改性核桃果皮基活性炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附

以核桃外果皮制备活性炭及改性活性炭,对制得的活性炭进行表征,研究了5种活性炭对重金属Cu~(2+)的吸附性能。研究表明,以氯化锌为活化剂制得的活性炭,其碘吸附值及表面酸性基团含量均高于磷酸活化制备的活性炭,改性后的活性炭吸附性能明显增强,碘吸附值最高达到678.53 mg·g~(-1),对Cu~(2+)的最高去除率达到91.43%。吸附量和Cu~(2+)去除率随时间、温度和p H的升高而增大,5种活性炭投加量增加,导致吸附量减小,但Cu~(2+)去除率增大,吸附平衡时间为3 h。5种活性炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附均符合准二级动力学模型。磷酸和氯化锌活化的活性炭吸附等温线符合Tempkin模型,而3种改性活性炭的吸附等温线则较好地符合Langmuir模型。     

改性高炉渣对染料的吸附动力学及热力学研究

以高炉渣和壳聚糖为原料,制备了高温改性高炉渣-壳聚糖复合吸附剂(TBFSC)和盐酸改性高炉渣-壳聚糖复合吸附剂(ABFSC),考察了2种吸附剂对酸性蒽醌蓝和活性艳红K-2BP的吸附性能,研究了吸附过程的等温吸附特征、吸附动力学和热力学。结果表明,2种染料在TBFSC和ABFSC上的吸附更好地符合Langmuir等温方程,表观二级动力学模型能够很好地描述TBFSC和ABFSC的吸附动力学行为。对于染料在TBFSC上的吸附,粒子内扩散过程和液膜扩散过程是该吸附的速控步骤,而液膜扩散过程为ABFSC吸附染料的速控步骤。热力学参数表明,TBFSC和ABFSC对两种染料的吸附都是自发进行的物理吸附,吸附过程均无配位基交换、化学键等强的作用力。     

纳米羟基铁改性活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能研究

采用乙醇分散法制备了纳米羟基铁修饰的玉米苞叶和竹笋壳的活性炭复合物(记为nFeOOH@AC),分析了nFeOOH@AC对水样中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能及动力学机理。研究表明,nFeOOH@AC对亚甲基蓝的吸附以化学吸附为主,符合准二级动力学模型。在亚甲基蓝初始质量浓度为3～120 mg/L,体积为50 mL,nFeOOH@AC投加量为10 mg, pH为3～12,吸附时间为1～24 h时,吸附率随着pH升高而增大,随着亚甲基蓝初始浓度的增大先增后减,随着吸附时间的增加而增加。nFeOOH@AC可以作为一种新型环境友好型吸附剂应用于亚甲基蓝废水处理。     

活性炭的制备及其对苯酚的吸附

以红枣核为原料,Zn Cl2为活化剂制备了活性炭,研究了其对苯酚的吸附性能。采用低温氮气吸附脱附及FTIR等手段对活性炭的性能进行表征。结果表明:制备所得活性炭收率为42.1%,碘吸附值为1 086 mg·g~(-1),BET比表面积达1 096 m2·g~(-1),总孔容为0.603 cm3·g~(-1),平均孔径为2.200 nm,活性炭表面具有羟基、羧基等活性基团。通过Langmuir、Freundlich、Redlich-Peterson、Toth和Temkin等吸附等温模型对数据进行拟合,表明Redlich-Peterson和Toth 3参数模型能较好地描述苯酚在活性炭上的吸附平衡。动力学研究表明枣核基活性炭对苯酚的吸附过程符合二级吸附动力学方程。     

棉秆基活性炭的制备及其对2,4-二硝基苯酚的吸附

以棉秆为原料,以KOH为活化剂,制备了高比表面棉秆基生物质活性炭。分析了制得的活性炭的元素组成、表面官能团、吸附能力等物化性能,探讨了浸渍比,活化温度,活化时间等工艺参数对制备活性炭得率、表面官能团、碘值、亚甲基蓝值等性能的影响,并通过静态吸附实验比较了不同条件下制备活性炭对2,4-二硝基苯酚的吸附性能,探讨了典型炭样品对2,4-二硝基苯酚的等温吸附特性。结果表明,KOH活化棉秆基生物质活性炭的表面物化性质随浸渍比、活化温度等工艺参数变化而变化,活化适宜条件为浸渍比1：3、活化温度800℃、活化时间90 min,在此条件下制得的炭样的碘值为1 251 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为478 mg/g,分别是国家一级品标准的1.25倍与3.54倍;对2,4-二硝基苯酚的Langmuir最大吸附量为747 mg/g,与Freundlich模型相比,Langmuir模型能较好地描述2,4-二硝基苯酚在炭样上的吸附行为,表明制备活性炭样品表面吸附位的能量分布较为均一。     

活性炭吸附回收高含量油气的研究

利用3种活性炭吸附分离汽油蒸汽和空气的混合气,研究了其吸附回收油气的动力学、热力学性能.活性炭ACl、AC3在20℃时的吸附容量分别为0.295 g/g、0.189 g/g,30 ℃时为0.284 g/g、0.165 g/g.活性炭吸附高含量油气时,吸附热高,如吸附油气摩尔分数为0.3 mol/mol时,吸附床温升达50～60 ℃.活性炭导热系数为0.15～0.20 W/m·℃,吸附过程可视为绝热吸附.建立了活性炭吸附油气热效应估算式,可用来评价活性炭吸附容量、进料油气摩尔分数、油气回收率与活性炭温升的关系.活性炭解吸宜先采取真空解吸,在解吸后期适当加入微量微热空气吹扫而深度脱附.解吸操作压力应低于1 kPa,解吸时间可控制在60 min内,热空气温度宜控制在50℃以下.油气吸附分离方法将主要用作其他分离方法的深度处理,以确保油气回收设备尾气达标排放.     

去除饮用水中三卤甲烷和腐殖酸的活性炭选型方法

三卤甲烷(THMs)是水中天然有机物在氯化消毒过程中产生的对人体有致癌作用的挥发性有机物,腐殖酸是生成消毒副产物的主要前驱物.活性炭吸附是去除THMs和腐殖酸最常用的方法.不同炭型的活性炭对THMs和腐殖酸的吸附容量并不相同.以饮用水中最常见的THMs(即三氯甲烷)和腐殖酸为吸附对象,进行煤、椰壳和果壳3种不同材质活性炭的吸附容量实验.实验结果验证了苯酚值预测各类活性炭对小分子THMs吸附性能以及丹宁酸值预测各类活性炭对大分子腐殖酸吸附性能的有效性.具有丰富微孔和表面氧化程度较低的上海椰壳炭YK-2和上海果壳专用炭对三氯甲烷的吸附容量比上海原煤破碎高,大孔丰富的上海果壳专用炭和上海原煤破碎对腐殖酸的吸附性能高.将实验结果与美国环保局RREL(Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory)水污染物处理数据库中相关信息对比发现,相比国外常用活性炭,国产活性炭对三氯甲烷的吸附性能与之相当或略高,具有更好的性价比,应用前景广阔.     

松果活性炭对有机染料的吸附

以松果为原料,利用ZnCl2活化法和FeCl3改性剂进行活性炭的制备和改性,测定了松果活性炭的比表面积,并研究其对甲基橙染料的吸附性能。结果表明:改性后的松果活性炭比表面积达到681 m2·g~(-1),并以中孔为主,有利于大分子有机染料的吸附;当松果活性炭的投加量为0.3 g·L~(-1)、吸附30 min、甲基橙初始浓度100 mg·L~(-1)、pH=7以及25℃温度条件下,吸附效果最佳,甲基橙去除率高达99.41%;Langmuir模型比Freundlich模型能更好地描述甲基橙染料的吸附行为,说明吸附以表面单层覆盖为主;吸附动力学符合Lagergren准二级动力学方程,R2大于0.999。可为松果的开发利用和制备低成本、高吸附性的吸附剂提供参考。     

活性炭纤维吸附含溴甲烷气体的性能

采用动态吸附法在25℃下,测定了3种活性炭纤维(ACF-1、ACF-2和ACF-3)对含溴甲烷气体的吸附性能和回收效果,并对活性炭纤维的孔结构进行表征.探讨了孔结构、溴甲烷浓度、气体流量、循环使用次数等因素对活性炭纤维吸附溴甲烷性能的影响.结果表明,活性炭纤维比表面积大小及0.4～0.8 nm左右的微孔数量决定了其对溴甲烷吸附性能的优劣;气体中溴甲烷的浓度的提高使活性炭纤维对溴甲烷的穿透和饱和吸附量增加,而气体流量的增加则使活性炭纤维对溴甲烷的穿透和饱和吸附量降低,但两者均使穿透和饱和吸附时间缩短;活性炭纤维多次循环使用后,对溴甲烷的吸附容量明显地降低,循环12次后达到稳定吸附,其稳定吸附值为133.5 mg/g.     

竹材加工剩余物制备竹活性炭及其对Pb^2＋的吸附性能

利用竹材加工剩余物竹蔸、竹节和竹枝制备竹炭,再以H3PO4为活化剂,在活化温度为700 ℃和不同的H3PO4浓度下进行活化制备竹活性炭,测定了吸附性能最强的竹活性炭在不同吸附时间和Pb2+初始浓度下对Pb2+的吸附率,并进行了结构表征.结果表明,当H3PO4溶液质量分数为45%时,所制备的竹活性炭吸附性能最强,其中竹蔸活性炭的Pb2+吸附性能接近于商品活性炭;竹蔸活性炭吸附Pb2+的吸附时间在120～180 min为佳;根据Langmuir最大吸附量计算公式求得竹蔸活性炭最大吸附量为91.1 mg/g.竹枝炭、竹节炭与竹篼炭的孔隙度分别为0.656、0.698和0.740,竹枝活性炭、竹节活性炭与竹篼活性炭的孔隙度分别为0.690、0.715和0.755;竹篼炭和竹篼活性炭比表面积分别为110.354、462.069 m2/g,孔容分别为0.090、0.235 cm3/g,平均孔径分别为31.552、20.368 .     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane levels in urban and industrial areas and possible emission-related activities

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane are becoming relevant compounds in urban and industrial air, as they are used in important amounts in automobile industry and building insulation, as well as in the manufacture of foams, rubber, paints and varnishes. Glass multi-sorbent tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack, Carboxen) were connected to LCMA-UPC pump samplers for the retention of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexanes. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). TD-GC/MS was chosen as analytical method due to its versatility and the possibility of analysis of a wide range of volatility and polarity VOC in air samples. The method was satisfactory sensitive, selective and reproducible for the studied compounds. The concentrations of iso- and isothioisocyanatocyclohexanes were evaluated in different urban, residential and industrial locations from extensive VOC air quality and odour episode studies in several cities in the Northeastern edge of Spain. Around 200–300 VOC were determined qualitatively in each sample. Higher values of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane were found in industrial areas than in urban or residential locations. The concentrations ranged between n.d.−246 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively, for industrial areas. On the other hand, urban and residential locations showed concentrations ranging between n.d.−164 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively. The site location (urban or industrial), the kind and nearness of possible iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane emission activities (industrial or building construction) and the changes of wind regimes throughout the year have been found the most important factors influencing the concentrations of these compounds in the different places.     

Degradation in soil and water and ecotoxicity of rimsulfuron and its metabolites.

The degradation and ecotoxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide rimsulfuron and its major metabolites were examined in batch samples of an alluvial sandy loam and in freshwater. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to simultaneously identify and quantify rimsulfuron and its metabolites, which was successfully validated by GC-MS analysis. In aqueous solutions, pure rimsulfuron was rapidly hydrolyzed into metabolite 1 (N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N-(3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinylurea)), which itself was transformed into the more stable metabolite 2 (N-((3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidineamine)), with half-life (t(1/2)) values of 2 and 2.5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis was instantaneous under alkaline conditions (pH = 10). In aqueous suspensions of the alluvial soil (pH = 8), formulated rimsulfuron had a half-life of 7 days, whereas that of metabolite 1 was similar to that in water (about 3.5 days). The degradation of the two major metabolites was also studied in soil suspensions with the pure compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg l(-1). The half-life of metabolite 1 ranged from 3.9 to 5 days, close to the previous values. Metabolite 2 was more persistent and its degradation is strongly dependent on the initial concentration (C0): half-life values ranged from 8.1 to 55 days at 2-10 mg l(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those determined from the kinetics of metabolite 1 transformation into metabolite 2 (t(1/2) = 8-19 days). The ecotoxicity of the three chemicals was evaluated through their effect on Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). No effect was observed on D. magna with 24 and 48 h acute toxicity tests. Similarly, no toxic effect was observed with the Microtox test for the three chemicals in the range of concentrations tested that included the field application dose. Thus, being of low persistence and lacking acute toxicity, these chemicals present a low environmental risk. However, chronic effects should be studied in order to confirm the safety of rimsulfuron and its major metabolites.