Use of Hygiene Protocols to Control the Spread of Viruses in a Hotel

The goals of this study were to observe the spread of viruses in a hotel setting and to assess the effectiveness of a hygiene intervention in reducing their spread. Selected fomites in one hotel room were inoculated with bacteriophage ?x-174, and fomites in a conference center within the same hotel were inoculated using bacteriophage MS2. Cleaning of the contaminated room resulted in the spread of viruses to other rooms by the housekeeping staff. Furthermore, viruses were transferred by hotel guests to the conference center and a communal kitchen area. Additionally, conference attendees transferred viruses from the conference center to their hotel rooms and a communal kitchen area. This study demonstrated how viruses can be spread throughout a hotel setting by both housekeepers and guests. A hygiene intervention, which included providing hand hygiene products and facial tissues to the guests and disinfecting solutions with disposable wipes to the housekeeping staff, was successful in reducing the spread of viruses between the hotel guest rooms and conference center. The hygiene intervention resulted in significantly reduced transfer of the ?x-174 between the contaminated hotel room and other hotel rooms, communal areas, and the conference center (p = 0.02).     

Impact of an Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizer Intervention on the Spread of Viruses in Homes

The objectives of this study were to determine the movement of a virus throughout a household and the impact of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer (ABHS) on reducing the movement and exposure of the virus to household members. Bacterial virus MS-2 was used as the surrogate for human enteric and respiratory viruses. Seven households with families having at least two children in the age range of 2–18 living in the home were used in this study. The hands of one adult family member were contaminated with 1 × 10⁸. MS-2 bacteriophage in each home. After 8 h, the hands of each family member (10 fingers) and 20 frequently touched fomites were sampled to determine baseline contamination without intervention. Within 8 h, MS-2 was detected on all of the family member’s hands and most of the fomites. The intervention consisted of providing the families in all selected homes with bottles of an ABHS, which were placed in the kitchen, bathrooms, and nurseries. Smaller individual bottles were provided for each family member greater than 12 years old to place in purses, pockets, backpacks, etc. The families were instructed to use the ABHS one time or three times during the day. For one and three uses, a statistically significant reduction of virus on un-inoculated and inoculated hands of ~99 % occurred within 8 h. Similar reductions occurred on fomites throughout the households (97–99 %). These results demonstrate that the use of an ABHS can significantly reduce transfer of a virus to the hands, and to the commonly touched surfaces within the household.     

化学解耦联剂对活性污泥工艺中污泥产率的影响

采用3,3′,4′,5-四氯水杨酰苯胺(TCS)作为代谢解耦联剂添加到活性污泥工艺中,连续曝气分批培养实验结果表明,TCS在浓度高于1.0mg/L时是一种有效的化学解耦联剂,能显著地降低污泥产率.当TCS浓度为6.0mg/L时,污泥产率可降低约50%.在40d的运行期间,隔天分别在3个反应器中添加TCS 2.0、2.8和3.6mg/L,基质的去除能力和出水氨氮及总氮浓度均未受影响,污泥的SOUR值和脱氢酶活性相应增加,污泥的沉降性能也未见有明显影响.镜检发现,对照反应器中的污泥经40d运行后仍有丝状菌存在,而添加解耦联剂反应器中的污泥几乎无丝状菌的存在.以上结果表明,可以应用TCS来降低活性污泥工艺中的剩余污泥产量.     

Successful Use of Advertisement Pictures to Assist Recall in a Food-Borne Hepatitis A Outbreak in The Netherlands, 2017

This study describes an outbreak investigation of 14 hepatitis A cases in the Netherlands. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) genotype IB sequences in cases were highly similar (459/460 nt). The origin of strains could be narrowed to Bulgaria based on information from EPIS-FWD. As an association with consumption of soft fruit was suspected, a case–control study was initiated using a questionnaire and a list of pictures of soft fruit available at the supermarket chain involved. Twelve out of 13 cases consumed a specific frozen raspberry/blueberry product shown on the list (OR 46.0, 95% CI 5.0–27). In multivariable regression analysis this product was the only risk factor (aOR 26.6, 95% CI 2.0–263). Laboratory analyses could not demonstrate HAV-RNA in batches that had been on the market in the incubation period of patients. Trace back of frozen fruit showed that raspberries had been traded by a producer in Bulgaria. After withdrawal of the product from the supermarket no new cases were reported. Use of advertisement pictures of consumed food was helpful in this investigation. Suspicion of the source was strengthened by data from molecular typing and food trace back activities, underlining the importance of good (inter)national cooperation between public health and food safety organisations.     

降低土壤中氟含量的生态地质学方法探讨

从生态地质学角度提出一种新型的降低土壤氟的方法,利用植物的根系分层特性研究植物对土壤氟进行吸收的功能,通过对研究区植被的根群特征进行调查分析,可以构建根群坝、农林复合系统等,人为地把氟在土壤包气带中由源到汇的运动过程进行层层拦截、吸收,实现对土壤氟经淋滤进入地下水的迁移过程分层、分阶段拦截的效果,从而达到降低土壤及农作物氟含量水平的目的。并根据南阳盆地不同的地貌提出了具体生态降氟的建设措施。     

全过程一体化构建减污降碳协同制度体系

深入打好污染防治攻坚战,必须把落实“实现减污降碳协同效应”作为总要求。要以制度建设为保障,从“源头—过程—末端”全过程一体化构建减污降碳协同制度体系。将降碳要求纳入现有的生态环境保护制度体系:在源头防控上,与环境影响评价制度、节能评估和审查制度结合;在过程控制上,与清洁生产制度、排污许可制度结合;在末端治理上,与生态环保督察制度、环保激励制度结合,统筹减污与降碳的目标、政策和制度,推动构建减污降碳协同的制度体系。     

应用过硫酸盐氧化法预测焦化厂土壤中PAHs的生物有效性

采用过硫酸盐氧化法测定了北京市某焦化厂表层土壤中16种PAHs的生物有效性,并分析了过硫酸盐氧化前、后SOM(土壤有机质)的质量分数及其结构组成,以研究过硫酸盐氧化法预测焦化厂土壤中PAHs生物有效性方面的可行性. 结果表明:①7个供试土壤样品中w(∑PAHs)(16种PAHs质量分数之和)为10.80~249.00 mg/kg,并以HPAHs(高分子量PAHs)为主,不同环数PAHs的质量分数与w(SOM)均呈正相关,二者关系符合对数方程(R2为0.653~0.798). ②依据过硫酸盐氧化前、后土壤中w(PAHs)的变化得到PAHs的生物有效性,其中,2~3环PAHs的生物有效性平均值为0.46,略高于4环PAHs(0.22)和5~6环PAHs(0.28),较高w(SOM)及HPAHs均易引起焦化厂土壤中PAHs生物有效性的下降. ③过硫酸盐氧化前不同环数PAHs的质量分数与氧化后PAHs的残留量呈显著正相关(R2为0.991~0.994),故可利用过硫酸盐氧化前的w(PAHs)预测土壤中PAHs的生物有效性. ④与过硫酸盐氧化前相比,氧化后土壤中w(SOM)平均下降23.0%,FTIR(傅里叶变换红外光谱)分析结果显示,1 448 cm-1处吸收峰表征的脂肪碳可能是被氧化去除的软质碳的主要组分,氧化后SOM中的芳香碳相对吸光度增幅为0.88%~11.62%,可引起SOM的缩合程度加剧、憎水性增强. 因此,过硫酸盐氧化法能够作为测定焦化厂土壤中PAHs生物有效性的快速方法,可利用过硫酸盐氧化前的w(PAHs)预测土壤中PAHs的生物有效性.      

Investigation of Human and Animal Viruses in Water Matrices from a Rural Area in Southeastern Region of Brazil and Their Potential Use as Microbial Source-Tracking Markers

Food and Environmental Virology - This study assessed the sources of contamination of water matrices in a rural area using detection of a host-specific virus (human adenovirus [HAdV], porcine...     

浅论中国道路交通温室气体减排的战略选择：新能源汽车发展

中国的道路交通部门正面临日益严峻的温室气体减排压力,机动车作为道路交通系统中的核心要素之一,其低碳化进程对于道路交通部门应对气候变化具有重要的现实和战略意义。从长期来看,机动车的低碳发展意味着传统机动车向新能源汽车的过渡和发展。本文首先综述了中国新能源汽车的产业政策发展,然后讨论了新能源汽车在深圳市的试点示范推广情况,并介绍了新能源汽车在上海世博会的示范应用,最后指出新能源汽车近年来在中国的快速发展也得益于中央和地方政府的积极推动,汽车厂商、科研机构和消费者等诸多利益相关者的积极参与,新能源产业政策的日益完善。     

UVC Inactivation of dsDNA and ssRNA Viruses in Water: UV Fluences and a qPCR-Based Approach to Evaluate Decay on Viral Infectivity

Disinfection by low-pressure monochromatic ultraviolet (UVC) radiation (253.7 nm) became an important technique to sanitize drinking water and also wastewater in tertiary treatments. In order to prevent the transmission of waterborne viral diseases, the analysis of the disinfection kinetics and the quantification of infectious viral pathogens and indicators are highly relevant and need to be addressed. The families Adenoviridae and Polyomaviridae comprise human and animal pathogenic viruses that have been also proposed as indicators of fecal contamination in water and as Microbial Source Tracking tools. While it has been previously suggested that dsDNA viruses may be highly resistant to UVC radiation compared to other viruses or bacteria, no information is available on the stability of polyomavirus toward UV irradiation. Here, the inactivation of dsDNA (HAdV2 and JCPyV) and ssRNA (MS2 bacteriophage) viruses was analyzed at increasing UVC fluences. A minor decay of 2-logs was achieved for both infectious JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) and human adenoviruses 2 (HAdV2) exposed to a UVC fluence of 1,400 J/m², while a decay of 4-log was observed for MS2 bacteriophages (ssRNA). The present study reveals the high UVC resistance of dsDNA viruses, and the UV fluences needed to efficiently inactivate JCPyV and HAdV2 are predicted. Furthermore, we show that in conjunction with appropriate mathematical models, qPCR data may be used to accurately estimate virus infectivity.     

一种有效降低加油站深基坑作业安全风险施工方法研究

分析了加油站防渗改造深基坑作业安全风险,介绍了加油站深基坑填充墙传统施工方法,提出一种加油站深基坑填充墙砌砖“两段”施工方法,可大幅减少高处作业,提高油罐吊装可操作性和安全度,减少人员违章,降低加油站深基坑施工安全作业风险,从而提升施工本质安全度。     

扩频通信抗多径衰落性能及在矩形隧道模型中仿真

文章通过扩频通信技术有关性能分析和仿真,得出了扩频通信对多径干扰具有很强的抑制能力,可以有效地解决限定空间内移动通信质量急剧下降问题。     

A 1-Year Study on the Detection of Human Enteric Viruses in New Caledonia

Human enteric viruses occur in high concentrations in wastewater and can contaminate receiving environmental waters. Due to the lack of data on the prevalence of enteric viruses in New Caledonia, the presence and the concentrations of enteric viruses in wastewater and seawater were determined. Untreated wastewater and seawater samples were collected monthly for 1 year from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and from the WWTP’s outlet, located directly on a popular recreational beach. Samples were tested for norovirus genogroups I and II (NoV GI and GII), astroviruses (AsV), sapoviruses (SaV), enteroviruses (EV), hepatitis A viruses (HAV), rotaviruses (RoV), human adenoviruses (HAdV) and human polyomaviruses (HPyV). To support these data, faecal samples from cases of gastroenteritis were tested for the first time for NoV and detected in the population. NoV GI, NoV GII, EV, SaV, HAdV and HPyV were detected in all wastewaters, RoV in 75 % and AsV in 67 %. HAV were not detected in wastewater. Overall, 92 % of seawater samples were positive for at least one virus. HPyV were detected most frequently in 92 % of samples and at concentrations up to 7.7 × 10³ genome copies/L. NoV GI, NoV GII, EV, SaV, RoV and HAdV were found in 33, 66, 41, 33, 16 and 66 % of seawater samples, respectively. AsV were not detected in seawater. This study reports for the first time the presence of NoV and other enteric viruses in New Caledonia and highlights the year-round presence of enteric viruses in the seawater of a popular beach.     

Assessment of a Portable Handheld UV Light Device for the Disinfection of Viruses and Bacteria in Water

Effective individual microbiological water purifiers are needed for consumption of untreated water sources by campers, emergency use, military, and in developing counties. A handheld UV light device was tested to assess if it could meet the virus reduction requirements established by the United State Environmental Protection Agency, National Science Foundation and the World Health Organization. The device was found capable of inactivating at least 4 log₁₀ of poliovirus type 1, rotavirus SA-11 and MS-2 virus in 500 mL volumes of general case test water. But in the presence of high turbidity and organic matter, filtration was necessary to achieve a 4 log₁₀ reduction of the test viruses.     

生物炭降解苯和甲苯混合废气性能研究

该研究以生物炭为过滤介质 ,探讨过滤塔降解气流中苯、甲苯的生物降解性能 .实验表明 ,在总有机负荷低于 3 5 0 g/ (h·m3)、停留时间 1 5～ 90s的实验条件下 ,滤塔对苯和甲苯混合气体有较好的降解性能 ,苯、甲苯的最大削减能力分别为 1 2 0 g/ (h·m3)和 1 5 0 g/ (h·m3) ,甲苯比苯更易被微生物降解 .滤塔中CO2 生成量随苯、甲苯降解量的增加而增加 ,但实验增长速率小于理论增长速率 .菌落分析表明 ,滤塔中微生物主要有真菌、杆菌、芽孢杆菌 ,其中芽孢杆菌为优势菌种 .根据吸附 生物降解机理 ,建立了VOCs去除模型 ,并予以验证 .     

反渗透纯水机减少弃水及其利用研究

反渗透（RO）工艺纯水机作为饮用水净水机之一近年来十分畅销，在日本和韩国纯水机的普及率已达到70％，在中国北京市纯水机的普及率约为4％，市场潜力巨大。但在使用过程中，每产1L净水，弃水达3～4L；如按每人每天饮用3L水计算，若使用反渗透工艺纯水机，每人每日的弃水达到9～12L，假如普及率达到发达国家的70％，北京一个城市每目的弃水量将达到10．71万～14．28万m^3。针对这种现象，本文提出了RO工艺纯水机弃水量的减少及利用措施，通过技术和行政手段达到节水的目的。     

降低长三角地区O3暴露风险的前体物减排路径优化研究

O₃污染的防治需要在分析O₃人群暴露风险特征的基础上,对前体物的减排路径进行优化.长三角地区是我国O₃浓度高、暴露风险大、前体物排放集中的地区之一,其减排路径的优化分析对于全国而言具有借鉴意义.本文以GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》中O₃浓度二级标准限值(160μg/m³)为目标,基于长三角地区的人群暴露风险探讨了不同减排路径下的O₃污染控制效果.首先,运用WRF-CAMx模型,依据不同的NO_x和VOCs减排率模拟了121种减排情景作为基础数据集,引入响应曲面模型(RSM)来划分长三角地区不同城市的控制区类型,并结合人口暴露风险指数来评价O₃暴露的风险程度,将中高暴露风险地区与控制区耦合,设置HN区(NO_x控制区中的O₃暴露中高风险城市)和HV区(VOCs控制区中的O₃暴露中高风险城市);其次,设置了7条不同的NO_x     

从人文关怀的角度谈对地震灾区儿童的心理干预

近年来地质灾害频发,从汶川地震到玉树地震再到雅安的芦山地震,每一次地震都会给儿童造成不同程度的心理创伤,并在身心、认知和精神上表现有一定的创伤应激障碍,因此,需要针对地震灾区儿童各年龄阶段心理创伤的反应特点,提出具体的护理措施,着重分析人文关怀在灾区儿童心理干预中的运用,以及人文关怀对灾区儿童心理重建的重要意义。     

黄土高原半干旱区土壤呼吸对土地利用变化的响应

明确土地利用方式变化条件下引起土壤呼吸差异性的因素,对预测黄土区退耕还草条件下土壤碳循环变化有重要意义。基于建立于1984 年的长期定位试验,于2011 年3 月至2012年12 月,利用Li-8100 系统(Li-COR,Lincoln,NE,USA)监测了退耕还草(苜蓿)处理和农田(冬小麦)土壤呼吸季节变化以及土壤表层(0~5 cm)温度和含水量,研究了土地利用变化下土壤呼吸变化特征及其与土壤温度、水分以及有机碳特性之间的关系。结果发现,退耕27 a 来(自1984年麦地转化为苜蓿地),土壤呼吸速率苜蓿地(3.55 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)达小麦地(1.36 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)的2.61 倍,累积呼吸量苜蓿地(981 g·m^-2)达小麦(357 g·m^-2)的2.75 倍。土壤呼吸温度敏感系数(Q₁₀)苜蓿地较小麦地2011 年提高24.5%,2012 年提高2.4%。苜蓿地SOC含量(10.5 g·kg^-1)较小麦地(6.5 g·kg^-1)提高61.5%,微生物量碳(204 mg·kg^-1)较小麦地(152 mg·kg^-1)提高34%,0~5 cm土壤水分含量同期高于小麦地,但二者土壤温度差异不显著。土壤水分、SOC、微生物量碳等是造成二者呼吸差异的因素。     

碳达峰和碳中和目标下工业园区减污降碳路径探析

工业园区通过减污降碳协同治理实现碳达峰,既是园区高质量发展的内在要求,又是工业领域建设生态文明、打好污染防治攻坚战的重要抓手,也是落实国家温室气体减排计划的重要途径.本文旨在分析我国工业园区减污降碳协同推进面临的问题,探索园区减污降碳协同路径,一是以排污许可证制度为核心,开展污染物和温室气体排放数据共享和管理;二是以规...