49～ 176.01 mg·kg-1,以湿体质量计算),Cd含量最低(N.D.～...     

铜暴露下赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）活体基因的损伤研究

通过碱性单细胞凝胶电泳法研究了Cu2+暴露剂量对赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)活体基因损伤的动态影响.结果显示:不添加Cu2+的对照组和添加Cu2+的处理组蚯蚓体腔细胞尾部DNA含量和尾长均呈非正态分布(p<0.05);在暴露72h时,125mg·L-1Cu2+处理组尾部DNA含量值最大,为41.44%,100mg·L-1Cu2+处理组尾长值最大,为33.79μm;随着Cu2+暴露剂量的增加,尾部DNA含量和尾长损伤频率增加;对照组和处理组的尾部DNA含量和尾长之间均存在显著性差异(p<0.05),Spearman非参数相关分析表明,尾部DNA百分含量和尾长之间呈显著相关(p<0.01,n=21),Cu2+暴露浓度与尾部DNA百分含量、尾长具有良好的剂量-构效关系(p<0.01).在125mg·L-1Cu2+浓度下暴露72h时蚯蚓的基因损伤程度达到最大,损伤程度为3级.可见,蚯蚓DNA生物标志物是重金属污染基因毒理诊断的重要指标,碱性SCGE试验是检测Cu2+暴露对赤子爱胜蚓活体基因损伤的有效手段.     

高、低Cd积累水稻和小麦籽粒中Cu、Zn的富集特性

Cu、Zn含量过低不仅直接关系到稻麦植物的生长发育和籽粒的营养品质,而且与人类的饮食健康密切相关。采集我国水稻优势产区典型土壤,选择Cd高、低积累性明显不同的水稻和小麦品种各2个,通过温室盆栽试验研究稻-麦轮作体系下植物可食部分Cu、Zn吸收性差异。结果表明,高、低Cd积累水稻糙米Cu平均含量分别为5.07和5.75 mg·kg~(-1),Zn平均含量分别为42.10和33.60 mg·kg~(-1),品种间差异显著(P0.05);高、低Cd积累小麦籽粒Cu平均含量分别为4.37和4.94 mg·kg~(-1),Zn平均含量分别为34.40和35.40 mg·kg~(-1),差异不显著。高、低Cd积累小麦籽粒Cu、Zn含量差异不显著,可能与小麦籽粒Cu、Zn变异系数大多属于强变异有关。稻麦籽粒对Zn的富集系数均高于Cu;对于东北地区土壤,高和低Cd积累水稻糙米Cu、Zn富集系数分别为0.31、0.73和0.41、0.64,而高和低Cd积累小麦Cu、Zn富集系数分别为0.19、0.44和0.22、0.42,即糙米Cu、Zn富集能力显著高于小麦。因此,与小麦相比,在北方种植水稻能更有效地提高Cu、Zn在作物中的富集。上述结果表明,从稻麦的安全品质和营养品质方面考虑,种植高、低Cd积累稻麦不会导致Cu、Zn含量过低而引起营养失衡。     

重金属Cu2+,Pb2+和Zn2+胁迫对近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis) SOD活性影响研究

为探讨将近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)抗氧化酶防御体系参数作为海洋重金属污染生物监测指标可行性,文章在实验室条件下,研究这三种重金属暴露对近江牡蛎(C.rivularis)鳃和消化腺组织SOD活性的诱导作用;实验结果表明:Cu2 ,Pb2 和Zn2 能诱导近江牡蛎(C.rivularis)腮和消化腺SOD的产生,但由于近江牡蛎(C.rivularis)腮和消化腺的结构和功能的不同,在重金属的诱导下,消化腺内的SOD活性要比腮的大;Pb2 和Zn2 诱导近江牡蛎(C.rivularis)鳃和消化腺组织SOD活性变化的剂量-效应均为抛物线型;Cu2 对近江牡蛎(C.rivularis)鳃组织SOD活性诱导曲线不呈抛物线型,而对消化腺组织SOD活性诱导的剂量-效应呈抛物线型;根据对SOD活性影响的强弱,三种重金属对近江牡蛎(C.rivularis)的毒性强弱顺序为Cu2 >Pb2 >Zn2 。在实验室条件下,近江牡蛎(C.rivularis)消化腺组织中的SOD活性可作为养殖水体重金属污染程度监测指标,但应用到实际养殖水体尚须进一步研究。     

镉胁迫对不同镉富集能力海水养殖贝类抗氧化能力的影响——以扇贝和菲律宾蛤仔为例

为研究具有不同镉(Cd)富集能力的扇贝和菲律宾蛤仔在相同镉胁迫环境下的抗氧化能力反应的差异,将2种贝类于0.05mg·L-1Cd环境中暴露10 d,分别于第0天、2天、4天、6天、8天、10天分别取样检测内脏团中SOD、CAT、GPx、GST酶活性和GSH含量,同时分析内脏团中Cd的含量。结果表明,对于Cd胁迫组,扇贝和菲律宾蛤仔内脏团中SOD和CAT酶活反应相似,均呈先被诱导后被抑制的规律,且2种贝类的SOD和CAT活性差异较小。2种贝类内脏团中GSH含量、GST和GPx活性变化差异较大:扇贝内脏团中GSH含量显著降低(p0.05),GST和GPx活性均在第2天和第4天时处于显著诱导状态(p0.05),从第6天时处于抑制状态,而菲律宾蛤仔内脏团中GSH含量、GST和GPx活性在Cd暴露期间无显著变化,且2种贝类间比较,扇贝内脏团中GSH含量和GST活性在整个实验期间始终显著高于菲律宾蛤仔(p0.05),GPx活性从第4天开始高于菲律宾蛤仔;对于无镉污染的对照组,扇贝和菲律宾蛤仔内脏团中SOD、CAT和GPx活性无显著差异,但扇贝内脏团中GSH含量和GST活性显著高于菲律宾蛤仔,其中前者GSH含量约为后者的22倍。研究同时表明在相同镉环境下扇贝内脏团对Cd的富集浓度和富集速率均远高于菲律宾蛤仔。本研究明确了2种贝类在相同镉环境下的抗氧化反应的差异,推断出扇贝内脏团中高含量的GSH以及较高的GST和GPx活性可能在扇贝高富集、高耐受Cd方面起重要作用。     

Copper and zinc interaction on water clearance and tissue metal distribution in the freshwater mussel, Cristaria plicata, under laboratory conditions

Copper and zinc interaction on clearance from water and distribution in different tissues was investigated for the freshwater mussel, Cristaria plicata, under laboratory conditions. Clearance rate of Cu or Zn from water was highly dependent on exposure concentration. Interaction effect was most evident at 300 ??g??L^?1 Cu exposure and depressed the Zn clearance rate significantly (p<0.05). However, the presence of 100 ??g??L^?1 and 300 ??g??L^?1 Zn hardly affected the Cu clearance rate. The 300 ??g??L^?1 Cu presence enhanced Cu accumulation in each tissue most significantly (p<0.01), but caused Zn content to decrease in the gills by 62% (p<0.05), viscera by 49% (p<0.05) and foot by 31% (p<0.05), and increase in the mantle by 97% (p<0.05) and the muscles by 243% (p<0.05) for different Zn exposure treatments. The response of metal accumulation in various tissues of the test mussels indicated that Zn transferred from the gills, viscera and foot to the mantle and muscles might be one of the important characteristics of the Zn regulatory mechanism by leading to a narrow range of Zn concentration in the different tissues.     

The effect of copper and zinc on the metabolism of the mussel Mytilus edulis

The effects of copper and zinc on the metabolism of the mussel Mytilus edulis (L.) and its component tissues were studied. 500 ppm copper sodium citrate inhibited oxygen consumption of the whole animal and gill tissue, but no similar effect was observed on digestive gland tissue. 500 ppm zinc sodium citrate exerted no effect upon gill or digestive gland respiration, and neither metal salt affected the respiration of homogenates of gill, digestive gland or gonad. Direct observation of gill tissues during exposure to the metals revealed that 500 ppm copper sodium citrate caused inhibition of ciliary activity; exposure of tissues to 2 ppm Cu for 24 h resulted in only partial inhibition of the cilía. It is suggested that metabolic suppression noted in whole animals and gill tissues is due to the inhibition of an energy-consuming process such as ciliary activity rather than interference with respiratory enzyme systems.     

Use of different soft tissues of Perna viridis a s biomonitors of bioavailability and contamination by heavy metals (Cd,Cu, Fe,Pb, Ni,and Zn) in a semi-enclosed intertidal water,the Johore Straits

Green-lipped mussels, Perna viridis, were collected from the eastern and western parts of the Johore Straits in September 2004 and January 2005. Based on the heavy metal concentrations in the different soft tissues (gonad, foot, mantle, gills, muscle, and remaining soft tissues) of these mussel samples, the eastern part of the Johore Straits (which is divided into two portions by a causeway), recorded higher levels of bioavailability and contamination by Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn when compared to the western part, while Kg. Pasir Puteh in the eastern part was found to record the highest bioavailability and contamination by heavy metals. The use of different soft tissues of P. viridis as biomonitors of bioavailability and contamination by Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Zn in the semi-enclosed Johore Straits is proposed, since erroneous results due to spawning and the problem of defecation before dissection could be overcome. Hence, a more accurate interpretation of the bioavailability and contamination by heavy metals in coastal waters could be obtained. To our knowledge, this is the most detailed study on the bioavailability and contamination of heavy metals in the Johore Straits on the Malaysian side of the waterway carried out by using the different soft tissues and metal distribution based on the Mussel Watch approach.     

铜在日本青鳉体内的累积特征及其对肝脏组织结构的影响

为了解水体铜(Cu(Ⅱ))在日本青鳉(Oryzias latipes)脑、鳃、肝脏、性腺和肌肉组织中的累积特征,以及Cu(Ⅱ)对肝脏组织结构的影响,本文采用生态学单因子梯度实验,进行20 d的日本青鳉毒性暴露试验。结果显示,日本青鳉各个组织对Cu(Ⅱ)的累积量随着浓度的升高而增多,但不同组织对Cu(Ⅱ)的累积量有较大的差异,铜累积量由大到小依次为:肝脏脑鳃性腺肌肉。铜暴露后的日本青鳉肝细胞出现肿大、大小不一、排列混乱,静脉扩张淤血,部分肝细胞固缩和坏疽等现象。肝脏是日本青鳉蓄积铜的主要器官之一,实验发现高浓度的Cu(Ⅱ)对肝脏组织结构造成了明显的损伤,进而严重影响日本青鳉的存活率。     

Host glutamine synthetase activities in the giant clam—zooxanthellae symbiosis: effects of clam size,elevated ammonia and continuous darkness

Host tissues and zooxanthellae of the giant clam Tridacna gigas contained glutamine synthetase, with the highest transferase activities present in the gill, followed by the kidney, mantle, zooxanthellae, foot, heart and adductor muscle, in that order. Synthetase activities of glutamine synthetase in host tissues and zooxanthellae were in a similar order, but the differences were not so marked. Host tissues also contained hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. Highest hexokinase activities were present in the heart, followed, in order, by the gill, mantle, adductor muscle and foot. Highest glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were present in the gill, followed by the mantle, heart, adductor muscle and foot. All tissues assayed contained high malate dehydrogenase activities. There was no detectable glutamate dehydrogenase activity. Glutamine synthetase activity in gill and mantle tissue decreased by 1.6% with every 1 cm increase in clam size. Host glutamine synthetase activity decreased by 80% in gill tissue and by 45% in mantle tissue in clams which were maintained for 8 d in continuous darkness. Similar effects were found when clams were kept in light in the presence of elevated ammonia concentrations. It is suggested that both host and symbionts are nitrogen-deficient in small clams and that host glutamine synthetase plays a role in ammonia assimilation by the intact association.     

Interactions between metals accumulated in the narrow-clawed crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) in Dikilitaş Lake,Turkey

The accumulations of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in the exoskeleton, gills, hepatopancreas and abdominal muscles of crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) were determined. The strongest correlation observed was between Cr and Ni in the gills (r?=?0.904); moderate to strong correlations between Al, Cr, Fe, Ni and Cu were also observed in gill tissue. Disregarding the gills, the strongest correlation was found between Cu and Zn in the hepatopancreas (r?=?0.808); the correlation between these two metals might have been a result of metallothionein activity. The accumulation of Pb was found to correlate with that of Cd in the exoskeleton, Cd and Zn in the gills, Zn and Cu in the hepatopancreas and Cu in the abdominal muscle. None of these correlations were present in lakewater and sediment samples, suggesting that the crayfish metabolism may be responsible for the co-accumulation of metal–metal pairs. As all correlations in non-gill tissues are observed between divalent metals, a shared transporter such as divalent metal transporter 1 might be involved in the accumulation of these metals.     

Levels of heavy metals (Zn,Cu, Cd,and Pb) in mudskippers (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) and sediments collected from intertidal areas at Morib and Remis,Peninsular Malaysia

The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb were determined in different tissues of mudskipper fishes Periophthalmodon schlosseri caught at two selected locations (Morib and Remis) of the intertidal mudflat area of Selangor state, West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia and in surface sediment samples. Metal concentrations in the mudskipper tissue and in the sediment samples tended to vary significantly (p < 0.05) between the two locations. Higher metal concentrations (except for Zn) were mostly found in the tissues of mudskippers from Remis. For sediment samples, significantly (p < 0.05) higher metal concentrations of all metals were also found at Remis. Generally, metal distribution between different tissues of mudskipper varied with scales being highly accumulative of Zn, Cd, and Pb, while for Cu, the highest mean concentrations were found in the liver. The lowest mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Cd were found in the muscles except for Pb, which was lowest in the liver. This study suggests that mudskippers can be potential biomonitoring organisms for heavy metal bioavailability and contamination of intertidal coastal mudflats. The concentrations of Cd and Pb were slightly above the acceptable limits of Malaysian and European food safety guidelines.     

Freshwater Mussel,Lamellidens Marginalis (Lamarck) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) As an Indicator of River Pollution

Abstract

Analyses were made of heavy metals, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc and lead in water samples and soft body, shell and different tissues (gills, digestive glands, mantle and viscera) of the Unionid mussel, Lamellidens marginalis collected from two tributaries of the Cauvery river. Water samples from Station I contained higher concentrations of the metals than those from Station II. the concentration of metals in water at both stations were in the descending order: Mn > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu. However, the concentrations of metals in the soft body were in the descending order: Zn > Mn > Pb > Ni > Cu at both stations in all size groups of mussels tested. the concentration of zinc maintained a linear relationship with the size of the mussels, but manganese showed a reverse trend. Small size (4-5 cm) mussels accumulated more manganese (105.5 μg.g^?1 dry wt.) than larger ones (7-8 cm; 6.5 μg.g^?1 dry wt.). Both young and old is accumulate the same level of lead, copper and nickel in the soft body. the order of concentrations of metals (Mn, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cu) in the shell of mussels from both stations coincided with the order of concentrations of background water except for lead. the accumulation of lead was higher in shell (30.4-36.2 μg.g^?1 dry wt.) than in soft body (6.4-12.0 μg.g^?1 dry wt.). the pattern of concentration of metals in the various tissues reveal that the digestive glands have greater ability than other tissues to concentrate most metals under study. the concentration factors for soft body, shell and different tissues are presented. the advantages in using the common mussel for biomonitoring of contaminants in water is also discussed.     

Effects of dietary copper exposure on accumulation,growth, and hematological parameters in Cyprinus carpio

The influence of dietary copper (Cu) exposure on accumulation, growth, and hematological parameters was investigated in Cyprinus carpio after sub-chronic ingestion of 0, 250, 500, 750 or 1000?mg?kg^?1 for 60 days. The profile of Cu accumulation among tissues in C. carpio was dependent on the exposure period and Cu concentration. Liver of C. carpio was the predominant storage tissue and the order of Cu accumulation in tissues was liver?>?intestine?> gill?>?kidney?>?muscle. Cu concentration at >125?mg?kg^?1 reduced growth rate, and was inversely related to growth. The RNA?:?DNA ratios were not affected by exposure and there was no correlation between growth rate and RNA?:?DNA ratio in liver and muscle. There were no significant effects of exposure on blood parameters except for magnesium. Cu exposure time and dose increased the serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activity levels.     

Distribution of heavy metal concentrations in the different soft tissues of the freshwater snail Pomacea insularum (D’Orbigny, 1839; Gastropoda), and sediments collected from polluted and unpolluted sites from Malaysia

Pomacea insularum were collected from polluted and unpolluted freshwater ecosystems in Malaysia. Besides the shells, the soft tissues were dissected and pooled into cephalic tentacle, foot, mantle, operculum, digestive tract, penial sac, lung sac, and remainder. These tissues were analyzed for the concentrations of Cu, Cd, Fe, Ni, and Zn. The present work resulted in three interesting findings. First, the concentrations of Cu, Cd, Fe, and Zn found in most of the different parts of P. insularum collected from the polluted Juru River were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those found in the snails from the other four sites. Second, positive and significant correlation coefficients were found for sediment-lung sac for Cd, Fe, and Zn while sediment-digestive tract for Cu. These correlation results indicated that lung sacs could reflect the environmental concentrations of Cd, Fe, and Zn, while the digestive tract could do the same for Cu. Third, the different concentrations of heavy metals found in the different parts indicated different metal regulation and binding sites in these organs. The significant correlation coefficients between different tissues indicated that they might be caused by similar metal regulation and sequestration. Based on the above findings, P. insularum are a potential biomonitor of Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn pollution in freshwater ecosystems.