固定源氮氧化物排放及控制技术应用

固定源是氮氧化物排放的一个主要来源。通过对主要固定源氮氧化物生成机理及现有的排放控制技术进行论述，分析我国固定源氮氧化物排放的实际情况，提出我国固定源氮氧化物排放控制还处于起步阶段，氮氧化物排放标准相对宽松，氮氧化物排放控制技术有待进一步普及，并提出固定源氮氧化物排放治理的一些建议。     

固定源氮氧化物排放及控制技术应用

固定源是氮氧化物排放的一个主要来源.通过对主要固定源氮氧化物生成机理及现有的排放控制技术进行论述,分析我国固定源氮氧化物排放的实际情况,提出我国固定源氮氧化物排放控制还处于起步阶段,氮氧化物排放标准相对宽松,氮氧化物排放控制技术有待进一步普及,并提出固定源氮氧化物排放治理的一些建议.     

控制燃油锅炉运行中NOx 生成的技术研究

分析燃油锅炉运行中NOx产生的机理，探讨影响其生成的因素，研究抑制其生成和排放的燃烧技术：低氧燃烧、掺水燃烧、空气分级燃烧和废气循环燃烧等。结合实验研究结果，重点分析空气分级燃烧和废气循环燃烧对油燃烧中燃料氮转化和氮氧化物生成的影响，并介绍一种新型低氮氧化物排放的燃油技术——预蒸发燃烧技术。     

江苏省氮氧化物排放现状及火电行业控制技术探讨

在概述江苏省氮氧化物排放现状的基础上，重点分析了目前火电行业烟气中氮氧化物的主要控制技术，最后对江苏省火电行业氮氧化物的污染控制提出了建议。     

钢铁行业POPs控制技术应用及扩散机制研究

钢铁行业是无意排放持久性有机污染物(POPs)的主要污染源,为切实履行《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》,加快行业POPs控制技术推广应用,通过文献调研、企业考察、专家访谈等,对钢铁行业主要POPs控制技术的应用状况及扩散途径进行了研究。探讨POPs控制技术扩散的主要影响因素,包括政策标准变化以及市场竞争压力等驱动因素,以及相关环境管理和资金保障缺乏、技术不完善等障碍因素。提出了行业POPs控制技术扩散的保障机制,包括环境管理、技术支撑和资金支持机制。     

控制燃油锅炉运行中NOx生成的技术研究

分析燃油锅炉运行中NOx产生的机理,探讨影响其生成的因素,研究抑制其生成和排放的燃烧技术低氧燃烧、掺水燃烧、空气分级燃烧和废气循环燃烧等.结合实验研究结果,重点分析空气分级燃烧和废气循环燃烧对油燃烧中燃料氮转化和氮氧化物生成的影响,并介绍一种新型低氮氧化物排放的燃油技术--预蒸发燃烧技术.     

遗物祭品焚烧大气污染物排放特征及控制对策

遗物祭品焚烧会产生大量的大气污染物,给周边环境和人体健康造成较大影响。通过现场调研和问卷调查,初步核算了全国范围内的遗物祭品焚烧量,并结合典型遗物祭品焚烧大气污染物排放实际监测,初步掌握其污染物排放浓度及其特征。结果表明:中国遗物祭品焚烧量较大,年平均焚烧量约为13.6万t;未经烟气净化的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、CO分别可达2 020.0、2 671.4mg/m3,是《火葬场大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13801—2015)排放限值的25.3、13.4倍;经过净化后的焚烧烟气中,颗粒物浓度可大幅降低,其他气态污染物排放浓度也有不同程度下降。殡葬行业应进一步开展遗物祭品焚烧方面的研究,从源头和末端对污染物的排放进行控制。     

氮氧化物的生物治理技术

阐述了生物法去除氮氧化物的原理及去除氮氧化物的脱氮菌,介绍了国内外生物法治理氮氧化物的研究进展,最后提出了生物法处理氮氧化物存在的问题以及未来的发展趋势。     

络合吸收结合生物转化去除氮氧化物技术

介绍了络合吸收结合生物转化处理NOx 技术的基本原理和目前的研究进展情况 ,并分析了该技术处理氮氧化物存在的问题和未来发展方向     

我国氮氧化物排放因子的修正和排放量计算:2000年

根据我国城市的发展状况 ,采用城市分类的方法 ,将我国 2 6 1个地级市按照人口数量分为 5个类别。每类城市选取一个典型城市进行实地调查 ,对我国燃烧锅炉和机动车的NOx 的排放因子进行了修正 ,提出了适合我国目前排放水平的各类城市的固定源和移动源的排放因子。并依据 2 0 0 0年中国大陆地区的电站锅炉、工业锅炉和民用炉具的燃料消耗量和机动车保有量 ,以地级市为基本单位 ,估算了 2 0 0 0年我国各地区的NOx 排放量 ,分析了分地区、分行业、分燃料类型的NOx 排放特征。 2 0 0 0年我国NOx 排放总量为 11.12Mt,其中固定源占 6 0 .8% ;移动源占 39.2 %。NOx 排放在地域、行业和燃料类型上分布均不平衡。NOx 的排放主要集中在华东和华北地区 ,其排放量占全国排放量的一半以上。燃煤为最重要的NOx 排放源 ,其排放量占燃料型NOx 排放量的 72 .3%左右。     

中国钢铁行业NO_X减排情景预测

钢铁行业是NOX污染减排的重点领域。在预测钢铁行业未来发展趋势的基础上,基于情景分析法,设置3个NOX排放情景,估算出2020年不同情景下钢铁行业NOX排放量及不同控制措施的减排贡献。研究结果表明,未来钢铁行业产品产量的快速上涨加大了NOX减排压力。在不实施额外NOX控制措施的情况下,2020年钢铁行业NOX排放量约为108万t,相比2013年上涨9%。实施钢铁行业NOX排放控制措施可取得显著的减排效果,根据两种控制情景预计NOX的减排比例分别为5%和13%。淘汰落后产能和烧结烟气循环技术是NOX减排的最有效手段。     

厌氧动态膜生物反应器处理冷轧平整液废水

平整液废水作为碱性含油废水,一直是冶金行业较难处理的废水之一。搭建了一套厌氧动态膜生物反应器（AnDMBR）,通过梯级驯化的方式,处理COD为2 500 mg·L-1左右的平整液废水。经过88 d的启动驯化,在膜通量为6 L·（m2·h）-1,HRT为2.5 d的条件下,出水稳定在500 mg·L-1左右,甲烷产率约0.151 L·g-1,动态膜的一个运行周期可以分为成膜阶段、稳定阶段和堵塞阶段3个阶段。成膜阶段出水浊度随动态膜的逐渐形成而下降;而后动态膜形成,出水浊度稳定,为稳定阶段;最后为堵塞阶段,跨膜压差激增,出水浊度上升。同时对驯化及稳定运行阶段的污泥进行了微生物菌群分析,在细菌群落中主要的微生物菌群为Clostridia（梭状芽胞杆菌纲）、Bacteroidia（拟杆菌纲）、Anaerolineae（厌氧绳菌纲）、OP8_1和Spirochaetes（螺旋体纲）,其中拟杆菌纲是处理平整液废水的优势细菌菌群。在古菌群落中,Methanolinea（甲烷绳菌属）和Methanosaeta（甲烷鬃毛菌属）为主要菌种,随着反应器的长期驯化和运行,甲烷鬃毛菌逐渐成为反应器中优势菌群。     

Dioxins from thermal and metallurgical processes: recent studies for the iron and steel industry

In thermal metallurgical processes such as iron ore sintering and metal smelting operations, large flows of off-gases are generated. Mainly due to residue recycling in such processes, chlorine and volatile organics are always present in the feed. As a consequence of "de novo" formation, the off-gases from such processes typically contain dioxins in the range 0.3-30 ng I-TEQ/Nm3. So far there are only very few studies about the mechanisms of dioxin formation and destruction in these metallurgical processes. In an European Union (EU) research project "Minimization of dioxins in thermal industrial processes: mechanisms, monitoring and abatement (MINIDIP)", integrated iron and steel plant has been selected as one of the industrial sectors for further investigation. A large number of particulate samples (feed, belt siftings, electrofilter) were collected from the iron ore sintering installations from various steel plants and analyzed for their organochlorocompound contents. Measurable amounts of PCDD/F, PCBz, PCB were found for all samples. The various parameters influencing their de novo synthesis activity were also evaluated in laboratory experiments, and such activity was found to be moderate for samples from the ore sinter belt, but extremely high for some ESP dusts. Fine dust is active in a wide range of temperatures starting at 200 degrees C and declining above 450 degrees C; the optimal temperature for de novo synthesis was found to be around 350 degrees C; some inhibitors, such as triethanolamine, may reduce de novo activity by 50%, and lowering the O2 concentration in the gas stream leads to a much lower amount of PCDD/F formation. On the basis of their relative mass, typical operating conditions and specific activity of the different samples, the regions in the sintering plant where de novo synthesis may take place were tentatively established.     

钢丝绳行业污泥特性及挥发回转窑处理技术研究

富含重金属污泥的处置和回收利用至今常有技术上的难点,更难以实现工业化的回收利用。分析研究了南通地区钢丝绳生产废水处理过程中所产生污泥的组分和特性,并与常见几类污泥作了比较。结果表明,具有高灰分和低热值的这种污泥的燃烧特性和电镀污泥相似,其主要组分Pb、Zn和Fe的含量分别为0.42％～0.58％、1.11％～5.33％...     

Profiles of PAH emission from steel and iron industries

In order to characterize the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emission from steel and iron industries, this study measured the stack emission of twelve steel and iron plants in southern Taiwan to construct a set of source fingerprints. The study sampled the emissions by the USEPA's sampling method 5 with the modification of Graseby for the gas and particulate phase PAH and, then, used Hewlett-Packard 5890 gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrometer detector to analyze the samples. The steel and iron industries are classified into three categories on the basis of auxiliary energy source: Category I uses coal as fuel, Category II uses heavy oil as fuel and Category III uses electric arc furnace. The pollution source profiles are obtained by averaging the ratios of individual PAH concentrations to the total concentration of 21 PAHs and total particulate matter measured in this study. Results of the study show that low molecular weight PAHs are predominant in gas plus particulate phase for all three categories. For particulate phase PAHs, however, the contribution of large molecular weight compounds increases. Two-ring PAHs account for the majority of the mass, varying from 84% to 92% with an average of 89%. The mass fractions of 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-ring PAHs in Category I are found to be more than those of the other two categories. The mass of Category III is dominated by 7-ring PAHs. Large (or heavy) molecular weight PAHs (HMW PAHs) are carcinogenic. Over all categories, these compounds are less than 1% of the total-PAH mass on the average. The indicatory PAHs are benz[a]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[ghi]perylene for Category I, benzo[a]pyrene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene for Category II and coronene, pyrene, benzo[b]chrycene for Category III. The indicatory PAHs among categories are very different. Thus, dividing steel and iron industry into categories by auxiliary fuel is to increase the precision of estimation by a receptor model. Average total-PAH emission factors for coal, heavy oil and electric arc furnace were 4050 μg/kg-coal, 5750 μg/l-oil, 2620 μg/kW h, respectively. Carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene for gas plus particulate phase was 2.0 g/kg-coal, 2.4 μg/l-oil and 1.4 μg/kW h for Category I, II and III, respectively.     

盐酸酸洗废液制备纳米氧化铁

探索了一种盐酸酸洗废液资源化处理的新工艺,采用“负压蒸发+纳米氧化铁制备”组合模式,实现了废液中盐酸的回收及铁盐的综合利用。采用正交实验考察了真空度、反应温度和蒸发量对负压蒸发工艺的影响;然后在最佳负压蒸发工艺操作条件下进行纳米氧化铁的制备,并采用正交实验考察了氨水浓度、Fe2+浓度、反应温度、搅拌速率和煅烧温度等因素对α-Fe2O3制备的影响。     

pH对钢铁废水再生过程中CMF系统的影响

通过中试实验研究了钢铁废水再生过程中pH变化对微滤系统性能的影响。结果表明,进水pH的升高增加了微滤膜对UV254、Ca2+和总铁的去除,同时引起了有机物以及无机沉淀物在膜面的吸附。铁锰无机沉淀物在膜面的吸附和对膜孔的堵塞是引起膜污染的主要因素。降低pH有助于控制无机沉淀在膜面和膜孔内的形成,抑制膜污染的形成。     

转炉钢渣中铁组分的氧化改质与磁选回收

在不同工艺参数下对转炉钢渣进行了固相氧化改质,并对改质后钢渣进行了磁选处理,分析对比了干式磁选和湿式磁选对改质钢渣的磁选效果。实验结果表明：通过氧化改质处理,能够使钢渣中无磁性铁氧化物向有磁性镁铁尖晶石发生转变,后者可通过磁选进行有效分离。原钢渣进行氧化改质的最佳加热温度和气体通入速率分别为1 100 ℃和7.5 L·min-1。钢渣通过固相改质后,更容易获得高回收率的高品位精矿,对钢渣的磁选宜为湿式弱磁选,实验范围内磁选工艺的最佳磁感应强度为0.102 T。在加热温度1 100 ℃,保温时间30 min,气体通入速率7.5 L·min-1的条件下,改质钢渣产率达到22%,铁品位达到62%,回收率达到64.95%。     

Studies into the formation of dioxins in the sintering process used in the iron and steel industry. 1. Characterisation of isomer profiles in particulate and gaseous emissions

Dioxin analyses using a DB5MS chromatography column are presented for samples of dust from an electrostatic precipitator and emissions from the main stack of a UK sinter plant. The analyses have been repeated using the SP2331 column, for which the elution order has been determined for the whole range of tetra to octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and which provides a larger degree of separation than the DB5MS column. Polychlorinated dibenzofurans are present in significantly larger amounts in both the dust and stack emissions, and are the main contributors to the I-TEQ. Analysis using the SP2331 column for dioxins show considerable similarity to those of Bacher et al. for soot from a wood-burning fire, but differ markedly from those of Addink et al. for simulation of waste incineration. The similarities to Bacher's results are less for the dibenzofurans. Comparison of absolute concentrations with reported vapour pressures shows the retention of significant dioxin in the dust to involve mechanisms other than pure condensation.     

生物活性炭深度处理和回用钢铁工业废水

针对钢铁工业废水的水质特点,采用生物活性炭工艺对钢铁工业达标排放的废水进行深度处理试验.结果表明,在生物活性炭滤柱滤速为1.6 m/h、停留时间为45 min的运行工况下,生物活性炭对钢铁工业废水中的浊度、铁、锰均有较高的去除率,出水水质达到《城市污水再生利用工业用水水质》(GB/T19923-2005)要求.